My grand padlet by Gwendolyn Smith https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s en-us 2022-09-22 23:11:14 UTC 2022-09-27 01:08:06 UTC hello@padlet.com Two Divisions of the ANS & Alternate Names gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311198605 There are two divisions in the Autonomic Nervous System, the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Each division has other names that are used to help explain their role or function.
For example, the sympathetic is known as the "Fight or Flight" and the parasympathetic is known as "Rest and Digest" ]]> 2022-09-24 01:09:10 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311198605 Each Division's Neurotransmitters gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311240385 There are three main neurotransmitters used in the ANS. However they aren't used in both divisions.

The Parasympathetic System releases the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions and slows your heart rate.

The Sympathetic System releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. They act as both neurotransmitters and hormones. Norepinephrine is part of the body's "fight or flight" response. It increases alertness, attention and arousal, helps maintain your blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels on high times of stress and affects your mood, memory sleep wake cycle.
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a chemical messenger by helping transmit nerve signals across your muscle, nerve or gland cell. It is also both a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a part in the "fight or flight" response when your body senses danger. Epinephrine plays a role in not only sensing danger but your metabolism, your focus, attention, excitement and panic.

]]> 2022-09-24 02:22:07 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311240385 NT Location of Release gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311910119 In the Sympathetic Nervous System, the neurotransmitter epinephrine is released in two areas, when released as a hormone, it's made from norepinephrine and released by your adrenal glands. When released as a neurotransmitter, it helps transmit nerve signals across nerve endings to another muscle, gland or nerve cell.
The other neurotransmitter norepinephrine, is also released in the same two areas as epinephrine. Although, epinephrine is made from norepinephrine, norepinephrine itself is made from dopamine as a neurotransmitter.]]> 2022-09-25 00:53:30 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2311910119 Main Location of Receptors for each Division gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2312208580 Sympathetic Division
When adrenaline is being released, the receptors correlated are the adrenergic receptors including Alpha, Beta 1 and Beta 2. They are found in your blood vessels, heart, bronchioles and digestive system.

Parasympathetic Division
When acetylcholine is being released in the parasympathetic division, cholinergic receptors are correlated with it. The main receptors are muscarinic and nicotinic that is found in your blood vessels.

]]> 2022-09-25 12:49:30 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2312208580 Generated in Specific Organs when Stimulated by the ANS Division gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2312255303 There are different organs that are stimulated by each division and have different responses

- For the eye (iris)
in the Parasympathetic Division: it narrows the pupils
in the Sympathetic Division: it widens the pupils
ex: when light is flashed into your eye

- For the heart
Parasympathetic Division: it decreases HR, and FOC
Sympathetic Division: it increases HR and FOC

- For the Brain
Sympathetic Division: Epinephrine and norepinephrine is discharged from the medulla cells into the bloodstream

-For the Kidney
Sympathetic Division: Urine output is decreased and vasoconstriction is created

]]> 2022-09-25 13:56:43 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2312255303 6. The drug classifications for each division of the ANS. Under each classification, identify which receptors are interacted with, then include the action that occurs. gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2314588057 Cholinomimatic:
Directly acting drugs act on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Muscarinic receptors action are as follows
-Heart: ACh like acting drugs hyperpolarize SA nodal cells and decrease t their rate of diastolic depolarization which in turn causes the rate of impulse generation to decrease
- Blood Vessel: blood vessels are dilated and decrease in blood pressure and flushing occurs. When cholinergic nerves are stimulated and release nitric oxide causes your cavernosal vessels to dilate causing an erection
- Smooth muscle: when taking cholinergic drugs, it contracts the smooth muscle. For example, peristalsis of the GI tract increases and the sphincter relaxes, causing you to pee or poop.
-Action on the M3 Receptors causes an increase in glandular secretions
- Miosis happens in your eyes
Nicotinic receptors action are as follows
- Autonomic ganglia: for the P&S divisions the autonomic ganglia are stimulated and a high dose of ACh is given atropine causing a rise in BP and tachycardia
-Skeletal Muscle: twitching and fasiculations happens
Indirectly acting drugs inhibit ACh lowering enzyme acetylcholinerase which in turn causing ACh concentration increase at the nerve endings

Adrenergic drugs: act on both alpha and beta receptors
Alpha 1:
-blood vessel constriction causing an increase in BP
- acts on your heart causing an arrythmia
- mydriasis in eye, decrease in aqueous secretion
- contraction in the uterus and bladder
-ejaculation
- spleen is contracted
Alpha 2:
- blood vessels contract and increase BP
- inhibits insulin secretion
Beta 1:
- increase of HR and FOC by stimulating your heart
- kidney releases renin
- adh is released from your pitutary
Beta 2:
- vessels dilate, decreasing BP
- GI relaxes
- bronchodilation
- glycogenolysis
-urinary bladder relaxes (detrusor muscle)

Anticholinergic drugs:
Natural anticholinergic: atropine
Semi Synthetic: ipratropium bromide, homatropine
Synthetic: dicyclomine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide, glycopyrolate
*They block ACh action and block cholinergic drugs action which produce action opposite to cholingeric drugs

Alpha Blockers
Selective (act on alpha 1) - doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin
Selective (act on alpha 2) - yohimbine
Nonselective (act on. both alpha 1,2) - phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine
* alpha blockers prevent the action of catecholamines and adrenergic drugs

Beta Blockers
Nonselective (act on beta receptors) - sotalol, propranolol, pindolol, timolol
Selective on beta 1 (cardioselective) - atenolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, metoprolol
* beta blockers block action of catecholamines and adrenergic drugs on beta receptors and produce action opposite to that of adrenergic drugs

]]> 2022-09-27 00:47:31 UTC https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2314588057 7. The specific drug examples found on your drug list under each drug classification including generic (lowercase) and brand (capitalized in parentheses with the trademark symbol at the end- ®) gwendolynchurch1 https://padlet.com/gwendolynchurch1/5c0a638b3j6fp35s/wish/2314613779 I. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

II. Adrenergic Agonists

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

III. Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

IV. Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist

dobutamine

V. Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil® /Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

VI. Beta Blocker

Nonselective

nadolol (Corgard®)

propranolol (Inderol®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

Selective

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

VII. Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

VIII. Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

VIII. Anticholinergic

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

IX. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

a. Peripherally Acting

Depolarizing Agent:

succinylcholine

Non-depolarizing Agent

rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®)

Direct Acting

dantrolene (Dantrium®)

b. Centrally Acting

cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®)

carisoprodol (Soma®)

methocarbamol (Robaxin®)

orphenadrine citrate (Norflex®)

chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC®)

metaxalone (Skelaxin®)

Respiratory Drugs

I. Mast Cell Stabilizers

cromolyn Sodium (Intal® / Nasalcrom®)

II. Bronchodilators

Sympathomimetics “B-2 agonist” (Short and long acting)

albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)

formoterol (Foradil®)
terbutaline (Brethine®) salmeterol (Serevent®)

Xanthine Derivatives

theophylline (Theo-Dur®)

aminophylline (Paladron®)

III. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

montelukast (Singulair®)

IV. Anticholinergic

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

V. Combination Bronchodilator

ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate (Combivent®)

VI. Antihistamine
Generation I (sedating)

brompheniramine (Dimetapp®)

chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®)

clemastine (Tavist®)

diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)

hydroxyzine (Atarax®)

promethazine (Phenergan®)

azelastine (Astelin® or Astepro®)

Generation II (non-sedating)

loratidine (Claritin®)

fexofenadine (Allegra®)

cetirizine (Zyrtec®)

VII. Corticosteroid (asthma or allergic rhinitis)

budesonide (Rhinocort® or Pulmicort®)

mometasone (Nasonex® or Asmanex®)

fluticasone (Flonase® or Flovent®)

flunisolide (Nasalide®)

triamcinolone (Nasacort®/Azmacort®)

VIII. Antitussives

a. Narcotic

hydrocodone (Hycodan®)

codeine/guaifenesin (Robitussin AC®)

b. Nonnarcotic

dextromethorphan/guaifenesin (Robitussin DM®)

benzonatate (Tessalon Perles®)

IX. Decongestants

oxymetazoline (Afrin®)

pheniramine (Dristan®)

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®)

X. Expectorants

guaifenesin (Robitussin®, Mucinex®, Organidin®)

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