The Importance of Statistics in our daily life are:

1.) Statistics is a crucial component of the study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization. It helps us make sense of the world by providing us with evaluable and understandable info. It can offer data on the average income, unemployment rate, proportion of the population living in poverty, etc. of a country.

2.) Statistics provides information based on reliable evidence, which aids in decision-making. Statistics can be used by a company to determine which products are the most popular with customers or by the government to determine where to allocate resources.

3.) By means of statistical analysis of past data, we can predict what will happen in the future. For example, statisticians use data to predict weather patterns, while economists use data to predict future economic trends.

STOP OVER NO. 3

EXCEL - is a spreadsheet instrument that is part of the Microsoft Office package. Spreadsheets display tables of values organized in rows and columns that can be numerically adjusted with simple and sophisticated formulas and arithmetic operations.

Question: How can Industrial Engineering solve their problems in financial and expenses using their allowances?

Null Hypothesis: The financial problem does not affect the Industrial Engineering"s expenses using their allowances.

STOP OVER 2 (Hypothesis Formulation)

1.) School-related practices of parents of grade VI pupils at Palahanan Elementary School, Batangas as Perceived by the teachers and parents themselves during the Academic Year 2018-2019

Null: In the academic year 2018–2019, there was no change in the ways that parents and instructors of grade VI students at Palahanan Elementary School in Batangas handled school-related matters.

Alternative: During the academic year 2018–2019, there were differences in the approaches taken by parents and teachers in relation to the school for grade VI students at Palahanan Elementary School in Batangas.

2.) Culture and Climate at Company ABC in Nags City as Assessed by the Managers and Rank-inFile as Basics for more Efficient Production.

Null: The culture and atmosphere at company ABC in Nags City remain unaffected by the managers' evaluations based on a rank-in-file system intended to increase production efficiency.

Alternative: The atmosphere and culture of firm ABC in Nags City are impacted by the managers' rank-and-file evaluations, which are done in an effort to increase productivity.

3.) Philosophical Practices of college Educators and Administrators in a certain university as a baseline study to enhance the teaching-learning process.

Null: The efficiency of the teaching-learning process is not significantly correlated with the philosophical practices of college instructors and university administrators.

Alternative: The efficiency of the teaching-learning process is closely correlated with the philosophical practices of university administrators and college instructors.

4.) Environmental Performance Based on the Green Audit of Public Elementary Schools as Evaluated by the School Administrators and Teachers in the District of San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna during the academic year 2018-2019.

Null: According to the evaluations made by teachers and school administrators in the San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna district during the academic year 2018–2019, the environmental performance has no bearing on the public elementary schools.

Alternative: During the academic year 2018–2019, administrators and teachers in the San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna district evaluated the impact of environmental performance on public elementary schools.

5.) Relationship of the Perceptual strengths of College Students and their Mathematics Performance during the Academic Year 2018-2019

Null: Throughout the academic year 2018–2019, college students' performance in mathematics is unaffected by their perceptual strengths.

Alternative: During the academic year 2018–2019, college students' success in mathematics is influenced by their perceptual strengths.

LESSON 5 (Stop Over 1 and 2)

STOP OVER 1

A survey of disco goers on a Friday or Saturday night.

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• It would be challenging to obtain a simple random sample in the context of a survey of people who attend dances on Friday or Saturday nights. This is because not all members of the general public would have the same likelihood of attending discos on certain nights, and disco attendees on these evenings may belong to a specific demographic. Therefore, it might not be the best idea to use a simple random sampling strategy in this case.

Limitations:

• There are several limitations with this survey. Firstly, the sample is not representative of the whole community because it only includes those who go to discos on Friday or Saturday nights. This suggests that people who don't go out or attend discos would not be able to utilize the findings.

A study of employees’ attitude towards family planning in DR. VICTOR R. POTENCIANO MEDICAL CENTER

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• It is believed to be the best course of action when the population is homogeneous or when individual features are comparable. In the context of the investigation on the attitudes of Dr. Victor R. Potenciano Medical Center staff members toward family planning, simple random sampling would be sufficient since it would offer a representative sample of the entire workforce. This methodology ensures that every employee has an equal opportunity of being selected, which reduces bias and increases the validity of the study's conclusions.

Are there any limitations?

• These restrictions may have to do with the study's sample size, data collection procedures, findings interpretation, or study setting. Determining the precise bounds of the study is challenging in the absence of additional information. It should be noted that every study has limitations, and one of the most important aspects of conducting research is determining what those limitations are.

A survey of Olongapo City resident’s attitude to Nuclear Power Plants

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• For a survey on the opinions of Olongapo City residents on nuclear power plants, simple random sampling would be appropriate since it would provide every resident an equal chance of being selected for the study. Because this technique ensures that the sample is typical of the population, it increases the accuracy of the survey results.

Are there any limitations?

• Selection prejudice, which happens when a sample of Olongapo City residents is not an accurate reflection of the city's entire population, may be one of these limitations. The wording of the questions may also have an impact on respondents' responses, which could restrict the poll's validity.

A survey of Tiktok users following a Famous Tiktok Celebrity.

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• The best method for conducting a poll among Tiktok users who follow a well-known Tiktok celebrity would be to employ simple random selection. This is because every Tiktok user who follows the celebrity has the same chance of being selected for the poll. Other sampling approaches like stratified sampling or cluster sampling might not be as appropriate in this case because they require dividing the population into subgroups or clusters, which may not be applicable.

Limitations:

• Several restrictions may apply, depending on the particulars of the survey. For example, because the study only includes users who follow a certain celebrity, it may not be representative of all Tiktok users.

  
  

College students’ acceptability of school policies on discipline.

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• As simple random sampling ensures that every student, regardless of background or traits, has an equal chance of being selected for the survey, it would be appropriate in the context of college students' acceptance of the school's disciplinary measures. By employing this technique to help collect a representative sample of all pupils, the results' accuracy and generalizability are enhanced.

Are there any limitations?

• Various restrictions may apply, based on the particulars of the research. The study may be constrained, for example, by the technique employed, the sample size, the lack of control over extraneous variables, or the possibility of bias in the data collection process.

Mental Health Status of RTU students doing online classes.

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

• Regarding the question, it would be appropriate provided there was no prejudice in the selection process and the demographic of RTU students taking online programs was adequately characterized.

Are there any limitations?

• There are a number of limitations on the mental health of RTU students taking online courses. One such is the Lack of Social Interaction: Online learners may find it more difficult to interact socially with their instructors and fellow students, which can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Different Strata for Stratified Sampling 

• Occupation: Employed, Unemployed and Self Employed

• Educational Attainment: High School diploma, Undergraduate, College, Bachelor’s degree

• Income Level: High income, Middle Income, Low income 

• Age group: 18-29 years, 30-49 years, 50-69+ years 

• Race: Tradition races or ethnic groups 

1.) Can you think of some different "strata" (other than marital

status) that could be used if you were undertaking a stratified sample of the adult population of a certain city? Give example. Discuss.

Employment: In this case, the strata represent different job statuses. The main advantage of stratified sampling is that it ensures that each population subgroup in the sample has sufficient representation. This is particularly useful when the population is heterogeneous or its features are not distributed uniformly. For example, if people are classified into two groups based on whether or not they are employed, the characteristics and experiences of these two groups may be very different. By employing a stratified sample, we can ensure that both groups are fairly represented in the sample, which can improve the findings' accuracy.

Educational: The researcher employs this strategy when the population is not evenly distributed in order to ensure that specific groups are fairly represented in the sample. In the context of educational standing, the strata could be divided based on different educational levels, such as high school, college, postgraduate, and so on. Once the strata have been identified, a random sample is drawn from each stratum. This ensures that the sample is representative of all educational levels and that the results of the study are not skewed toward any particular level.