Solutions:

China
Drainage system is one of the critical indispensable infrastructures in cities. Nowadays, water surface ratio and seepage rate of grounds keep decreasing. Along with an increasing frequency of heavy rainstorm, the capacity of most build-up drainage systems in China cannot afford the actual amount of water input due to less governmental investment and aged pipelines (Jiang, 2011). Thus, both central government and local governments must reinforce the construction of drainage systems in cities and increase governmental input to reduce the frequency of urban flooding.

This concept has become very popular in China (creating a sponge city), a country that has seen the rate of urban flooding more than double in recent years. According to Kongjian Yu, “a sponge city is one that can hold, clean, and drain water in a natural way - using an ecological approach.”  So, rather than funnelling rainwater away, a sponge city retains it for its own use, within its own boundaries. The uses include: irrigating gardens and urban farms, recharging depleted aquifers, replacing or replenishing the water used to flush toilets, and processing it so that it can be clean enough to use as drinking water.

Europe
Green roofs (roofs that are covered with vegetation), by their very nature, absorb rainwater and help to mitigate flooding. It’s a stormwater management tool; for the community, it reduces stormwater runoff; and for the environment, it prevents combined sewer overflow, neutralizes the acid rain effect and removes nitrogen pollution from the rainwater.

Restore floodplains because of their significant role in flood protection, water management and nature conservation. Essentially, what floodplains do is retain and absorb water, thereby shielding nearby towns from the effects of heavy rainfall.

Jakarta
A solution to stop the flooding or would be a systematic reform to how the city approaches the flooding. Building more dams or more flood reservoirs would help, until trash and other things clogged up the channels and stopped the effectiveness of it. Adding more water pumps would also help. 

The traffic congestion level of Mumbai in 2018 amounted to 65%, meaning that it took 65 percent more time to get from one point to another compared to a free flow situation. The city has 510 cars per km on road as compared to 108 in Delhi. Mumbai is followed by Colombian capital, Bogota (63%), Lima in Peru (58%), New Delhi (58%) and Russian capital, Moscow (56%).

The reason behind such high traffic is lack of road space. Though, Mumbai’s private car population is less than a third of Delhi, the city has just 2,000 km of road as compared to 28,000 km in the national capital.

This can be seen as both a good and bad thing. It indicates a strong global economy, but the flip side is that there are millions of drivers wasting time in traffic, decreasing productivity, whilst also having massive environmental impacts, increasing urban air pollution, and contributing to global warming. 

In Mumbai, recently, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Agency (MMRDA), the agency responsible for urban planning in the Mumbai region, began to hold conversations with ITDP about the possibility of enacting congestion pricing. Congestion pricing is seen as an important tool that will raise revenue that can be invested in other forms of transportation like buses and pedestrian paths. Currently, Mumbai is constructing a second metro corridor and hopes that the opening of this corridor can coincide with the unveiling of the congestion pricing. Ideally, through the right pricing and implementation, this regulation could significantly reduce the number of private vehicles on the roads. However, it is not clear how the pricing will be implemented – such as through zones like in London or based on peak travel times.

Jakarta rivers receive an estimated 2.5 million cubic meters of wastewater per day. More than 70 percent of the wastewater comes from millions of households and the remaining comes from commercial buildings and industrial activities.

The polluted rivers have also degraded the quality of the Jakarta Bay ecosystem. Fisherfolk in Muara Angke, North Jakarta, often complain about catch declines, allegedly because of pollution from the rivers.

Water pollution also decreases the quality of sanitation, making people more vulnerable to water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. This can be seen from the open toilets in Dharavi, as waste just goes into a river.

Solutions:
Sanitation workers have been employed to start treating waste from the river, especially floating litter.

Jakarta’s sole wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) is located in the Setiabudi Reservoir in Central Jakarta. It can only treat about 2 percent of wastewater, which comes not only from households in Jakarta but also from millions of houses, factories, commercial buildings and agricultural fields in upstream areas.

The government has long planned to develop the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) to process household waste at the Jakarta IPAL before the water is pumped into rivers. The JSS is set to manage waste treatment in 15 zones.
The project is set to finish in 2026

PAL Jaya has planned to take another approach to treat wastewater by installing pipes that would treat waste water. 

In India, many people find themselves in slums, 55.5% of the population lives in them. In addition to this, in many Indian cities, such as Mumbai, low-income people rent tiny, cramped rooms and apartments in old, over-crowded tenement blocks.

Solutions in India:

In some case local and international NGOs provide housing – or at least improve basic

services like sewers – but this is relatively small scale in terms of impact. In many cases slum dwellers carry out ‘self-help’ improvements to sewers, roads, water supply and open areas often with NGO support.

In Metro Manila, slums proliferate along riverbanks, clogged streams, railroad properties, roadsides and parks—all public domain. A total of 372,500 families or 14.1 percent of families in the metropolis live in shanties of less than 10 sq m and 390,900 in shanty apartments 10 to 19 sq m. These 763,400 shanties make up Metro Manila’s slums.

Quezon City has an even larger slum population than Manila. Access to community water and electrical systems appears to be minimal or, if available, are shared by many. 

Solutions in the Philippines:

Reallocation of the budget to favor housing for the poor

More efficient collection of real estate taxes

Adopting a progressive property tax

President Aquino approved a $62B USD budget for 2015. Simply allowing 10 percent of the current and future budgets for housing that could suffice to eradicate the nation’s slums in 10 years’ time

In Mumbai, a lack of education facilities means that some children (more than 80 percent of under 18s) do not go to school - and can be forced into child labour. Children born in slums often do not have a birth certificate and without this they cannot access healthcare, education or exert their human rights. India's rapid growth has meant rapid urbanisation with thousands moving to cities to find a better life. However, many end up living in crowded slums earning a wage that is insufficient for their families' needs. Living conditions within the slums are overcrowded and lack basic facilities like water and sanitation. In India in 2017, 59.5% have access to at least basic sanitation. 41.3 % of Mumbai’s  population lives in slums (World Population Review, 2016).

Inadequate sanitation is highly costly. It is estimated that inadequate sanitation cost India $54 billion (64% of GDP) in 2006. 70% of this was health related (Kumar, 2011). A reluctance to acknowledge the home and individuals as equally important as public institutions in fixing problems of sanitation and fighting the disease transmission in the community (Nath, 2003).

Solutions:

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SOLUTIONS