Chapter 5 Combined Timeline by Sabrina Dearinger https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6 Made by Tayland Boswell, Sabrina Dearinger, Hannah Hagan, and Josie Stephens! en-us 2021-05-22 03:18:55 UTC 2026-02-08 17:06:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f3eb.png 1947--Mendez v. Westminister srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549640464 Mexican Americans successfully challenge Southern California's segregated school policies in 
Mendez v. Westminister (Rury, 2020, p. 161).
]]> 2021-05-22 03:22:30 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549640464 1954--Brown v. Board of Education srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549640805 The Brown v. Board of Education 
Supreme court case declares that segregated schools are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional (Rury, 2020, p. 155). 
]]> 2021-05-22 03:22:50 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549640805 1957--Little Rock Crisis srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549641580 Arkansas governor Orval Faubus deploys the state's National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering a
racially segregated school in which they had enrolled.
]]> 2021-05-22 03:23:40 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549641580 1960--Educational desegregation becomes the norm. srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549641827 A majority of Black teenagers are attending high school (Rury, 2020, p. 161).]]> 2021-05-22 03:24:01 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549641827 1971--The U.S. Supreme Court upholds mandatory busing as a solution to de facto school segregation in Swan v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg. srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642028 As a practice, busing involved using school buses to give schools more heterogeneous populations by "mixing" students from different neighborhoods. This practice represented one practical
solution to school segregation which was both de jure (i.e.,
formerly upheld for official segregation policies) and de facto (e.g., "coincidentally" stemming from residential segregation.) Busing was a controversial practice which sparked passionate responses from both sides, and its contemporary effects may be observed through the second Democratic debate of the 2020 presidential election. 
Interestingly, busing wound up being a more effective solution to school segregation in the South and more difficult to implement and maintain elsewhere. 
]]> 2021-05-22 03:24:18 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642028 1961--Creation of the Peace Corps by President Kennedy srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642678 This served as a volunteer program to encourage American youth to help developing nations with their social and economic development. ]]> 2021-05-22 03:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642678 1958--Creation of "National Defense Education Act" srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642759 This act pushed for more teacher training, federal aid to all schools, and better math and science programs. This also led the way for many changes in curriculum by official foundations.]]> 2021-05-22 03:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642759 1964--Robert Havighurst's research found that racial populations were isolating themselves in schools and were declining in test scores. srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642823 2021-05-22 03:25:24 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642823 1965--The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is passed by the U.S.Congress as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty." srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642878 ESEA represents "the nation's first comprehensive federal
education bill," thus heralding a new era of federal education
funding and policies (Rury, 2020, p. 172). ESEA is notable for its scope as well as its distributional policy. Specifically, Title 1 of
ESEA established funding for schools serving low-income
populations and offered a model for "compensatory" funding which many states later mimicked. 
]]> 2021-05-22 03:25:29 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549642878 1972--The U.S. Congress passes Title IX. srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549645716 Title IX tied federal funding of schools and associated programs with a lack of discrimination on the basis of sex. Title IX established a precedent which could be used for a variety of activist legal cases; however, its impact has been mixed. One notable effect of Title IX is the expansion of women's athletics, but Title IX's impact on other areas of gender inequality in schools is much less significant. Title IX offers one example of the staying power of norms and power structures, even when directly addressed through public policy.]]> 2021-05-22 03:29:21 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549645716 1975--The Education for All Handicapped Children Act is passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Gerald Ford. srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549646162 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act established several core principles of modern special education in the United
States. The bill guaranteed students with learning disabilities a free and appropriate public education (FAPE). It also helped to
establish the guiding principle of the least restrictive environment as well as providing families with certain rights in decision-making
processes related to special education. This law was revised and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
which continues to serve a key role in special education today.
]]> 2021-05-22 03:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1549646162 1944--An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy srde229 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551585469 Gunnar Myrdal publishes a book that suggests racism is an "anachronistic holdover of slavery," meaning that racism should never be copied in today's time, as it was something only for the time of slavery.]]> 2021-05-23 17:27:44 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551585469 Reference mshagan1224 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551649832 Rury, J. L. (2020). Education and social change: Contours in the history of American schooling. Routledge. ]]> 2021-05-23 18:27:57 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551649832 Color Key mshagan1224 https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551996304 Black = Racial issue
Blue = Gender issue 
Red = Special education 
Green = General education ]]> 2021-05-24 00:10:36 UTC https://padlet.com/srde229/58qz1gdu4f270fl6/wish/1551996304