• Used baths and toilets to keep clean.

• Water systems is very important 

→ Access to clean water is essential for well-being, as well as for the control of infectious diseases.

1800s:

• Factories in the 1800s created new health problems. 

• Factories workers stayed in one place for long hours -> worked on machines that polluted the air -> moved to towns with factories for work -> factories towns became cities -> diseases spread easily ( ex: cholera and tuberculosis) 

→ Designers realized the importance of adequate space and clean air in the built environment. 

→ Architects began to design factories with many windows to provide better ventilation and lighting.

19th -20th century:

• One of the worst health problems of the 19th century was tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis was the cause of 25 percent of all deaths in New York City. 

→  Patients were sent to a special center, called a sanatorium.

→ It reduces stress, depression, and heart disease

modernist architecture:

• Buildings everywhere—flat surfaces, large windows, light colors. 

• Architects and engineers used metal and concrete.

→ It’s important to choose materials and features that support rather than harm health.

contemporary and future:

• Buildings in cities have evolved to include more shared space for collective gatherings, and less individual space

•  In the future, we may see a move toward homes with more individual space, greater flexibility of design, and access to nature, inside and out

• Early water systems, baths, and toilets (Ancient Pakistan, Greece, Rome, Islamic world)

• Focus on hygiene & clean water → prevent infectious diseases

2. 1800s

• Industrial Revolution → factories pollute air, overcrowded housing

• High death rates from cholera, tuberculosis

• Realization of need for ventilation & space

3. 19th – 20th Century

• Sanatoriums built: fresh air, sunshine, large rooms

• Access to nature improves recovery & reduces stress

• Green space linked to better mental & physical health

4. Modernist Architecture

• Large windows, flat roofs, light colors

• Buildings easy to clean but created new problems (toxic materials, sealed windows, poor air circulation)

5. Contemporary & Future

• Flexible spaces for privacy & health crises

• Balance of shared & individual spaces

• Biophilic design: bringing nature indoors

• Health-conscious materials & fresh air systems

- Water play a factor

- Integrate well-being and building

- Paskistan: keep clean water in bath and tolet

1800s:

- Move factory town to city

- Crowded workplace-> disease spread -> divided room and single water source

-Dirty air-> lung disease->death rate grow up->many window, light space

19th-20th century:

- Tuberculosis -> 25% in NY

-Large room, large window, design chair easy to clean

- Green space -> reduce stress, depression

Modernist architecture:

- Large window, light space

-Metal and concrete-> release toxic gases

-More shared space-> less individual space.

Contemporary:

- Less private space

- Access to nature.

Future:

- Flexible spaces

- More individual space at home

- Indoor gardens, connection to nature

- Healthy design principles:

Clean water

> Ventilation and fresh air

> Sunlight and green space

> Adequate / flexible space

> Movement and exercise opportunities.

• Need adequate space and clean air. 

• Sanatoriums featured spacious rooms, open windows, sunshine. 

• Sunshine killed tuberculosis bacteria, access to green space declined stress, and improved recovery.

Modernist architecture:

• Sanatorium design elements became popular: large windows, flat roofs. 

• Use of metal and concrete. 

• Buildings often had closed windows with heating/cooling systems. 

• Man- made materials sometimes produce toxic gases. 

• Closed- window buildings caused unhealthy indoor air.

Contemporary and Future:

• Shift to more shared space (less individual). 

• Future trend toward more individual/flexible space and access to nature. 

• Bringing the outdoors inside (plants)

• Fresh air improves thinking and energy. 

• Flexible space increases privacy and helps separate people during a health crisis.

-Baths and toilets to keep clean

-Water systems in Pakistan, Greece, Rome, Islamic world

-Access to clean water essential for health and disease control

1800s

-Factories: long hours, air pollution, crowded cities

-Poor housing: small rooms, shared water → more infectious & non-infectious diseases

-Architects added windows, ventilation, better lighting

19th–20th Century

-Tuberculosis: 25% deaths in NYC (1810–1815), 3rd cause in 1900

-Sanatoriums in countryside: spacious rooms, fresh air, sunlight → faster recovery, reduce stress & depression

-Example: Paimio Sanatorium (1933, Alvar Aalto): hygienic interiors, terraces, balconies

Modernist Architecture

-Spread of sanatorium design across Europe & North America

-Features: flat surfaces, large windows, light colors

-Pros: clean and hygienic; Cons: monotonous, cold

-Materials (metal, concrete) → unhealthy indoor air

Contemporary & Future

-More shared spaces: open offices, small apartments with communal areas

-Flexible design: privacy, separate sick and healthy, indoor plants and gardens

-Future trend: more individual space and access to nature inside and outside

Bath and toilets to keep clean water

Water systems for hygiene

Access to water is essetial for the control of diseases

1800s :

+ Factories create new health problems

+ Factories were confined in one place for long hours

+ Work on machine that pollute the air + people from farms move to factories to work + diseases spread easily + residents share room

19-20th century:

+ borculosis caused by bacteria, cause of 25% all deaths of NY city

Common world of death

: modernist : flat services , ;oi-gh , they have a cer tain …

Modern creath own problems . architec use metal and concrete

Reduce toxic gases

Heatling and cooling sys tem , windows don’t open

Contemporary future : lesss individual space , less seprrate toxin . in dense neighbourhood , they could exercise and socialize , hard to be productive .