3MBIO7 Hermogino & Villamanca PlantArea Ilocos Norte by JOHN JERALD VILLAMANCA

3MBIO7 Hermogino & Villamanca PlantArea Ilocos Norte by JOHN JERALD VILLAMANCA https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol In partial fulfillment of the Requirements in BIO4211 en-us 2021-05-15 02:25:54 UTC 2024-10-13 10:29:42 UTC hello@padlet.com WHAT ARE SEED BANKS? johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526614775 A facility that stores seeds in order to preserve genetic diversity for the future is referred to as a Seed Bank. These banks house vaults often made up of bombs, floods, and radiation-proof materials. Contained in these vaults are jars of seeds from various plant species all over the world. The seeds are typically stored at low humidity and cold temperatures (around -20°C), preserve the seeds and ensuring that they can grow again for future uses.

There are over 1,000 seed banks around the world, varying in type, size, and focus. The Millennium Seed Bank in Sussex, managed and coordinated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, is the world's largest seed bank that opened in 2000. It houses seeds from nearly 40,000 different species from all over the world, including nearly all of the native trees and plants the United Kingdom.

Depending on the species, seeds stored in these vaults could be dormant for hundreds or even thousands of years. However, because nothing like this has been attempted before, these predictions can only be based on models. There have been a few reports and examples of ancient seeds germinating in pyramids and ancient palaces, but data on seed longevity is limited. We can only rely on models until the first stored seeds reach 1,000 years old. The best prediction is that seeds will survive in vaults for at least 150 years – ideally much longer.

]]> 2021-05-15 02:28:34 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526614775 IMPORTANCE OF SEED BANKS johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526645987 Currently, estimated 40% of plant species across the world are on the verge of extinction. A seed bank is a form of insurance, allowing us to save as many plant species as possible from this fate, conserving the world’s plant genetic diversity. Movements in preserving the plant genetic diversity is much more important than ever before. Plants are under threat from many factors, including:
(1) climate change
(2) habitat loss
(3) pollution
(4) pests and diseases.

The rate at which they are having an impact is also increasing, posing an ever-increasing risk of an incremental and catastrophic loss. We may be losing plants at a faster rate than we are discovering them. Moreover, seed banks act as repositories for agriculturally important crops and plants.]]> 2021-05-15 03:03:24 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526645987 SEED BANK IN THE PHILIPPINES johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526669471 In the Philippines, agriculture and food account for nearly 15-20% of gross national income. It employs approximately 32% of the working population, and agricultural and food trade accounts for up to 10% of national exports. Rice, coconut, banana, maize, and cassava are the food crops that dominate agricultural production.

Amidst being an agricultural country, no seed bank has yet been established in the Philippines. Efforts in preserving the genetic diversity of the agricultural and endemic plants in the country are centered on the deposition of unique samples in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Unique samples in Svalbard, amounting to 13,271, have originated from the Philippines. ]]> 2021-05-15 03:32:29 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526669471 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526681647 Figure 1. Seed storages in the Millennium Seed Bank. Adapted from kew.org.]]> 2021-05-15 03:48:37 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526681647 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526734123 2021-05-15 05:20:37 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526734123 PROVINCE OF ILOCOS NORTE johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526742362 LAND AREA: 3,662 sq.km.
BORDERS: Ilocos Sur (south), Abra (southeast), Cagayan (east), and South China Sea (west).
CITIES: 2 ( Laoag & Batac)
TOWNS: 21 (Adams, Bacarra, Badoc, Bangui, Banna, Burgos, Carasi, Currimao, Dingras, Dumalneg, Marcos, Nueva Era, Pagudpud, Paoay, Pasuquin, Piddig, Pinili, San Nicolas, Sarrat, Solsona & Vintar)
PROXIMITY: By air: 45 minutes from Manila; 55 minutes from Kaoshiung; 80 minutes from Guangzhou, Hongkong & Taipei; and 2.15 hours from Shanghai. By land: 8 hours from Manila; 4 hours from Baguio
SEASONS: Dry (November to April) and wet (May to October)
CLIMATE: Average temperature is 26.8C
LANGUAGE: Iloko (Ilocano) is the common language, although English and Filipino are widely used.
BIODIVERSITY: The Biodiversity of Ilocos Norte Plant Species Ilocos Norte is well known for its many ornamental, medicinal, and edible plants. These plants beautify our homes, cure common diseases, and provide nourishment in a variety of ways because they can be cooked in a variety of ways.

]]> 2021-05-15 05:38:33 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526742362 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526745015 Figure 2. Map of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Adapted from Birhane et al. (2016).]]> 2021-05-15 05:44:09 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526745015 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526754531 The province of Ilocos Norte boasts immense biodiversity. Unfortunately, like any other area in the Philippine archipelago, it is vulnerable and fragile due to its constant immersion in pressure from excessive human exploitation and numerous infrastructure developments, aggravated by the drastic changes in the climatic condition. In 2001, genetic conservationists from Mariano Marcos State University in the City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, reported more than 100 native plant species in the province as endangered (Read more: https://www.philstar.com/business/agriculture/2001/11/25/141330/more-100-plant-species-ilocos-norte-deemed-endangered). This report has urged the scientists in the province to collect plant material samples, averting genetic erosion and further loss of biodiversity.

Several researchers from the country have investigated, as well, the biodiversity in the Metropolitan Ilocos Norte Watershed Forest Reserve (MINWFR), one of the critical ecosystems in the province. Shown in Figure 3 is the summary of the plant families and species recorded MINFWR, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines (Batuyong et al., 2020).

]]> 2021-05-15 06:03:53 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526754531 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526757953 Figure 3. Representation of vascular families and species recorded in MINFWR, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines. Adapted from Batuyong et al. (2020).]]> 2021-05-15 06:11:39 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526757953 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526776215 Scientific Name: Diospyrus montana var. timorensis Bakh.
Common Names: Bombay Ebony (English), Ballatinaw (Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Not evaluated (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: Various parts of the plant have been reported to be used in fever, dysuria, gravel, neuralgia, pleurisy, pneumonia, menorrhagia and flooding, puerperal fever, diarrhea, and poisonous spider bite. Bark extract has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties. Aside from its potential medicinal purposes, seeds of this plant must be preserved since it is endemic in the province. ]]> 2021-05-15 06:47:51 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526776215 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526786980 Scientific Name: Shorea contorta S.Vidal
Common Name: White Lauan (English)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Least Concern (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: The wood of White Lauan is used in the general construction of furniture and cabinets, boat planking, mining timbers, and papermaking. It is also used in the production of boxes, crates, utensils, and veneer plywood. Apart from its industrial uses, this plant species is endemic to the province. That said, its genetic features must be preserved.

]]> 2021-05-15 07:11:17 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526786980 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526802621 Scientific Name: Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl.
Common Names: Sea Teak (English); Igem (Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Native
Description: The wood of Igem is used for interior work, beams, framing, furniture, and oars as a light to medium-weight softwood timber. Unfortunately, this plant species is vulnerable or at verge of extinction; hence, preservation of seeds must be also conducted, averting genetic erosion. ]]> 2021-05-15 07:40:52 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526802621 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526803540 2021-05-15 07:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526803540 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526816598 Scientific Name: Radermachera coriacea Merr.
Common Name: Radermachera coriacea
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: Radermachera coriacea is valued for its decorative features. Although it has no known medicinal and industrial importance, it has a conservation status of vulnerable. As it is an endemic plant in the area, its conservation must be highlighted. ]]> 2021-05-15 08:03:52 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526816598 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526823345 Scientific Name: Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco
Common Name: Bolong-eta (Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Native
Description: Furniture is made from the wood of Bolong-eta. The wood is used for fancy woodwork, furniture, cabinet making, and tool handles as streaked ebony. It is occasionally used for piling. Apart from its industrial importance, the seeds of Bolong-eta must be subjected to preservation since it is at the verge of extinction. ]]> 2021-05-15 08:15:26 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526823345 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526835551 Scientific Name: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.
Common Names: Aba (Ilocano)
Habit: Herb
Conservation Status: Least Concern (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Native
Description: Since ancient times, the herb has been known for its curative properties and has been used to treat a variety of ailments including asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, internal hemorrhage, neurological disorders, and skin disorders. Furthermore, Aba is also a delicacy in the province. As a source food that can feel a large human population, seeds of the must be highlighted for preservation.]]> 2021-05-15 08:33:23 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1526835551 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527685666 Scientific Name: Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe
Common Names: Argus Pheasant Tree (English)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Native
Description: The tree is harvested in the wild for local consumption as food, medicine, and a source of wood. The fruit is occasionally available in local markets and is a popular food in some areas. In villages, the tree is planted as a fruit tree as well as an ornamental in roadside plantings. Unfortunately, this plant species has been classified as vulnerable or at the verge of extinction.]]> 2021-05-16 01:47:03 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527685666 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527692953 Scientific Name: Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Common Names: Antipolo (Tagalog; Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: The wood is used as terap in local construction. Perhaps more importantly, it is used as a fiber plant in the production of pulp and paper. The bast is made into weak ropes, which have been used to yoke buffaloes, for example. An extract of the bark has potent antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, due to excessive human exploitation, antipolo is at the verge of extinction; hence, preservation of its genetic features must be performed.

]]> 2021-05-16 01:58:48 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527692953 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527711380 Scientific Name: Pterospermum obliquum Blanco
Common Names: Bayok-bayok (Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Least Concern (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: The bark is used locally to dye brownish fishermen's cloth. The bark can also be used to make tannin. The wood is used in house construction for interior work as well as furniture, cabinetry, and implements. Due to its endemicity, its genetic perseveration must be highlighted.

]]> 2021-05-16 02:27:22 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527711380 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527725043 Scientific Name: Areca ipot Becc.
Common Names: Betel Nut (English); Bua (Ilocano)
Habit: Tree
Conservation Status: Vulnerable (DENR Administrative Order 2017-11 and IUCN Red List)
Endemicity: Endemic
Description: Its native habitat is threatened by habitat destruction and over-collection of seeds for betel nut chewing. It is best suited to cultivation in the tropics. It grows quickly and easily and has a lot of potential as a landscape plant. ]]> 2021-05-16 02:45:53 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527725043 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527726672 2021-05-16 02:48:22 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527726672 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527729201 2021-05-16 02:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527729201 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527731032 2021-05-16 02:54:43 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527731032 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527733620 Figure 14. Anatomical structures of various seeds from different plant groups, which changes are associated with the plant's evolution. Common to all seeds are the seed coat (testa), but in some cases, it is fused to the pericarp. The seeds can be broadly categorized as either endospermic, which relies on endosperm for stored reserves, or non-endospermic, which relies on their large storage cotyledons for food reserves. ]]> 2021-05-16 02:58:35 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527733620 STAGES (Figure 15): johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527740193 (1) Zygotic stage – first stage of diploid life.
◎ Polarized growth of the cell, proceeded by asymmetric transverse division, giving rise to an elongated basal cell and a small apical cell.

(2) Globular stage – apical cell undergoes series of division, creating an eight-cell (octant) globular embryo that exhibits radial symmetry
◎ Additional cell division occurs producing the outer layer proctoderm (fate: epidermis)

(3) Heart stage – focused cell division on either side of the potential shoot apical meristem, forming the two cotyledons.
◎ Gives the embryo bilateral symmetry.

(4) Torpedo stage – cell elongation and cellular differentiation processes ensue all over the embryonic axis
◎ Distinctions between the adaxial and abaxial tissues become obvious.

(5) Mature stage – toward the end of embryogenesis.
◎ Three processes occur during the maturation stage:

Store food - Storage compounds accumulate in the cells.
Desiccation - Loses water
Enter dormancy – promoted by the abscisic acid hormone.

]]> 2021-05-16 03:06:28 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527740193 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527749113 Figure 15. Arabidopsis embryogenesis is characterized by a precise pattern of cell division. Successive stages of embryogenesis are depicted here. (A) One-cell embryo after the first division of the zygote, which forms the apical and basal cells; (B) two-cell embryo; (C) eight-cell embryo; (D) early globular stage, which has developed a distinct protoderm (surface layer); (E) early heart stage; (F) late heart stage; (G) torpedo stage; (H) mature embryo.]]> 2021-05-16 03:18:05 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527749113 STAGES (Figure 16): johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527751096 (1) Zygotic stage – single cell stage, produced from the fusion of egg and sperm haploid cells
(2) Globular stage – Formed from horizontal division, producing apical and basal cells. Sequential divisions create a multilayered globular embryo.
(3) Coleoptile stage – Occurs 5 days after pollination, where radicle, root apical meristem, coleoptile, and shoot apical meristem forms.
(4) Juvenile vegetative stage – the shoot apical meristem produces several vegetative leaves
(5) Maturation stage – maturation-related genes are expressed preceding the onset of dormancy]]> 2021-05-16 03:20:47 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527751096 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527753079 2021-05-16 03:23:12 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527753079 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527753961 2021-05-16 03:24:13 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527753961 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527766603 Figure 16. Rice embryonic development illustrating the globular stage (A), coleoptile stage (B), juvenile embryo stage (C), and mature embryo stage (D). The scutellum is a modified cotyledon specialized to absorb sugars released from the endosperm during germination.]]> 2021-05-16 03:41:50 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527766603 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527771181 2021-05-16 03:47:29 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527771181 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527773955 2021-05-16 03:50:49 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527773955 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527775934 Figure 17. In longitudinal cross section (left), the apical-basal axis extends between the tips of the embryonic root and shoot. In transverse cross section (right), the radial axis extends from the center to the surface across vascular, ground and epidermal tissues.]]> 2021-05-16 03:53:22 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527775934 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527778290 Common to all seed plants is the polarity, which is referred as the polarization of plants along two axes, (1) the apical-basal axis and the (radial axis).

Intercellular signaling processes are vital in the plant polarization, for they function in the position-dependent development of plants. The presence specific cues are responsible for the unique positions of a developing structures. Cells contain mechanisms that respond to these cues, assessing their location in relation to these signals.

This polarization is promoted by various hormones and genes. The hormone auxin is essential in embryogenesis. They act as a mobile chemical signal that can induce embryo formation from somatic cells and can stimulate concentration-dependent responses in different tissues. The plant’s polarity is regulated by the polar auxin streams. Two transport, rootward and shoot ward transport, of auxin are the main mechanisms responsible for the plant’s programmed directional growth. Cytokinin is another hormone that is needed for the root development, wherein it is proven that crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin occurs during embryogenesis. High levels of auxin promotes root formation, while high levels of cytokinin promotes shoot formation. Auxin is synthesized in shoots and is transported rootward, while cytokinin is produced in the roots and is transported shootward.

The genes associated with this polarization are the gurke, fackel, gnom, and monopteros. Gurke encodes for the acetyl-CoA carboxylase that is required in synthesizing long-chains of fatty acids and spingolipids. They are critical for the patterning of the apical portion of the embryo. Fackel encodes sterol C-14 reductase, which is important for the pattern formation occurring during embryogenesis. They are needed for the formation of hypocotyl. Gnom encodes for guanin nucleotide exchange factor that enables directional transport of auxin. Lastly, monopteros encodes for the auxin response transcription factor, which regulate specific genes that is involved in auxin responses. Monopteros is required for the formation of central and basal domain of the embryo.

The radial axis runs perpendicular to apical-basal axis. This patterning serves as the guide in the tissue layers formation. Proctoderm is a one-cell thick outermost layer that will later become the epidermis. Ground tissue lies below the proctoderm and will soon differentiate into cortex, and endodermis in the root and hypocotyl. The procambium is the innermost/ central domain that produces pericycle of the root and vascular tissues, needed in transporting water and nutrients. ]]> 2021-05-16 03:55:54 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527778290 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527783202 Figure 18. Summary of the sequence of radial patterning events during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. The five successive embryonic stages shown in the longitudinal section illustrate the origin of distinct tissues, beginning with the delineation of the protoderm (left) and ending with the formation of the vascular tissues (right). Note how the number of tissues increases through the action of stem cells. A cross-sectional view of the basal portion of the late heart stage embryo is shown at the far right (the level of the cross-section is shown by the line in the longitudinal section to its left)]]> 2021-05-16 04:01:02 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527783202 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527784758 2021-05-16 04:02:39 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527784758 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527785215 Seed dormancy is an intrinsic property that temporarily prevents seed germination to provide time for the seed dispersal to occur over a wide geographic distance or seasonal dormancy cycling, which is for seed bank. This prevents seed germination in unfavorable environmental conditions.

Seed dormancy and germination is regulated by the ration of two hormones: abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA). The hormonal activity of the seed depends on the amount of each hormone present within specific tissues and its ability to respond to those hormones. ABA is known to be an inhibitory effect on seed germination, thus, promotes dormancy, while GA promotes germination.

Seed dormancy that is imposed on the embryo by its surrounding tissues (i.e., seed coat, endosperm, pericarp), is known as the coat-imposed dormancy (e.g., legumes and wild mustard). This kind of seeds readily germinates on the presence of oxygen and water when its surrounding tissue got damaged or removed. On the other hand, seed dormancy can be intrinsic to the embryo itself, which is referred as embryo dormancy (e.g., celery and carrot). Sometimes, this can be relieved by removing its cotyledons, while some cases, the embryo just needs time to fully mature.

Dormancy can be relieved through alteration of the metabolic state of the seed. Some seeds are photoblasty (e.g. Lettuce) that requires exposure to light for a specific period and interval. Some seeds (e.g. Barley) need after-ripening to break dormancy. The duration of after-ripening depends per plant species. Furthermore, there are seeds (e.g., Bluntseed sweetroot) that require chilling to break dormancy. Stratification can break such seeds, which involves overwintering in layered soil or sand. This can also be done by simply storing moist seeds in the refrigerator. Moreover, there are various chemical compounds that can be used to break dormancy, such as oxidants and sulfhydryl compounds; however, only few occurs naturally. Hedge mustard requires nitrate and light to break dormancy, other seeds need nitric oxide, while some requires smoke.

]]> 2021-05-16 04:03:13 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527785215 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527786396 2021-05-16 04:04:35 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527786396 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527786907 Germination is a process that requires various factors, such as water, light, nitrate, temperature, and oxygen. This is divided into three phases. Phase I is where the dry seeds take in water via imbibition. Matric potential plays an important role in this process. Matric potential creates a gradient by lowering the water potential in the dry seed. This emerges from the interaction that occurs between water molecules and the solid surfaces of various macromolecules in the seeds. This rehydrates these cellular components, activating the basal metabolic processes. Imbibition stops when the potential binding sites for water become saturated. Phase II involves the reduction of the uptake of water until the water potential gradient is restored. Metabolic processes are reinitiated, the embryo expands, and the radicle arises from the seed coat. Phase III occurs when the water uptake resumes due to the cell expansion, which involves loosening of cell wall. During this phase, the water potential is maintained by the solute accumulation and relaxation of cell wall. In this phase the food storage is fully mobilized.]]> 2021-05-16 04:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527786907 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527788181 Figure 19. Phases of seed imbibition. In Phase I, dry seeds imbibe water rapidly. Since water flows from the higher to the lower water potential, the water uptake by the seed stops when the difference in water potential between the seed and the environment becomes zero. During Phase II the cells expand and the radicle emerges from the seed. Metabolic activity increases and cell wall loosening occurs. In Phase III, water uptake resumes as the seedling becomes established. ]]> 2021-05-16 04:06:34 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527788181 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527788917 Food reserves of the seeds are usually located at the endosperm or in the cotyledons. The mobilization of these stored reserves happens after germination, where nutrients are already provided, and the seedlings become autotrophic. Starches are stored in amyloplast and mobilizing this requires starch degradation. The enzymes a- and B-amylase are responsible for this degradation. The a-amylase hydrolyzes starch chains to produce oligosaccharides, which are further degraded by the B-amylase, producing maltose. Maltose is then converted to glucose to be utilized by the seedlings. A specialized digestive tissue known as the aleurone layer surrounds the endosperm. This generates and releases enzymes that hydrolyzes these reserves. The products produced are then transported to the growing embryo via scutellum.

Additionally, protein storage vacuoles provide the amino acids needed for the seedling’s protein synthesis. During mobilization of stored reserves, the phytase enzyme hydrolyzes phytin, releasing phosphate and various ions to be used by the seedling. ]]> 2021-05-16 04:07:23 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527788917 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527790419 Figure 20. Structure of barley grain and the functions of various tissues during germination. (A) Diagram of germination-initiated interactions. (B–D) Micrographs of the barley aleurone layer (B) and barley aleurone protoplasts at an early (C) and a late (D) stage of amylase production. Multiple protein storage vesicles (PSVs) in (C) coalesce to form a large vesicle in (D), which will provide amino acids for α-amylase synthesis. G, phytin globoid that sequesters minerals; N, nucleus.]]> 2021-05-16 04:09:05 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527790419 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527792378 2021-05-16 04:11:13 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527792378 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527793716 Plants does not grow randomly, but rather responds to various stimuli that guides its directional growth. Tropism can either be positive, which grows in the direction of the stimulus, or negative that grows on the opposite direction of the stimulus. There are different types of tropism, these are: Gravitropism, Phototropism, and Thigmotropism. Gravitropism refers to the directional growth in response to gravity. Examples of positive gravitropism are the roots, while the shoots are examples of negative gravitropism. On the other hand, plants that are phototropic responds to sunlight, which is essential in maximizing photosynthesis. Thigmotropism refers to the growth in response to touch. A great example of this is the plant Mimosa pudica, commonly known as the Makahiya.]]> 2021-05-16 04:12:27 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527793716 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527795547 Figure 21. Examples of different tropism and how they react to different stimuli.]]> 2021-05-16 04:14:24 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527795547 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527796758 2021-05-16 04:15:41 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527796758 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527876821 Batuyong, M. A., CALARAMO, M. A., & ALEJANDRO, G. J. D. (2020). A checklist and conservation status of vascular plants in the Limestone forest of Metropolitan Ilocos Norte Watershed Forest Reserve, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210907

Birhane, M. G., Miranda, M. E. G., Dyer, J. L., Blanton, J. D., & Recuenco, S. (2016b). Willingness to Pay for Dog Rabies Vaccine and Registration in Ilocos Norte, Philippines (2012). PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(3), e0004486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004486

Big Stock Photo. (n.d.). Stock Photo By Natthawut ngoensanthia. Bigstock. Retrieved May 16, 2021, from https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-216634399/stock-photo-dracontomelon-dao-%28blanco%29-merr-%26-rolfe%29-effects-of-trees-before-seed

Etsy.com. (2019). Diospyros Montana var. Cordifolia / Tamal 15 seeds free. Etsy. https://www.etsy.com/hk-en/listing/582952732/diospyros-montana-var-cordifolia-tamal

Millennium Seed Bank. (n.d.). The world’s richest bank: how we store the world’s seeds. Kew. Retrieved May 16, 2021, from https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/the-worlds-richest-bank-millennium-seed-bank

M, S. (2018, January 8). Breadfruit Seeds Facts, Health Benefits & Nutritional Value. Health Benefits | Health Benefits of Foods and Drinks. https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/breadfruit-seeds/

Pablico, S. M. (2001, November 25). More than 100 plant species in Ilocos Norte deemed endangered. Philstar.Com. https://www.philstar.com/business/agriculture/2001/11/25/141330/more-100-plant-species-ilocos-norte-deemed-endangered

PalmTalk. (2015, July 13). Areca ipot. https://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/46424-areca-ipot/

Provincial Government of Ilocos Norte. (n.d.). Provincial Govt. of Ilocos Norte. Ilocos Norte. Retrieved May 16, 2021, from https://ilocosnorte.gov.ph/province

Salvaña, F. R. P., Gruezo, W. S., & Hadsall, A. S. (2018). Recent Taxonomic Notes and New Distribution Localities of Podocarpus Pers. Species in the Philippines. Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, 16, 99–120. https://doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2018.250

Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2014). Plant Physiology and Development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press.

The Makiling Bounty. (2021, May 16). The Makiling Bounty. Pinoy Trees. http://pinoytrees.blogspot.com/2011/09/makiling-bounty.html

Tropical Seeds. (n.d.). Radermachera sinica Seeds. Retrieved May 16, 2021, from https://www.tropicalseeds.com/radermachera-sinica

Weeds of Australia. (n.d.). Colocasia esculenta. Fact Sheet Fusion V2. Retrieved May 16, 2021, from https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/colocasia_esculenta.htm

]]> 2021-05-16 05:32:11 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1527876821 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547529645 2021-05-21 13:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547529645 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547543655 THE BOMBAY EBONY/BALLATINAW PLANT AND ITS FRUITS]]> 2021-05-21 13:06:52 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547543655 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547550404 2021-05-21 13:08:44 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547550404 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547555224 THE WHITE LAUAN PLANT]]> 2021-05-21 13:10:00 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547555224 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547567043 2021-05-21 13:13:18 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547567043 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547572495 THE SEA TEAK / IGEM TREE]]> 2021-05-21 13:14:56 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547572495 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547582778 2021-05-21 13:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547582778 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547587266 THE RADERMACHERA CORIACEA FLOWER]]> 2021-05-21 13:18:31 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547587266 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547597752 2021-05-21 13:21:18 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547597752 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547610864 THE BOLONG-ETA TREE]]> 2021-05-21 13:24:52 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547610864 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547623161 2021-05-21 13:28:01 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547623161 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547629957 THE ABA HERB]]> 2021-05-21 13:29:43 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547629957 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547639422 2021-05-21 13:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547639422 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547643365 THE ARGUS PHEASANT TREE]]> 2021-05-21 13:33:14 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547643365 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547649791 2021-05-21 13:34:54 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547649791 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547652742 THE ANTIPOLO TREE]]> 2021-05-21 13:35:40 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547652742 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547662631 2021-05-21 13:38:18 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547662631 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547670397 THE BAYOK-BAYOK FLOWER]]> 2021-05-21 13:40:12 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547670397 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547680423 2021-05-21 13:42:37 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547680423 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547682575 THE BETEL NUT/ BUA TREE]]> 2021-05-21 13:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1547682575 johnjerald_villamanca_sci https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1556522755 2021-05-25 06:12:30 UTC https://padlet.com/johnjerald_villamanca_sci/56hwrpx6notq79ol/wish/1556522755