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      <title>Building a Positive Classroom Environment by Chris Johnson</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k</link>
      <description>Deliverable for Group 3: Shawn, Wenwan, Muhua, Arne, Christopher (Teach-NOW M4U1A2)</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2022-12-03 13:59:50 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2026-02-17 18:15:57 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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         <title>A Horizontal Classroom (Chris Johnson)</title>
         <author>christopherjohnson0207</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407519668</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Promoting a healthy classroom climate isn't easy, and a solid framework is necessary to achieve this important goal.&nbsp; One way of understanding a healthy classroom climate is one that is&nbsp;<strong>horizontal</strong>, otherwise known as&nbsp;<strong>distributed</strong>.&nbsp; This primarily refers to the power relationship between students and instructors, and sees that relationship as the most important element of a classroom environment.<br><br>In a traditional classroom - known as a&nbsp;<strong>vertical</strong> or a&nbsp;<strong>centralized</strong> classroom - the instructor is all-powerful.&nbsp; Students sit in rows facing the instructor, who lectures during class time and assesses student comprehension based on student-to-teacher interaction.&nbsp; Physically, the vertical classroom emphasizes the authority of the instructor and minimizes the agency of students by separating them (or not placing them in groups) and making sure that all students are watching the instructor at all times.&nbsp; Learning resources - posters, pictures, study guides - are lacking, or placed behind the teacher on the front wall.&nbsp; The classroom is structured so that students enter, sit, and leave.&nbsp; Many educational researchers describe this mode of learning as "teacher-centered."<br><br>The vertical classroom is not optimal for several reasons.&nbsp; First, it allows for a limited range of assessment and instruction methods.&nbsp; Students are unable to learn from each other.&nbsp; Second, the vertical classroom limits the range of activities that can take place.&nbsp; Students are unable to work in pairs or in teams, and class-wide collaboration is impossible.&nbsp; Finally, by creating a classroom culture of authoritarianism, student creativity, autonomy and agency is severely limited.&nbsp; Vertical classrooms rely on outdated and disproven educational ideas about the "tabula rasa" (blank table) method of learning, and teach students to avoid making mistakes, which are crucial for effective troubleshooting-based learning.<br><br>The alternative is <strong>horizontal</strong> learning.&nbsp; This mode of learning places the focus on fostering an environment where spontaneous and organic learning happens constantly.&nbsp; Students may sit in small groups or in one large U-shaped arrangement.&nbsp; The teacher is not at the front of the class, so the student does not implicitly associate the instructor with the source of knowledge (a whiteboard or projected screen) and ideally remains at eye-level with the students.&nbsp; Learning supplements are scattered around the room, and ideally, "stations" are set up so that different areas of the room have clearly different and multi-purpose functions.&nbsp; Students can sit where they want, and desks are moved regularly to vary the relationship between students and the classroom space.&nbsp; The one-directional authoritative delivery of information is replaced by a constantly growing and changing web of information sharing, with the teacher learning from the student, and the student learning from her peers at least as much as the student learns from her teacher.<strong> &nbsp;</strong>Educational researchers describe this mode of learning as "student-centered."<br><br>There is no perfectly horizontal or vertical classroom, and each has their merits.&nbsp; Teachers often adopt a "diagonal" structure that combines elements of both.&nbsp; However, given that traditional Western education systems have prioritized the vertical structure, it is crucial for effective educators in the 21st century to consider current educational research and integrate horizontal methods when possible.&nbsp; Here are some practical steps we can take to make this vision a reality:<br><br>1.&nbsp; <strong>Prioritize group activities</strong>, and when possible, whole-class activities.<br>2.&nbsp; Use the<strong> think-pair-share</strong> assessment when possible.&nbsp; This involves individual reflection of information, collaborative reflection, and then group reflection.<br>3.&nbsp; <strong>Stress collective rights</strong> and responsibilities over individual expectations and punishments when creating classroom agreements.<br>4.&nbsp; <strong>Do the same assignments</strong> you give your students, at the same time as they complete those assignments.<br>5.&nbsp; <strong>Emphasize collective ownership</strong> of the classroom space.&nbsp; Students should clean and re-organize the space after each class, but their work (especially art) should cover the class as well.<br>6.&nbsp; <strong>Prioritize facilitation</strong> over instruction, when appropriate.&nbsp; Model facilitative behaviors by asking questions and re-framing incorrect answers instead of shooting them down.&nbsp; Set a goal that your students can eventually lead and even run classroom activities without your direct involvement.<br>7.&nbsp; <strong>Limit traditional test-taking</strong> whenever possible.&nbsp; The traditional test rewards subjugative learning and penalizes creative thinking.&nbsp; Find alternative assessments.&nbsp; Debates, presentations, and projects assess many more skills and competencies than exams.<br>8.&nbsp; <strong>Sit in your student's seats</strong>.&nbsp; What do they see from their perspective?&nbsp; Horizontal classrooms have multiple areas of focus.&nbsp; Are your students only supposed to look at the instructor?<br>9.&nbsp; <strong>Create a rubric for discussion</strong> and debate-based activities, and explain this rubric early.&nbsp; Normalize open discussion and grade this discussion regularly.&nbsp; <br>10.&nbsp; Consider the amount of time you spend on giving instructions, the amount of time spent lecturing, and the amount of time spent completing an activity.&nbsp; When possible, heavily <strong>prioritize spending more time on completing an activity</strong>.&nbsp; Collaboration takes more time but yields significantly greater results.<br><br>The reward of a horizontal, distributed classroom is education in the purest sense of the word: novel, engaging experiences, critical and meaningful assessments, spontaneous learning and enthusiastic students.  The reward is worth the reorganization.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-03 14:10:30 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407519668</guid>
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      <item>
         <title> Clearly label all materials in the classroom（Muhua Liu）</title>
         <author>muhualiu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407524180</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>&nbsp;It makes teacher and students feel instantly calmer and more in control when everything is organized. When the classroom is organized, you don’t lose anything, you don’t waste time, you are efficient, so does student. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQO2VIFtMZA" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-03 14:20:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407524180</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title> Create a sharing classroom(Muhua Liu)</title>
         <author>muhualiu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407524509</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Allowing students to interact with their peers. This builds up their team working and team-building skills. Students can brainstorm ideas amongst each other as well as get feedback from others.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9AWNl-A-34" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-03 14:21:42 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407524509</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Ineffective Discipline Measures (Chris Johnson)</title>
         <author>christopherjohnson0207</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407526336</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Discipline is something that every teacher thinks about constantly.&nbsp; Fostering cooperation, healthy habits and emotional well-being isn't easy.&nbsp; When a students disrupts the classroom climate, an instructor needs to be able to respond using a well-tested and thought-out set of responses.&nbsp; <strong>We can think of those responses as a "discipline toolkit."&nbsp;</strong>Every instructor has a different toolkit, and every institution has a range of proscribed behavior problems and their standard response, but it is important to realize that most disruptive behaviors fall in a gray zone beyond what constitutes a clear behavior issue, and that no institution has discovered the "best" response for any given disruptive act.<br><br>What should instructors avoid when responding to a student's behavior, and what outcomes do they want to prioritize as a result of a teacher's intervention?&nbsp; Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) principles help guide empathetic and effective responses to behavior issues.&nbsp; When responding to students, instructors should do their best to <strong>never yell or swear, never interrupt, and to allow for silence between action and response</strong> so as to lower the temperature of a potentially volatile situation.&nbsp; Aggressive behavior by an educator has as much of an educational impact as any other piece of information that a student encounters - what do we teach when we respond with anger?<br><strong><br>It is also very important to not penalize a student's academic outcome due to behavioral issues</strong>.&nbsp; Grades are a measure of academic performance, and students are within their rights to criticize a teacher they feel (or worse, know) is penalizing a grade because of behavior issues.&nbsp; That being said, creative instructors can get around this by measuring "participation" in class and docking points for performance that does not boost participation.<br><br>Of course, the ideal outcome is to foster a classroom climate where students are so engaged, and where free expression is so respected that disruption is rare and never detrimental.&nbsp; If a student refuses to focus, <strong>stop giving them attention</strong>, because that's what they're seeking.&nbsp; If a student is rude, <strong>express hurt</strong>, and they will often stop.&nbsp; If a student is harming others, <strong>isolate them</strong> from the rest of the group according to early-established and clearly-defined expectations.&nbsp; <strong>Review the principles of SEL to determine what needs a disruptive student is trying to satisfy</strong>, and work to satisfy those needs.&nbsp; Your students and your blood pressure will thank you.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-03 14:26:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407526336</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Screen Sharing (Chris Johnson)</title>
         <author>christopherjohnson0207</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407526625</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>One of the most difficult aspects of virtual learning is a difference in technical capabilities.&nbsp; Instructors using a virtual platform must balance different technical capabilities, knowledge of a given platform, and threats to group connectivity in addition to every other consideration an educator makes when working with a group of students.<br><br>Screen sharing is a useful tool for looking at slides and ensuring that the class is focusing on a particular set of information, but screen-sharing videos can often confound participants.&nbsp; <strong>High-quality videos use a lot of data</strong> and will undoubtedly clog the audio and visual bandwith of a lesson.&nbsp; Additionally, videos that seem to be playing fine from the instructor's screen <strong>will often appear laggy</strong> on a student's screen.<br><br>One way to avoid this issue is to not use videos, however they can be an invaluable resource in a virtual setting.&nbsp; Instead, <strong>assign videos to students before and after a class</strong>, and use valuable in-class time to review the content of the videos.&nbsp; Instructors can screen-shot important frames from a video and use them as additions to a slide presentation, which can help students recall key moments. &nbsp;</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-03 14:26:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2407526625</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Independent Investigation (Chris Johnson)</title>
         <author>christopherjohnson0207</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2409433692</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>In many ways, a virtual classroom is a "flipped" version of a normal classroom.&nbsp; In a physical classroom, the instructor can design the space to focus attention on their presence or on a visual surface, like a whiteboard.&nbsp; In a virtual classroom, the instructor is one of several faces of equal size on a screen at any given time.&nbsp; In a physical classroom, group work can be highly directed and constantly monitored; in a virtual classroom, group work is subject to environmental and technical barriers, and often times instructors can only be sure that a student is actively listening - and even then, not always!<br><br>Effective virtual instructors use these characteristics to their advantage.&nbsp; Virtual sessions should be seen as a space for learners to convene and share what they have learned outside of class time, and valuable in-class screen time can be used to merely introduce new concepts or review recently learned material.&nbsp; Virtual instructors should prioritize independent learning outside of class.&nbsp; One way to do this is <strong>to supplement in-class material introduction with several simple comprehension-checking activities outside of class</strong>.&nbsp; Focusing on independent investigation outside of class allows the class time to be focused on group reflection, discussion, and presentation.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-05 16:40:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2409433692</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Ignoring students&#39; actual level and needs （Muhua Liu）</title>
         <author>muhualiu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410483234</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>You can’t teach kids that you can’t reach, and children who come into the classroom with mental health needs require different tools in which teachers are not routinely being equipped with. &nbsp;<br>To be safe, our students need to know that all the things they might feel or need to express will be honored and valued. In telling our students to try to “forget” about the problems we face, we are sending them the message that the lives they lead are shameful to begin with.<br>This is creating school buildings where the teachers and students end the day feeling like refugees, having engaged in a war none of them is equipped to win.<br>It’s important to note that a big part of that difference does not begin with students. The change actually must start with our own mindsets and beliefs as educators. It would be false to state that the communities our students come from are devoid of problems. It is understandable that we want our students to find success and happiness in opportunities that may appear out of reach given the current circumstances they inhabit.</div><div>Yet it’s important to remember we can acknowledge problems and want to give our students increased opportunities without causing them shame. Telling our students they can “escape” their community or experiences in their entirety, without giving them the tools and knowledge to help mediate some of the things they are struggling with, doesn’t fix their problems. Instead, it teaches kids that their experiences—the difficult and the beautiful—are something to be ashamed of and suppressed. We only make them believe that their silence and ours will somehow save them. Unfortunately, it will not. Speaking “properly” will not save them. Dressing “properly” will not save them. Even going to the best schools in the world will not fully “save” them.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230477220_The_Effect_of_Ignoring_Classroom-Level_Variance_in_Estimating_the_Generalizability_of_School_Mean_Scores" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-06 10:48:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410483234</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Engagement in virtual classroom(Muhua Liu)</title>
         <author>muhualiu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410617103</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Whether they're in-person or online, <strong>engaged students work better, help create an attentive learning environment, and are more likely to retain key information</strong>. It is more challenging for students to be engaged in virtual classroom.<br>1. Online classroom decorum</div><div>Advice students to maintain decorum in a virtual class, with a proper place to sit, away from all distractions. Choose a <a href="https://www.airmeet.com/"><strong>virtual platform</strong></a> that offers a structured classroom environment with two-way communication. Students should be able to mute/unmute themselves, raise a query or initiate a chat during a class. The audio and video should be of high quality.<br><br></div><div>Language of interaction should not be rude and discouraging. It should give opportunities to all students alike, to ask questions and verify their understanding.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>If some individuals have missed or not understood a concept, plan a separate session for them.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>2. Use the right tech platform</div><div>Using the right platform helps improve student participation through real time communication and access to information. Select a platform that is feature packed for better communication, interaction and engagement. In today’s fast paced world, students expect to be constantly connected and want immediate reactions and responses. Online learning should be active learning with features like raise-hand, surveys, Q&amp;As, and reactions through emojis.<br><br></div><div>As a teacher, if you can leverage the features of the virtual platform, you can improve the communication and engagement multifold. Share links of online study materials in the chat box and include articles, PPTs, videos, etc. to help students understand and grasp concepts better.<br><br></div><div>3. Communicate in several formats</div><div>Explore and utilise multiple options for online teaching and learning. You can arrange discussion forums, share recorded audios or videos, attach large documents in emails, etc.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>Explanatory screencast videos are simple to create and can be accessed easily by students at a convenient time. Formats should not be complicated for users to understand.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>4. Interactive learning</div><div>Online classes should not mean that students just sit around and attend a class passively. It should be more interactive. Therefore design a course to engage online learners, to get them speaking, raising hands and actively participating and learning.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>University students can be given various tasks for active learning or “hands-on learning,” where they perform a survey after gathering data, do a group discussion, conduct interviews, case study, analyse data etc.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>5. Gamify with badges and rewards</div><div>Gamification is a way to add game elements to add some fun to an online classroom through digital design techniques. The simplest one can be to add badges to recognise student accomplishments and certify them as a student of the week. It is a great way to provide encouragement and improve student performance and engagement.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>6. Give timely feedback</div><div>Along with studies, feedback should also be ongoing, consistent, and timely. Feedback is an opportunity for students to know where they are lacking and improve over time. When the feedback is not timely, students tend to get disengaged and unmotivated.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>Make it a practice to build regular and accurate feedback loops to stream with the teaching practices. A detailed, accurate, and positive feedback is always more effective than unclear praise or pointers.<br><br></div><div>7. Project-based learning</div><div>Project-based learning creates an engaging environment for students, as they are doing something on their own, grouped with other classmates. The sense of responsibility creates a challenge to their learning potential, and students end up putting that extra effort to achieve targets.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>A time-based project, where students are required to interact and present a solution helps to develop multiple skills, critical thinking, and more importantly, engagement.<br><br></div><div>8. Active learning</div><div>Active learning is a method to engage students creatively through video call or chat groups. Perform activities in class that encourage discussion of the problem and interaction with classmates. Add some procedures in a regular class, for example:&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>Quiz or Interview– form groups of students, and organise Q&amp;A sessions once a lesson is completed. It can be made interesting, like a quiz, asking questions related to lessons taught.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div>Office Hours– During teaching or after completion of a topic, take a pause and allow the students to clear any doubts or questions on the units completed.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.airmeet.com/hub/blog/tips-to-boost-student-engagement-in-virtual-classroom/" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-06 13:04:04 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410617103</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Using physical classroom training curriculum(Muhua Liu)</title>
         <author>muhualiu</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410637230</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>In a classroom, you would have your PowerPoint presentation going in the background while you paced the floor talking. That doesn’t work on Zoom.</div><div>Instead, come up with activities that learners can do to stay engaged. Use the breakout rooms feature to pair learners up and have them work through situations together (team building activities or operation-related) and then come back to class with an answer.</div><div>In a classroom, everyone would take breaks and mingle by the snacks. That doesn’t work on Zoom.</div><div>Instead, include a few virtual breaks where everyone grabs a snack and shares what they’re eating, shows off a talent (like playing the banjo), or grabs an object that represents them so they can talk about it.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://blog.screensteps.com/common-virtual-training-mistakes" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-06 13:19:34 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2410637230</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Clear and fair Class Agreement (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411647066</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WNfLMgxSoE" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-07 04:18:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411647066</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Class agreement (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411648437</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://proudtobeprimary.com/classroom-expectations/" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-07 04:19:44 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411648437</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Develop a class agreement (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411650886</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Teaching inclusively requires that we spend time on developing a class culture in which all students feel safe, supported, and encouraged to express their thoughts, values, experiences, and perspectives.&nbsp; It is important to clearly communicate what values frame and guide your course. This helps students to know what to expect and reduces unnecessary conflicts. Establishing clear expectations and agreements for classroom interactions provides a solid foundation for all following work. Class participation agreements – also referred to as class norms or netiquette (in the online environment) – make explicit the kind of interactions that contribute to productive learning.&nbsp;<br><br>You can develop the class participation guidelines on your own and place them in your syllabus or on a handout that you give to your students early in the term. However, experience suggests that it is more effective to engage students in creating their own classroom agreements. Involving your students in identifying what would help them participate fully in class, allows students to take ownership of these agreements.&nbsp; The class participation agreements also lay out for students what they expect from themselves and each other. In cases of conflict, the class can refer back to the agreements as part of conflict resolution. Once agreements are established, each member of the class is responsible and accountable for living into them. &nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.umass.edu/ctl/sites/default/files/Handout-Developing%20Class%20Participation%20Agreements.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-07 04:22:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411650886</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Tips for a class agreement</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411651882</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://whatedsaid.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/10-tips-for-creating-a-class-agreement/" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-07 04:24:24 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2411651882</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>1. Enter the classroom with the material necessary for the day’s lesson. This includes handouts, textbook, stationery and a phone. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414492320</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Coming to class unprepared not only puts the individual learner at a disadvantage, but they are letting down their partner, team and the whole class but not being able to fully participate in activities. They are unable to fulfil their role as part of a small community.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:37:08 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414492320</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>2.    Show respect to your classmates and the teacher by arriving on time. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414493908</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Prompt attendance helps them learn by exposing them to as much instructional time as possible<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:38:19 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414493908</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>3.	Interact with others in the classroom in respectful ways. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414496186</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Not talking over each other is a tenet of civil discourse and a skill used later in life. We all consider how our actions impact our classmates individually and the class as a whole<br><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:39:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414496186</guid>
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         <title>4.	Use resources. These include our phones, computers, textbooks, handouts and the teacher. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414497239</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Learners have the power to make decisions about their own learning and are responsible for making their own decisions to achieve set goals.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:40:34 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414497239</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1.	Agree on when to turn on our cameras and when to mute/unmute audio (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414498332</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>We all need to be able to see each other to foster a sense of intimacy and also to read each other’s body language. However, if students feel uncomfortable showing their homes they are welcome to use digital backgrounds.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:41:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414498332</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2.	Check in on classmates who are absent. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414500453</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>We all need to express and receive care from one another. This small gesture can show classmates that they are truly part of a bigger community and helps build a feeling of belonging.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:42:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414500453</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3.	Use breakout groups for small group discussions and checking understanding before sharing in the class. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414502159</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This shows support commitment to community<strong> </strong>and learning together. It also allows for students to feel more confident in expressing themselves in more intimate setting while also getting an opportunity to “rehearse” in front of a smaller audience<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:44:14 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414502159</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>4.	Show respect when leaving comments during asynchronous activities and remember that classmates will read them. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414503337</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is part of being a responsible digital citizen. Etiquette is especially important when leaving as written comments as it is difficult to gauge intent when we only see the comment without knowing any possible wider context.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:45:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414503337</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1.	Have students be quiet in class. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414505408</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The classroom should be full of collaborative discussion. This is an opportunity to practice showing respect and engage in active listening.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:46:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414505408</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2.	Not having behavioral expectations in the classroom. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414506579</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This environment lacks the necessary structure that students require to be successful. Learners are left to themselves to figure out what is considered appropriate behavior.&nbsp;<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:47:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414506579</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3.	Use summative assessment exclusively. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414507558</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Formative assessment is necessary to gauge students’ understanding throughout the lesson and to make adjustment as are appropriate. Make provision for weaker learners to demonstrate conceptual learning through graphics or other forms of representation.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:48:33 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414507558</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>4.	Have low expectations of learners. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414508277</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Giving work that is not challenging allows some students to remain unengaged and does not encourage them to participate in the instructional conversation. Students should be invested in their own and others learning.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:49:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414508277</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1.	Pretend to be attending class. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414510106</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This erodes any positive online environment and goes against the principle of fairness.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:50:26 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414510106</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2.	Use inappropriate backgrounds. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414511070</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Making classmates feel uncomfortable does not cultivate an inclusive classroom culture and shows gross disrespect to your peers and the teacher.&nbsp;<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:51:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414511070</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3.	Create an environment that is teacher centered.  (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414511718</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This temptation is perhaps greater in the online environment where the teacher might dread awkward silences, however learners should consider themselves as resources for one another and assist in the learning of new concepts, even online.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:51:43 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414511718</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>4.	Don’t record each lesson. (Arne)</title>
         <author>arnesmit</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414512658</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Keep a record of what happens in class should any documentation be necessary in future. Students should also be informed that the lesson is being recorded. This, together with the knowledge that there will be consequences for misbehaving will give them some extrinsic motivation to behave well. Not the ideal type of motivation, but every bit helps.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-08 15:52:24 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2414512658</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Give more homework to students. (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415312370</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Homework is one of the most important aspects of our education because homework is a necessary learning tool if used correctly. Assignments need to prioritize quality over quantity so we can learn from them rather than just doing our assignments to turn them in.<br><br></div><div>Quality education is extremely important because it is the basis of how we think and function in our everyday lives. It is also the foundation of how we decide what we could possibly do in the future and that decides how we live our lives.<br><br></div><div>Focusing on quantity over quality in education can be effective but stress is a huge problem with it.&nbsp; Stress can lead to many health concerns concerning one’s mental health so, bombarding kids with a huge workload can push them too far.<br><br></div><div>While there are some students that thrive and push past their limits, not everyone has that ability and may be forced to adjust too quickly to assignments they can’t handle.<br><br></div><div>When teachers assign too many assignments with little to no learning value, students feel restricted to a certain schedule of pumping out finished assignments without effectively learning the content in them. Students lose out on necessary critical thinking skills because they aren’t able to thoroughly think their assignments through.<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.baronnews.com/2021/04/04/comparing-quality-and-quantity-of-homework/#:~:text=The%20quantity%20of%20our%20homework%20helps%20with%20memorization&amp;text=Although%20quality%20is%20an%20important,much%20homework%20leads%20to%20stress." />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 07:27:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415312370</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Why doesn&#39;t homework help students learn as we expected? (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang) </title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415315484</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>why doesn’t homework boost academic achievement? The research cited by educators just doesn’t seem to make sense. If a child wants to learn to play the violin, it’s obvious she needs to practice at home between lessons (at least, it’s obvious to an adult). And psychologists have identified a range of strategies that help students learn, many of which seem ideally suited for homework assignments.<br><br>For example, there’s something called “retrieval practice,” which means trying to recall information you’ve already learned. The optimal time to engage in retrieval practice is not immediately after you’ve acquired information but after you’ve forgotten it a bit—like, perhaps, after school. A homework assignment could require students to answer questions about what was covered in class that day without consulting their notes. Research has found that retrieval practice and similar learning strategies are far more powerful than simply rereading or reviewing material.<br><br>One possible explanation for the general lack of a boost from homework is that few teachers know about this research. And most have gotten little training in how and why to assign homework. These are things that schools of education and teacher-prep programs typically don’t teach. So it’s quite possible that much of the homework teachers assign just isn’t particularly effective for many students.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nataliewexler/2019/01/03/why-homework-doesnt-seem-to-boost-learning-and-how-it-could/?sh=7e01ecdf68ab" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 07:31:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415315484</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Homework quality over quantity (Shawn - Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415322638</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Students frequently cite the amount of assigned homework as a primary driver of their stress. In fact, of the 50,000 high school students from predominantly middle to upper middle class communities that we surveyed since 2018, 67% reported homework as a primary source of stress, with 57% of students stating they had too much homework (Challenge Success, 2020). But it’s not just the amount of homework that may provoke student stress; it’s also the type of homework assigned. When students perceive homework to be tedious or boring, for example, or they find it too advanced or confusing, they are likely to be more stressed and less engaged, regardless of how long the assignment takes. Conversely, as some studies suggest, when students find their work purposeful, meaningful, or interesting, they may derive more benefits from completing it.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://challengesuccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Challenge-Success-Homework-White-Paper-2020.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 07:39:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415322638</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415323482</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-24/homework-quality-more-important-than-quantity/7782090" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 07:40:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415323482</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Start online discussion. (Shawn-Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415333517</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Discussion is a powerful tool for online learning. It can help foster a sense of community and encourage peer to peer interaction and improve learner engagement. Discussion can take the form of debate or reflective sharing, giving learners the opportunity to expand upon and clarify their understanding of key ideas. It moves beyond more passive learning forms of reading, listening, and watching and allows the learner to actively engage with their peers and teacher.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/ede/2021/03/03/the-importance-of-discussion-forums-for-online-learning/" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 07:52:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415333517</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>why online discussion works? (Shawn-Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415344384</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Bringing what students have learned to online discussion can help student present their own understanding and knowledge. It will also give the students an opportunity to speak if they are uncomfortable to speak in public or in person. The students who are not native speakers can also organize their sentences and present with others' help.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxzipYOGaoE" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 08:07:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415344384</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Disengage students in online teaching. (Shawn-Xueliang Zhang)</title>
         <author>xueliangzhang</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415356593</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>It can be challenging for teachers to engage students online; to know whether students are engaged or not. Online engagement can be perceived differently than in-class engagement. Research has shown that teacher perceptions of student engagement affect how they interact with students as well as students' grades. It is critical to understand how teachers perceive engagement, not least in an online setting, to inform practices and research. This study explores Swedish teachers' understanding of student online engagement and disengagement. A Mixed Method Grounded Theory study was designed as an intervention with an interview-diary-interview format. Twenty interviews with teachers (n = 10) who regularly teach hybrid, remote or distance classes in K-12 education were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results show that teachers express understanding at the macro and micro level of engagement and would report different combinations of engagement and disengagement at different levels of engagement. The results informed an engagement model with a complex construct without inherent boundaries; teachers rated student engagement both below and above the suggested scale. The contribution to theory with included models is discussed.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1669812/FULLTEXT01.pdf" />
         <pubDate>2022-12-09 08:23:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/group3M4U1A2/52zpegw8ypz7b8k/wish/2415356593</guid>
      </item>
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