"a visual artist specializing in batik"

BatikBatik from Surakarta in Central Java province in Indonesia; before 1997

Type

 | Art fabric

Material

 | Cambrics, silk, cotton

Place of origin

 | Indonesia^[1][2][3]

Batik

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Batik craftswomen in Java drawing intricate patterns using canting and wax that are kept hot and liquid in a small heated pan,
on 27 July 2011

Country

 | Indonesia

Domains

 | Traditional craftsmanship, oral traditions and expressions, social practices, rituals and festive events

Reference

 | 170

Region

 | Asia and the Pacific

Inscription history

Inscription

 | 2009 (4th session)

 | Representative List
 
Written batik (batik tulis) and stamped batik (batik cap)

Education and Training in Batik

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Museum Batik Pekalongan, Central Java

Country

 | Indonesia

Domains

 | Traditional craftsmanship, oral traditions and expressions, social practices, rituals and festive events

Reference

 | 318

Region

 | Asia and the Pacific

Inscription history

Inscription

 | 2009 (4th session)

 | Register of Good Safeguarding Practices
 
Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan

This article contains letters from the Javanese script.Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Javanese characters.

Batik is an ancient art form of Indonesia made with wax resistant dye on fabrics.^[6][7] Indonesian coastal batik (batik pesisir) made in the island of Java has a history of acculturation, a mixture of native and foreign cultures.^[8] It is a newer model compared to inland batik, and it uses more colors, though the patterns are a lot less intricate. This is because inland batik used to be made by select experts living in palace areas, while coastal batik can be made by anyone.^[9]

Batik is very important to Indonesians and many people wear it to formal or casual events. Batik is commonly used by Indonesians in various rituals, ceremonies, traditions, celebrations, and even in daily uses.^[10]

On October 2, 2009, UNESCO officially recognized the batik (written batik (batik tulis) and stamped batik (batik cap)) as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity from Indonesia, and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote, and develop the craftsmanship of batik.^[1] Since then, Indonesia celebrates "the National Batik Day" (Indonesian: Hari Batik Nasional) annually on October 2. Nowadays, Indonesians wear batik in honor of this ancient tradition.^[10]

In the same year, UNESCO also recognized "Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan" as Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in Register of Good Safeguarding Practices List.^[11]

Contents

EtymologyEdit

The word batik is Javanese in origin. It comes from the Javanese ambatik that consist of ambameans "wide" or "large", and tik or nitik means "dot" or "make a dot".^[1][5][12] The word bathikanalso means "drawing" or "writing" in Javanese.^[13] When the word is absorbed to Indonesian and also Malay the "th-" sound is reduced to a "t-" sound more pronouncable to non-Javanese speakers.

The word batik is first recorded in English in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1880, in which it is spelled as battik. It is attested in the Indonesian Archipelago during the Dutch colonial period in various forms such as mbatik, mbatek, batik and batek.^[14][15][16] Batik known as euyeuk in Sundanese, cloth can be processed into a form of batik by a pangeyeuk (batik maker).^[17]

HistoryEdit

Jlamprang or ceplok batik motif of clothes of 13th-century East JavanesePrajnaparamita statue resembles batik, National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta

Batik is an ancient fabric wax-resist dyeing tradition of Java, Indonesia.^[18] The art of batik is most highly developed and some of the best batiks in the world still made there. In Java, all the materials for the process are readily available – cotton and beeswax and plants from which different vegetable dyes are made.^[19] Indonesian batik predates written records: G. P. Rouffaer argues that the technique might have been introduced during the 6th or 7th century from India or Sri Lanka.^[20]On the other hand, the Dutch archaeologist J.L.A. Brandes and the Indonesian archaeologist F.A. Sutjipto believe Indonesian batik is a native tradition, since several regions in Indonesia such as Toraja, Flores, and Halmahera which were not directly influenced by Hinduism, have attested batik making tradition as well.^[21]

The existence of the oldest Batik activities came from Ponorogo which was still called Wengker before the 7th century, the Kingdom in Central Java learned batik from Ponorogo. Because of this, Ponorogo batik is somewhat similar to batik circulating in Central Java, except that the batik produced by Ponorogo is generally dark black or commonly called batik irengan because it is close to magical elements. so that it was developed by the kingdoms in Central Java and Yogyakarta.^[22]

Pre-1867 Javanese batik probably from the Semarang workshop owned by Carolina Josephina von Franquemont (1817-1867). This sarong was purchased by the King of Siam during a state visit, most likely c. 1871. There are few surviving pieces of 19th-century commercial batik wearing-apparel.

Based on the contents of the Sundanese Manuscript, Sundanese people have known about Batiksince the 12th century. Based on ancient Sundanese manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian written 1518 AD, it is recorded that Sundanese having batik which is identical and representative of Sundanese culture in general. Several motif are even noted in the text, based on those data sources the process of Batik Sundanese creation begins step by step.^[23]

Rouffaer reported that the gringsing pattern was already known by the 12th century in Kediri, East Java. He concluded that this delicate pattern could be created only by using the canting, an etching tool that holds a small reservoir of hot wax invented in Java around that time.^[21] The carving details of clothes worn by East Javanese Prajnaparamita statues from around the 13th century show intricate floral patterns within rounded margins, similar to today's traditional Javanese jlamprang or ceplok batik motif.^{[24][better source needed]} The motif is thought to represent the lotus, a sacred flower in Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. This evidence suggests that intricate batik fabric patterns applied with the canting existed in 13th-century Java or even earlier.^[25] By the last quarter of the 13th century, the batik cloth from Java has been exported to Karimata islands, Siam, even as far as Mosul.^{[26][page needed]}

In Europe, the technique was described for the first time in the "History of Java", published in London in 1817 by Stamford Raffles, who had been a British governor of Bengkulu, Sumatra. In 1873 the Dutch merchant Van Rijckevorsel gave the pieces he collected during a trip to Indonesia to the ethnographic museum in Rotterdam. Today the Tropenmuseum houses the biggest collection of Indonesian batik in the Netherlands. Displayed at the Exposition Universelle at Paris in 1900, the Indonesian batik impressed the public and artists.^[20]

The Dutch Indo Europeans and Chinese settlers were active in developing batik, particularly coastal batik, in the late colonial era. They introduced new patterns as well as the use of the cap (copper block stamps) to mass-produce batiks. Between 1811 and 1946, there was a breed of batik known as Batik Belanda. Which was basically a batik industry ran by the Indo Europeans in the East Indies. The patterns and styles reflected European style and taste with a fusion of local indigenous culture. It was quite successful, as such several prominent batik ateliers appeared and was exported to Singapore, and the Netherlands. The industry itself collapsed after WW II and the Indonesian independence.^[27]

In the 1920s, Javanese batik makers migrating to Malay Peninsula (present-day Malaysia, South Thailand, and southern tip of Myanmar) introduced the use of wax and copper blocks to its east coast.^[28]

In Subsaharan Africa, Javanese batik was introduced in the 19th century by Dutch and English merchants and batik makers. The local people there adapted the Javanese batik, making larger motifs with thicker lines and more colours. Locally it is known as African wax prints or Dutch wax prints. In the 1970s, batik was introduced to Australia, where aboriginal artists at Erna Bella have developed it as their own craft.^[29]

In Africa, it was originally practised by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, Soninke and Wolof in Senegal.^[20]This African version, however, uses cassava starch or rice paste, or mud as a resist instead of

Motif batik adalah corak atau pola  yang menjadi kerangka gambar pada batik berupa perpaduan antara garis, bentuk dan isen menjadi satu kesatuan yang mewujudkan batik secara keseluruhan. Motif-motif batik itu antara lain adalah motif hewan, manusia, geometris, dan motif lain. Motif batik sering juga dipakai untuk menunjukkan status seseorang. Membatik merupakan tradisi turun-menurun.

According to Chinese Legends, the demon Sui would come on New Year’s Eve to harm children. Before red packets, people used to tie together eight coins with red string and place them under children’s pillows before they slept. This was known as 压岁钱 (yāsuìqián) in Chinese, literally ‘suppressing ghost money’, and was thought to ward off the evil spirit as children slept.

Traditional:The Chinese red envelope also called angpao or angbao is a traditional attribute of important celebrations in eastern countries such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea.

Belief: Its tradition to give the gift of a bright, beautiful red envelope (known as 紅包, hóngbāo) to your friends and family. But not just any old envelope. These are filled with money - and symbolize good wishes and luck for the new year ahead.