Biotech Padlet - AP bio by https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech en-us 2019-11-20 19:09:07 UTC 2023-07-26 16:47:51 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9e0.png Cloning: Therapeutic vs. Reproductive https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421719506 Definitions-
Clone: identical complete copy
Gene Cloning: Production of multiple identical copies gene-carrying DNA 
Gene Therapy: Alternations of one's genes for therapy purpose 
DNA cloning: Production of many identical copies of a target segment DNA 
Plasmids: small circular DNA molecules to duplicate apart from larger bacterial chromosome

Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning:
-plasmids are key tools in cloning because they're easily manipulated to carry virtually any genes
-Reproductive cloning is the implanting of blastocyst into surrogate mother, cloning where a new organism birth is the result. 
-Therapeutic cloning is the production of embryonic stem cells for type of treatment 

-reproductive cloning raises lots of ethical issues since not all animals behave the same, some are dominant while others are submissive, and environment can can play a role during development which can alter them from being 100% the same. 
-Therapeutic cloning has potential to help medically. Stem cells help differentiate to various cell types of the body. 

]]> 2019-12-09 17:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421719506 Gene Cloning https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421720084 -Genes can be cloned on recombinant plasmids
-Gene cloning leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA.
-Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA sequences from 2 different sources--one source contains the gene that will be cloned and another source is a gene carrier called a vector.
-Plasmids (small,circular DNA molecules independent of the bacterial chromosome) are often used as vectors 

]]> 2019-12-09 17:10:04 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421720084 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421720298 RFLP is a molecular method of genetic analysis that allows individuals to be identified based on unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in specific regions of DNA.]]> 2019-12-09 17:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421720298 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421721590 Alteration of a diseased individual's genes for therapeutic purposes.]]> 2019-12-09 17:12:15 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421721590 How it works https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421722153 In people afflicted with disorders caused by a single defective gene, it might be possible to replace or supplement the defective gene by inserting a normal allele into a person's cell.]]> 2019-12-09 17:13:05 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421722153 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421722361 PROS
- can help improve world hunger
- improve and increase shelf life 
- increase food production
- pest resistance 
- improve nutritional values

CONS
- allergic reactions
- could cause cancer
- antibacterial resistance
- out crossing]]> 2019-12-09 17:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421722361 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421723053 a branch of biotechnology concerned with analyzing the structure, function, and interactions of the proteins produced by the genes of a particular cell, tissue, or organism.]]> 2019-12-09 17:14:24 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421723053 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421725108 Method that separates macro-molecules (usually proteins or nucleic acids) on the basis of size, electrical charge, or other physical properties.]]> 2019-12-09 17:17:29 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421725108 Picture https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421726120 2019-12-09 17:19:03 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421726120 Size https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727291 The larger the particles the closer they are to the comb and the smaller the particles the farther they are from the comb.]]> 2019-12-09 17:20:49 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727291 Nucleic Acid Probes: A radioactively or fluorescently labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA. https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727311 2019-12-09 17:20:51 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727311 Ethical questions https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727333 Gene therapy raises difficult ethical questions, especially the genetic manipulation of gamete-forming cells or zygote.]]> 2019-12-09 17:20:53 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727333 STEPS IN CLONING A GENE https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727403 1.Plasmid DNA is isolated.
2.DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated.
3.Plasmid DNA is treated with restriction enzyme that cuts in 1 place, opening the circle.
4.DNA with the target gene is treated with the same enzyme and many fragments are produced.
5.Plasmid and target DNA are mixed and associated with each other.
6.Recombinant DNA molecules are produced when DNA ligase joins plasmid and target segments together
7.The recombinant DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell.
8. The bacterial cell reproduced to form a clone of cells.]]> 2019-12-09 17:20:59 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727403 The probe hydrogen bonds to the complimentary sequence in the targeted DNA https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727749 2019-12-09 17:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421727749 I.e. Can be used in microarrays to test the expression of many genes https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421728256 2019-12-09 17:22:21 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421728256 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421728750 A glass slide with tiny amounts of thousands of different Kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments fixed to it in tiny wells in a tightly spaced array, or grid. ]]> 2019-12-09 17:23:04 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421728750 DNA https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421730473 DNA is attracted to the positive side of the gel due to its negative charge.]]> 2019-12-09 17:25:42 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421730473 What is it for https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732063 A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time.]]> 2019-12-09 17:28:21 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732063 Definition 1433971 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732074 The Human Genome project was a large, publicly funded scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene. The HGP was completed in 2003.]]> 2019-12-09 17:28:22 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732074 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732227 2019-12-09 17:28:36 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732227 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732744 2019-12-09 17:29:31 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732744 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732905 2019-12-09 17:29:45 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421732905 Steps https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421733552 I: Restriction  Digest 
II: Gel Electrophoresis
III: Denaturation
IV: Blotting
V: Baking and blocking
VI: Hybridization and visualization]]> 2019-12-09 17:30:43 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421733552 Application Examples https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421734914 - Genome mapping 
- Genetic Disease Analysis 
- DNA finger printing ]]> 2019-12-09 17:32:53 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421734914 Probes are longer than 6 nucleotides https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421736675 2019-12-09 17:35:21 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421736675 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421736878 2019-12-09 17:35:37 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421736878 Steps https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421737147 1) mRNA is isolated
2) Reverse transciptase occurs and fluorescent DNA nucleotides attaches to the single-stranded mRNA
3) cDNA is made from mRNA
4) cDNA is applied to the wells
 
Fluorescent spot = cDNA (Expressed gene)
Nonfluorescent spot = unexpressed gene]]> 2019-12-09 17:35:54 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421737147 cDNA- https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421756696 Complimentary DNA ; represents only the subset of genes that had been transcribed into mRNA in the strating cells.]]> 2019-12-09 18:03:25 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421756696 Reverse Transcriptase- https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421757991 a viral enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.]]> 2019-12-09 18:05:28 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421757991 Steps for gene cloning using reverse transcriptase https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421758712 1) The chosen cells transcribe their genes within the nucleus, producing mRNA
2) Single-stranded DNA transcripts are made from the mRNA using REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
3) Another enzyme is added to break down the mRNA and
4) DNA polymerase is used to synthesize a second DNA strand]]> 2019-12-09 18:06:33 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421758712 Result- https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421761781 cDNA useful for studying the genes responsible for the specialized functions of a particular cell type]]> 2019-12-09 18:10:55 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421761781 Example- https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421764094 Brain cells or Liver cells differ because some genes are expressed and others are turned off]]> 2019-12-09 18:13:58 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421764094 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421766020 2019-12-09 18:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/421766020 Definition https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422268172 A technique by which a specific segment of a DNA Molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory. ]]> 2019-12-10 16:44:39 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422268172 What it can do https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422268774 With a small sample, automated PCR can make billions of copies of a DNA segment in just a few hours. This makes enough to create a DNA profile to be made. ]]> 2019-12-10 16:45:38 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422268774 Steps https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272076 1. The reaction mixture is heated to separate the DNA strands
2. The mixture is cooled to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with the ends of target sequences.
3. DNA polymerase adds nucelotides in the 5' to 3' direction

]]> 2019-12-10 16:50:34 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272076 Steps https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272092 2019-12-10 16:50:35 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272092 Steps https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272095 1]]> 2019-12-10 16:50:35 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422272095 Use of Primers https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422273656 Uses short, chemically synthesized single stranded DNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence.]]> 2019-12-10 16:52:40 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422273656 Use of DNA Polymerase https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422274432 A different type of DNA Polymerase is used which was isolated from a bacterium living in hot springs which can withstand the heat when the mixture is being heated in the beginning of each cycle. ]]> 2019-12-10 16:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422274432 Series of repetitive DNA, which can be analyzed to DNA profile. THis method of DNA profiliing compares the lengths of the STR sequences at a specific site in the genome https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422277165 2019-12-10 16:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422277165 A collection of the total genome from a single organism. Stored in a population of identical vectors https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422277954 2019-12-10 16:59:10 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422277954 Prokaryotic https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin1/biotech/wish/422298346 -bacteria are often the best organisms to use in manufacturing a protein product, produce insulin and growth factor hormones
Eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, used to produce vaccines for hepatitis B, anti malaria 🤬, cancer treatments 
-mammal cells are used to make glycoproteins, 🤬 for heart attacks, hormones for blood production
- gentically modified whole mammals also used to produce human proteins
VERY COSTLY AND DIFFICULT


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