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      <title>Lien Speleers PlantArea BE by </title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3</link>
      <description>Medicinal plants in Belgium</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2019-02-24 21:14:34 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2023-05-09 12:00:06 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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         <title>1. Plant diversity</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334627749</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-02-24 21:20:43 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334627749</guid>
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         <title>1.1. Plant rich habitats</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334627855</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-02-24 21:21:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334627855</guid>
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         <title>1.1.2.Humid dune slacks </title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334630887</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/2190_Humid_dune_slacks.pdf">Humid dune slacks</a> represent the wetland component of dune systems, usually where the underlying water table reaches the surface. There are two main types. Primary dune slacks run parallel to a dune coastline and are formed when a developing sand ridge cuts off a portion of beach. Secondary dune slacks are more common in Belgium. They are formed by the landward movement of dune ridges over stable wet sand at the watertable. Dune slacks appear as flat valleys in the dune system, usually rich in species and associated with other wetland habitats. European vegetation classifications recognise a succession of slack types from bare damp sand to wet slacks dominated by trees and shrubs. The characteristic species of slacks are forms of dwarf willow, most commonly creeping willow (<em>Salix repens</em>). A number of very rare species are associated with dune slacks including the fen orchid (<em>Liparis loeselii</em>) (however this species became extinct at the Belgian coast!) . The total surface of dune slacks at the Belgian coast is circa 37 ha.<br><br><strong><sub>Humid dune slack at Belgian coast (Northern Belgium)</sub></strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-02-24 21:44:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334630887</guid>
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         <title>1.2. Medicinal plants</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334631420</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-02-24 21:48:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/334631420</guid>
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         <title> 1.1.1. Alkaline fens </title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/335102431</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/7230_Alkaline_fens.pdf">Alkaline fens</a> (circa 220 ha in Belgium) are mires occupied by peat- or tufa-producing small sedge and brown moss communities developed on soils permanently waterlogged with calcareous water supply, and with minimal water level fluctuation. They are generally species-rich both in terms of mosses and flowering plant species. Alkaline fens have been selectively drained in the past and have become very rare in most of EU countries and have a high conservation priority.<br><br></div><div>The Alkaline fens of <a href="https://natuurpuntkampenhout.wordpress.com/natuurgebieden-2/torfbroek/">Torfbroek</a>, a small natural reserve situated between Brussels, Leuven and Mechelen, are very rich in plant species. Much of the species found in Torfbroek such as marsh helleborine (<em>Epipactis palustris</em>) and marsh fragrant orchid (<em>Gymnadenia conopsea</em>) have become rare species in the rest of Belgium.  <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/7230_Alkaline_fens.pdf"><br></a><br><strong><sub>Alkaline fen at Torfbroek, Kampenhout (Central Belgium)</sub></strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-02-25 21:01:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/335102431</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>2. Complexity of plant biogeography</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/337043597</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-01 21:19:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/337043597</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Step 1: Activate your prior knowledge</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/337205545</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-03 09:59:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/337205545</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/341644595</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.klimaat.be/nl-be/klimaatverandering/belgie/impacts/impact-op-de-biodiversiteit/" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-15 07:59:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/341644595</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>3.1. Signs of climate change</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/341645288</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<ul><li><strong>Temperature:</strong> 2018 was a particularly warm year: the average annual temperature was 11.85 ° C (compared to 10.5 ° C normally), almost equaling the 2014 record (11.93 ° C). This makes 2018 the second hottest year since the measurements in Uccle started in 1833. This is followed by 2011 and 2007 with annual averages of 11.6 ° C and 11.5 ° C respectively.</li><li><strong>Precipitation:</strong> Compared to the early 1950s, the average number of days per year with a lot of rainfall has almost doubled: this number has increased from 3 to 6 in 6 decades. This extreme rainfall mostly occurs during summer, due to the intense summer thunderstorms. </li></ul><div><br></div><div><a href="https://www.milieurapport.be/milieuthemas/klimaatverandering/temperatuur/hittegolven-en-temperatuursextremen">https://www.milieurapport.be/milieuthemas/klimaatverandering/temperatuur/hittegolven-en-temperatuursextremen</a><br><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.klimaat.be/nl-be/klimaatverandering/belgie/waarnemingen-belgie/" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-15 08:03:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/341645288</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>3. Plants and climate change</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342165526</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-17 20:06:30 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342165526</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Step 1: Activate your prior knowledge</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342168561</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climate change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-17 20:26:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342168561</guid>
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         <title>4. Plants as source for the future</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342172651</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-17 20:55:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342172651</guid>
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         <title>5. Threatening factors of plant diversity</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342172906</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-17 20:57:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342172906</guid>
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         <title>4.2. Main tree species decorated during Christmas</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342175313</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-17 21:16:04 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342175313</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>4.3. Two groups of food plants </title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342176648</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-17 21:25:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342176648</guid>
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         <title>4.4. Two common spices</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342176764</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-17 21:26:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/342176764</guid>
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         <title>1.2.1. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343101007</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><mark>Scientific classification</mark><strong><br></strong>Kingdom: Plantae<br>Clade: Angiosperms<br>Clade: Eudicots<br>Clade: Asterids<br>Order: Solanales<br>Family: Solanaceae<br>Genus: Hyoscyamus<br>Species: <em>Hyoscyamus niger<br></em><mark><br></mark><strong><mark>Meaning of the scientific name<br></mark></strong>Hyoscyamus:<br>From Greek ‘húos’, ‘pig’ and ‘kúamos’, ‘bean’ thought, by some, to be because the smell was as unpleasant as pigs, by others, to be because hogs would eat the seedpods.<br>niger:<br>Black for the seeds and root.<br> <mark><br></mark><strong><mark>Vernacular names</mark></strong><em><br></em>English: Henbane<br>Dutch: Bilzekruid<br><em><br></em><strong><mark>Morphology <br></mark></strong>Plant covered with soft, sticky hairs with unpleasant smell. Thick, cylindrical root, ramified, soft. Stem 20-115 cm high, usually ramified. Leaves soft, dull; upper side dark green; underside lighter, grayish, fluffy-haired, especially along veins and leaf margin; basal leaves long-petiolate, oblong ovate or elliptical, sinuate pinnatifid, stalk leaves sessile, half-enclosing the stalk, oblong lanceolate, sinuate-lobed or incised. Flowers sessile, massed in scorpioid cymes at the stalk end and twig ends; bracts sessile, mostly oblong or narrowly-lanceolate, with few teeth or entire. Calyx 10-22 mm in length, cup-shaped, with 5 pointed tips. Crown of 5 petals, 2-4.5 cm length, funnel-shaped, dirty-yellowish with purple veins, purple-violet in the throat. Fruit is a capsule with a prominent cover. One plant gives to 400,000 seeds. <strong><mark><br><br>Medicinal traits<br></mark></strong>Henbane is used in traditional herbal medicine for ailments of the bones, rheumatism, toothache, asthma, cough, nervous diseases, and stomach pain. It might also be used as analgesic, sedative, and narcotic in some cultures. Adhesive bandages with henbane extract behind the ear are reported to prevent discomfort in travel-sick people. Henbane oil is used for medicinal massage. Henbane leaves and herbage without roots are chopped and dried and are then used for medicinal purposes or in incense and smoking blends, in making beer and tea, and in seasoning wine. Henbane leaves are boiled in oil to derive henbane oil. Henbane seeds are an ingredient in incense blends. In all preparations, the dosage has to be carefully estimated due to the high toxicity of henbane. For some therapeutic applications, dosages like 0.5 g and 1.5– 3 g were used. The lethal dosage is not known. Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant. The standard alkaloid content has been reported to be 0.03 to 0.28%.<br><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322069027_Molecular_Biology_and_Medicinal_Properties_of_Hyoscyamus_niger_L_A_Comprehensive_Review"><br><br></a><em><br></em><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-19 21:53:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343101007</guid>
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         <title>1.2.2. Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343102488</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong><mark>Scientific classification</mark></strong><strong><br></strong>Kingdom: Plantae<br>Clade: Angiosperms<br>Order: Asterales<br>Family: Asteraceae<br>Genus: Tanacetum<br>Species: <em>Tanacetum vulgare<br></em><mark><br></mark><strong><mark>Meaning of the scientific name</mark></strong></div><div><em>Tanacetum:</em> probably comes from the ancient Greek word athanasia (immortal): the flowers do not fade easily and retain their yellow color for a long time. It can also refer to a sort of elixir of life that was made from it. </div><div><em>Vulgare</em>: means common.<br><br></div><div><strong><mark>Vernacular names</mark></strong><em><br></em>English: Tansy<br>Dutch: Boerenwormkruid<br><em><br></em><strong><mark>Morphology <br></mark></strong>Tansy is a flowering herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, 50–150 cm (20–59 in) tall, and branching near the top. The leaves are alternate, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long and are pinnately lobed, divided almost to the center into about seven pairs of segments, or lobes, which are again divided into smaller lobes having saw-toothed edges, giving the leaf a somewhat fern-like appearance. The roundish, flat-topped, button-like, yellow flower heads are produced in terminal clusters from mid-to-late summer. <strong><mark><br><br>Medicinal traits<br></mark></strong>For many years, tansy has been used as a medicinal herb despite its toxicity. 19th-century Irish folklore suggests bathing in a solution of tansy and salt as a cure for joint pain. A bitter tea made with tansy flowers has been used for centuries as an anthelmintic to treat parasitic worm infestations, and tansy cakes were traditionally eaten during Lent because it was believed that eating fish during Lent caused intestinal worms. Various Tanacetum species are used ethnomedically to treat migraine, neuralgia and rheumatism and as anthelmintics. Traditionally, tansy was often used for its emmenagogue effects to bring on menstruation or end an unwanted pregnancy, and pregnant women are advised to not use this herb. Research published in 2011 identified 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and axillarin in tansy as antiviral compounds that are active against herpes simplex virus.<strong><mark><br></mark></strong><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.3382">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.3382</a><br><br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-19 22:00:46 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343102488</guid>
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         <title>2.1. Biogeographical regions</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343107462</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The southern part of Belgium is situated in the Continental region and the northern part in the Atlantic region.<br><br></div><ul><li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/biogeog_regions/atlantic/index_en.htm">Atlantic region</a>: low, flat lands, a very varied and dynamic coastline rich in habitats and species, and an oceanic climate. As for species, the Atlantic region may not exhibit the high levels of biodiversity found in other regions but it more than makes up for this in terms of animal abundance. </li></ul><div><br></div><ul><li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/biogeog_regions/continental/index_en.htm">Continental region</a>:  a relatively flat landscape and a climate of pronounced contrasts. The biodiversity is notably high, even if few species are truly endemic to the region. </li></ul>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-19 22:27:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343107462</guid>
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         <title>2.2. Key environmental stress factors</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343110136</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-19 22:41:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/343110136</guid>
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         <title>4.1. Two alcoholic drinks</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/344609415</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>*<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814085822/http://elixir-dalost.be/ingredienten/"><strong>Elixir d’Alost</strong></a> is a popular herbal liqueur from Aalst, my birthplace, made of more than 20 medicinal plants. Originally this was a medicinal drink used against all kinds of ailments in folk medicine, for humans and animals. Stomach and intestinal problems such as colics were treated with this elexir. The following plants with medicinal properties are processed in the Elixir d’Alost: Anise, Coriander, Garden angelica, Fennel, Orange peel, Lemon balm, Spearmint, Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg, Licorice, Costmary, Rhubarb root, Gentian root, Aloe, Marsh-mallow root, Myhhr, Saffron, Valerian root, Cinchona, Galanga, Ginger, Cumin, Sassafras</div><div><br>*Belgian <strong>beer</strong> culture includes traditions of craftsmanship for brewing beer and is part of the diet and social life of Belgians. Its cultural value was formally recognized in 2016 when it was added to UNESCO's "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" list. There are more than 200 active breweries in Belgium and around <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_Belgische_bieren">1600 different beers</a>. The basic Ingredients of beer are water, malt (from cereals, mainly barley), hops and yeast. <br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-24 20:41:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/344609415</guid>
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         <title>4.4.1.Nutmeg</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/344618723</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans"><em>Myristica fragrans</em></a>) tree into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, ... The tropical evergreen tree Nutmeg, is native to Molucca Islands of Indonesia. Now it is widely cultivated in the West Indies, South Africa, India and other tropical areas. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-24 21:48:04 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/344618723</guid>
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         <title>4.4.2. Melegueta pepper</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345454243</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Melegueta pepper (<em>Aframomum melegueta)</em> is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, and closely related to cardamom. Its seeds are used as a spice (ground or whole) and commonly known as grains of paradise or melegueta pepper. The plant species is native to West Africa. The Pepper Coast (or Grain Coast) where currently exists the Republic of Liberia, is a historical coastal region named after this commodity. Archaeobotanical finds of the grains show that melegueta pepper was commonly used in the area of Belgium during the late and post-medieval period. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-26 20:21:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345454243</guid>
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         <title>5.1. Endangered plant species</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345464362</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There are no endangered plant species from Belgium on the <a href="http://www.earthsendangered.com/continent.asp?gr=P&amp;view=all&amp;ID=6">list of Earth's Endangered Creatures</a>. However, there are many endangered plant species in <a href="https://www.belgium.be/en/environment/flora">Belgium</a>. In the northern part of Belgium for example aproximately half of the plant and animal species are on the "<a href="https://www.inbo.be/nl/zoek-de-rode-lijsten-vlaanderen">red list</a>" of endangered species. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.belgium.be/en/environment/flora" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-26 20:57:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345464362</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The Atlantic region</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345470579</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/brochures/nat2000_atlantic.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-26 21:22:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345470579</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Continental region</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345471278</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/brochures/nat2000_continental.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-26 21:26:17 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345471278</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345476588</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Increased average temperatures and long periods of drought will impact the Belgian forests. Species such as the European spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>), adapted to a cold climate, will disappear. Others such as the beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>) will be endangered <a href="https://bosrevue.bosplus.be/bosrevue/editie/2018/11/29/Boomsoortendiversiteit-verhoogt-de-groei-van-beuk-en-benvloedt-zijn-fysiologische-droogte-respons">due to drought</a>.<br><a href="http://www.zonienwoud.be/klimaatverandering-speelt-zonienbeuk-parten/">http://www.zonienwoud.be/klimaatverandering-speelt-zonienbeuk-parten/</a></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://wwf.be/nl/nieuws/het-effect-van-klimaatverandering-op-onze-belgische-bossen-doorgelicht/" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-26 21:50:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345476588</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345478898</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Impact of climate change in Belgium</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.climate.be/php/users/marbaix/impacts/docs/ImpactsGPvF-MR-NL.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-26 22:03:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345478898</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Calaminarian grasslands</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345484641</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Calaminarian grasslands occur on soils containing elevated levels of heavy metals, such as lead, zinc, chromium or copper. The greatest extent of the habitat occurs on artificial sites associated with past mining activities (the habitat is in fact named after one of the oldest zinc mines in Belgium, the ‘calamine’). Near natural examples on natural rock outcrops and river gravelsare more localised. Although heavy metals are usually toxic for plants, some species such as the zinc violet (<em>Viola calaminarina</em>) or the spring sandwort (<em>Minuartia verna</em>), have become especially adapted to the presence of these noxious substances. The low nutrients and heavy metals are believed to keep the vegetation open, retarding succession. As a result many rare specialist plants are able to thrive without competition from the more vigorous colonists.<br><br><strong><sub>Calaminarian grassland with zinc violet, La calamine (Southern Belgium)</sub></strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-26 22:34:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/345484641</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>4.3.1. Cereals</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346816199</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The main cultivated cereal species in Belgium are wheat, rye, barley, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale">triticale</a>  (a hybrid of wheat and rye), oats and maize. Archaeobotanical finds show that spelt was an important cereal crop too in the past, particularly from the metal ages until the high medieval period. Nowadays spelt becomes more popular again, especially in organic farming. Rye and spelt traditionally thrive on poorer soils while wheat requires more fertile soils. Partly as a result of the use of artificial fertilizers, wheat is now the most cultivated cereal species.<br><a href="http://plattelandswijzer.nettools.be/default.aspx?PageId=57"><strong><sub>Main cereal species cultivated in Belgium</sub></strong></a></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-30 20:15:40 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346816199</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>4.3.2. Fruit (common, culinary language)</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346880555</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The fruit grown in Belgium is divided into three groups:</div><ul><li>Stone fruit or drupe including plum, cherry and peach, which have in common that the outer fleshy part surrounds a single pit or stone.</li><li>Large fruit, such as apples and pears.</li><li>Small fruit, such as strawberry, blueberry, red currant, black currant, gooseberry, blackberry and raspberry.</li></ul>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-31 12:17:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346880555</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Forgotten fruit species</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346885257</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Archaeobotanical finds from medieval and post medieval sites in Belgium show that now forgotten fruit species such as medlar, black mulberry and cornelian cherry were regularly eaten during these periods.  </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-31 13:02:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346885257</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346896909</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.health.belgium.be/sites/default/files/uploads/fields/fpshealth_theme_file/19104339/Strat%C3%A9gie%20nationale%20biodiversit%C3%A9%202013_EN.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-31 14:45:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346896909</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Fen orchid (Liparis loeselii)</title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346899306</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Fen orchid is in <a href="https://www.natura2000.vlaanderen.be/soort/groenknolorchis">Flanders</a> threatened with extinction, it is only present on two locations. In Wallonia the species is probably extinct, it hasn’t been observed since 1987 (see pdf below). It is strictly protected by the European Habitats Directive and populations in Flanders are been monitored since 2007. Some research has been done on habitat characteristics, especially groundwater fluctuations and chemistry of the groundwater.<br><br>The decline of this species is mainly due to the destruction of its habitat: disruption of it groundwater regime, desiccation, eutrophication and the overgrowing of its habitat due to lack of management.<br><br></div><div>Management at current and possibly earlier sites must be aimed at maintaining or restoring specific hydrology. Points for attention are: preventing acid rainwater from stagnating, buffering against groundwater fluctuations due to water abstraction and preventing reduced groundwater supply or eutrophication of groundwater or surface water. In addition, adapted mowing management is necessary in the late summer or fall. Dense, old overgrown habitats can be opened again. This might be done by a volunteer organisation.<br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-03-31 15:05:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346899306</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346905519</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/354218806/abb00fb10f7625b1fb4f958f44d47964/liparis_loesel.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-31 15:54:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346905519</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>lien_speleers</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346909238</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/files/6049673/INBO_R_2014_2942320web.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2019-03-31 16:19:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lien_speleers/596s1nqemnr3/wish/346909238</guid>
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