Discussion 4: Speciation by https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f en-us 2018-11-06 22:33:34 UTC 2025-11-28 16:28:16 UTC hello@padlet.com Prompt: mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301276773 A Greenberg and Mooers ( 2017) study supports the idea that a correlation may exist between speciation and higher rates of extinction. Evidence supports that amphibians that have a more rapid, ongoing diversification process have a greater share of species threatened with extinction compared to more slowly diversifying groups. According to the article, how is this possible? Give an example of a species that displays higher rates of extinction due to rapid diversification.

Greenberg, A. & Mooers, A. (2017). Linking speciation to extinction: Diversification raises contemporary risk in amphibians. Evolution Letters, 1 (1).
]]> 2018-11-06 23:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301276773 Prompt: mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301276953 Question 1: In the video on speciation (Bozeman Science, 2011) and several of the articles, prezygotic and postzygotic barriers are discussed. Using these resources, describe the difference between the types of barriers. Research and describe a species (preferably a local one for you) to show how it demonstrates one of these barriers.Bozeman Science. (2011, June 24). Speciation [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlfNvoyijmo]]> 2018-11-06 23:41:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301276953 Pre-Zygotic Barriers mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301277146 Happen before the egg is fertilized. Types of pre-zygotic barriers include:
-Temporal
-Mechanical
-Behavioral ]]> 2018-11-06 23:43:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301277146 Post-Zygotic Barriers mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301277996 Happen after the egg is fertilized. Post-zygotic barriers can prevent the offspring from being viable or produce sterile offspring.
 ]]> 2018-11-06 23:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301277996 Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus) mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279053 Pre-zygotic barriers: gene flow restricted by geographic isolation]]> 2018-11-06 23:53:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279053 Eurasian Perch mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279333 Post-zygotic barriers: zygote mortality ]]> 2018-11-06 23:55:29 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279333 Fireflies mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279870 Pre-zygotic barriers: behavioral isolation; different species of fireflies attract mates with different flashing patterns. ]]> 2018-11-06 23:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301279870 Sterile Hybrids mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301281220 Post-zygotic barriers: sterile hybirds, such as mules or hybrid mice]]> 2018-11-07 00:06:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301281220 Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus grandis mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301281794 These species of fish are capable of producing hybrids.  Pre-zygotic barriers influenced the lack of hybrids in regions where the two species have choice of mates.]]> 2018-11-07 00:10:08 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301281794 Western Pine Beetle mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301282605 Geographic pre-zygotic barriers cause sterile offspring in some distant regions of forests in Northwestern United States.]]> 2018-11-07 00:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301282605 Ligers and Tigons mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301282840 For many years, it was believed ligers (male lion/female tiger) and tigons (male tiger/female lion) always created sterile hybrids, a post-zygotic barrier. It has since been found females may be somewhat capable of reproducing.]]> 2018-11-07 00:16:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301282840 Gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) and Cope’s gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301283384 Different mating calls, a behavioral barrier, prevents these two species of treefrogs from mating. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301283384 American and Eurasian Beaver mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301283708 Geographic isolation led to two distinct beaver species, the American beaver and Eurasian beaver. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:21:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301283708 San Diego Mesa Mint mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284106 The novel environment of vernal pools have led to new species, such as the San Diego Mesa Mint. A reduction in vernal pools has led this species to become endangered.]]> 2018-11-07 00:23:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284106 Stickelback mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284372 Sexual selection based on colored lighting, a behavioral barrier, led to reproductive isolation in stickelbacks.]]> 2018-11-07 00:25:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284372 Hybrid Rice mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284592 Hybrid rice is now used to increased yield per acre. Sterile males are used to prevent sexual reproduction and preserve the hybrid.]]> 2018-11-07 00:26:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284592 North American Blister Beetles mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284827 Eupomphini show high morphological variation but low species diversity due to historically high extinction rates and the resulting desertification.]]> 2018-11-07 00:28:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301284827 Cave dwelling fish mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301285071 Amblyopsis are highly specialized to live in dark places, such as caves, and have evolved with low/no pigment and no eyes. Lack of resources and nutrients in caves have led to low populations, and threat of extinction.]]> 2018-11-07 00:29:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301285071 Lepidoptera mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301285739 Close evolution with host plants leads to a high threat of extinction. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:33:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301285739 Mosquitos mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301286202 Humans can influence rapid evolution, such as how mosquitoes in the London Underground can no longer breed with mosquitoes above ground. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:35:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301286202 Prompt: mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301286633 There are many “species concepts” that are used However, there are three most important “species concepts” currently in use - The Morphospecies Concept, The Biological Species Concept, and The Phylogenetic Species Concept (Freeman & Heron- Freeman, S. & Herron, J., 2007). Describe one of these concepts, including the advantages and disadvantages of it. Also, give an example of a type of organism/taxa that might be best defined by this concept and explain why. Pick one of the other 22 species concepts from the table and give a basic definition of it.

Freeman & Heron- Freeman, S. & Herron, J. (2007). Evolutionary Analysis 4th Ed. Speciation, pp 605 - 633.

Mayden, R. L. (2002). On biological species, species concepts and individuation in the natural world. FISH AND FISHERIES, 3(3), 171–196. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.miamioh.edu/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00086.x
]]> 2018-11-07 00:37:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301286633 Green Sea Turtle mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301287535 There is debate about whether or not the green sea turtle and black turtle are separate species or the same. It was believed that due to morphological reasons they are separate, but molecular evidence shows they may be the same. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:42:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301287535 Western and Eastern Meadowlark mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301287839 Although Western and Eastern meadowlarks look very similar and have overlapping ranges, their differing mating calls prevent interbreeding between the two species. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:44:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301287839 Prompt: mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289058 Mittelbach et al. (2007) suggested the presence of a latitudinal diversity gradient that is evident by the higher degree of biodiversity in tropical ecosystems closer to the equator than in temperate ecosystems farther from it. He argues that this could be a result of the larger size and advanced age of tropical climates, allowing species more time and space to diversify than in temperate climates. As a result, it is likely that many species of animals are descendants of tropical species that diversified as they moved farther away from the equator. Think of a species in your area that you believe could be a descendant of a tropical species and describe their similarities and differences.  

Mittelbach, G.G., Schemske, D.W., Cornell, H.V., Allen, A.P., Brown, J.M., Bush, M.B., Harrison, S.P., Hurlbert, A.H., Knowlton, N., Lessios, H.A., McCain, C.M., McCune, A.R., McDade, L.A., McPeek, M.A., Near, T.J., Price, T.D., Ricklefs, E., Roy, K., Sax, D.F., Schluter, D., Sobel, J.M. & Turelli, M. (2007). Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology Letters, 10, 315-331.
]]> 2018-11-07 00:51:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289058 North American Cougar mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289300 North American cougars most likely evolved from South American cougar ancestors that moved north about 10,000 years ago. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:52:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289300 Polar Bear mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289659 Polar bears evolved about 4,000 years as a specialized species that fills an ecological niche. ]]> 2018-11-07 00:54:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301289659 Nine-Banded Armadillo mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301290153 The nine-banded armadillo is the only North American armadillo out of 21 armadillo species. Nine-banded armadillos are very similar to the giant armadillo, a tropical species, but the giant armadillo is much larger in size.]]> 2018-11-07 00:56:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301290153 Gray Treefrog mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301290321 While there are many species of hylid frogs found in South America, gray treefrogs are the only hylid frog found as far north as Canada.]]> 2018-11-07 00:58:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301290321 Origin and build-up of reproductive isolation woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309430 2018-11-07 02:35:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309430 Genetics of speciation woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309575 2018-11-07 02:36:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309575 Patterns of species diversity woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309668 2018-11-07 02:36:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301309668 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301314651 Firefly Communication]]> 2018-11-07 03:05:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301314651 The 3 Major Species Concepts and their advantages and disadvantages woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301318120 Comparison chart from Freeman, S., Quillin, K., & Allison, L. (2013). Chapter 27: Speciation, Biological Science (pp.1416). Pearson Education, Limited.]]> 2018-11-07 03:27:52 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301318120 Grolar Bears and Pizzly Bears mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301852334 Changing climates are causing polar bears to move south. Their territories are now overlapping with grizzly bears, leading to hybrids known as grolar bears or pizzly bears. ]]> 2018-11-08 00:40:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301852334 Doedicurus mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301855305 Armadillos evolved from a glyptodont ancestor, doedicurus.  ]]> 2018-11-08 00:55:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301855305 Prompt: mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301858103 While much research has taken place on the topic of speciation, many questions remain. Butlin et al. (2012) have determined 13 key speciation questions that they have categorized into three research areas: origin and build-up of reproductive isolation, genetics of speciation, and patterns of species diversity. Which of these research areas do you think is most important to focus on in future speciation studies and why?

Butlin, R., Debelle, A., Kerth, C., Snook, R.R., Beukeboom, L.W., Castillo Cajas, R.F., ... Schilthuizen, M. (2012). What do we need to know about speciation? Trends Ecol Evol, 27(1), 27-39. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.002
]]> 2018-11-08 01:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301858103 Importance of patterns of species diversity mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301859231 It was argued that patterns of species diversity will be the most important to study in the future due the link between speciation and biodiversity, as well as how they connect to anthropogenic changes. ]]> 2018-11-08 01:13:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301859231 Importance of origin and build-up of reproductive isolation mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301860309 It was argued that understanding the causes and effects of reproductive isolation could lead to the design of better conservation efforts to protect resources and biodiversity. ]]> 2018-11-08 01:18:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301860309 Morphological Concept mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301862778 Morphological concept studies the similarities and differences of morphology characters among different species. One example is to compare a human hand, bat wing, and whale flippers.]]> 2018-11-08 01:30:17 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301862778 Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301864924 The morphology of their vertebrae led scientists to the realization that armadillos, sloths, and anteaters are related. ]]> 2018-11-08 01:40:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301864924 Genetic Species Concept mcleessn https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301866838 The genetic species concept (GSC) focuses on genetic isolation rather than reproductive isolation. It is cheaper and faster alternative. GSC can lead to prioritization of conservation efforts, such as with forest and savanna elephants in Africa. ]]> 2018-11-08 01:49:37 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301866838 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301872141 2018-11-08 02:19:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301872141 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301874865 2018-11-08 02:33:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301874865 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301878068 2018-11-08 02:53:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301878068 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301879791 Xenarthrans]]> 2018-11-08 03:03:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301879791 woznym https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301880945 London Underground Mosquito]]> 2018-11-08 03:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcleessn/55imvhus2t9f/wish/301880945