Geographically Sudan is located in northeastern Africa. The capital city of Sudan is Khartoum present roughly in the center of the country, where the Blue Nile and the White Nile rivers meet. Till 2011, Sudan was the largest African country before the succession of South, since it used to represent 2% of world's total land area and above 8% of the African continent. (https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan, n.d.)

The name of Sudan was derived from an Arabic expression which means "land of blacks". Since historical periods, site for interaction between the cultural Traditionals of Africa and the Mediterranean world has been provided by the land of Sudan.

Unit, E. Intelligence , Spaulding, . Jay L. , Al-Shahi, . Ahmed S. , Sikainga, . Ahmad Alawad , Sabr, . Mohy el Din and Collins, . Robert O. (2024, August 26). Sudan. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan

Among Sudanese people, the clothes of an individual used to represent status symbol, tribe or clan.

Traditionally, the attire includes long loose-fitting robe, known as jalabiya, with wide sleeves and no collar along with headdress. Usually, robes were light-colored or brown to reduce heat from the sun. During weddings, brides used to wear red wedding gowns with gold details accompanied of dress made of the thobe and shawl. A shawl includes simple rectangular item of fabric loosely worn over the shoulders and arms, or overhead.

("Spotlight on culture," 2022). Their traditional shoe is known as Marquinhos, made up of bovine leather or crocodile skin.

Spotlight on culture. (2022, August 25). culturaldiversityresources. https://www.culturaldiversityresources.org/single-post/spotlight-on-culture-38

Traditionally Sudanese food is not highly spiced. Both historically and in present times, the banks of Nile River have contributed to abundance of production of crops (wheat, barley, beans and lentils) and livestock like sheep, cattle, goats. Cereals and grains used to provide bread, porridge and beer. Also, fishes were eaten dried, pickled, raw or boiled. (Hopkins, 2007, pp.297-304)

Some traditional food items include:

1. Mullah tagaliya

   ~ Most favourite Sudanese meat sauce made up of dried or fresh meat, generally eaten with rice.

2. Karakade

   ~ It is a traditionally popular, fresh drink made up of hibiscus flowers.

3. Ful

   ~ Fava Bean pure: Simple version of bean pure eaten in Nubian Sudan since earliest times.

   
   

   Hopkins, P. G. (2007). The Kenana Handbook of Sudan. Routledge.

Sudan. (2024, August 26). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved August 27, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan#Languages

Some ancient medicines and treatment methods act like boon to society. Traditionally, many medical herbs, beliefs and various health practices were used by herbalists and experts, for instance (MARIOD et al., 2023):

# Henna is linked with joy in Sudanese culture and applied during marriages. It is also applied on hands and feet of sick person or even cattle.

# Sudanese Zar is believed to treat mental ailments, it is a therapeutical ritual which is connected to spiritual beliefs.

# Cupping (Al-hijami) is a health practice in which blood is drawn to skin by pressing a glass cup tightly against the skin of patient to remove excessive or unhealthy blood from body by incision.

MARIOD, A., ELRASHEID TAHIR, H., & AGAB, M. A. (2023). History of Traditional Medicine Practices in Sudan: REVIEW. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 4(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.53811/ijtcmr.1200069

Nutritional deficiency of VITAMNIN D among people of African refugee and migrant backgrounds (above 60%) is major health issue because of some factors like:

~ Most Sudanese people are dark-skinned and require 3-6 times more UVB than light-skinned people.

~Getting low exposure to sunlight due to lifestyle factors, chronic illnesses, wearing fully covered clothes or geographical location of southern latitude.

~Inability of body to have proper metabolism or storage.

("Low vitamin D » Australian refugee health," n.d.)

Treatment:

For high-risk ethnic groups, method of

'Depot Vitamin D' therapy is used in which large dose of Vitamin D supplementation is provided within intervals of weeks or months. Direct exposure to sunlight is also beneficiary in enhancing Vitamin D.

(Wadia et al., 2018)

Low vitamin D » Australian refugee health. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/low-vitamin-d/

Wadia, U., Soon, W., Chivers, P., Thambiran, A., Burgner, D., Cherian, S., & Siafarikas, A. (2018). Randomised controlled trial comparing daily versus depot vitamin D3 therapy in 0–16-Year-Old newly settled refugees in Western Australia over a period of 40 weeks. Nutrients, 10(3), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030348

# When Sudanese people from migrant and refugee backgrounds are given equal opportunities within work environments or social gatherings helps in healthy mental well-being as they will feel safe, respected and protected.

("Part II: Non-discrimination and social inclusion," n.d.)

# Non-discrimination will help migrant and refugee Sudanese people to be employed at workplaces without facing complications, and with good earning one can provide proper nutritious diet to their family to achieve physical fitness.

("Social determinants of health snapshot," n.d.)

Department of Health | Part II: Non-discrimination and social inclusion. (n.d.). https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/pub-sqps-rights-toc~pub-sqps-rights-2

Equality and non-discrimination - Social protection and human rights. (2021, October 23). Social Protection and Human Rights. https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/framework/principles/equality-and-non-discrimination/

Social determinants of health snapshot. (n.d.). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/social-determinants-of-health

For me the most significant aspects which I need to consider in my nursing practice from domain 1.1 is to provide quality care to culturally diverse patients in a way respectful to their values, beliefs and cultures.

This knowledge is quite useful at the workplace in providing ethical nursing care to patients by acknowledging, understanding and respecting their beliefs.

Moreover, I thought in clinical practice always try to avoid false assumptions that might led to negative consequences and be responsive to individual needs and preferences.

Simultaneously, I would try to bring more improvement in myself and my nursing care.

https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/4119639/mod_resource/content/3/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf