Science yr 10 by Larissa Strong https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c Made with love 💕🧬 🧫 en-us 2019-04-30 05:39:32 UTC 2025-10-04 02:44:18 UTC hello@padlet.com https://imgglb.padletcdn.com/v13/image?t=g_auto&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpadlet.net%2Ficons%2Fpng%2F2697.png Atomic Structure larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/355303730 Proton:
mass: 1 amu
charge: +1
Location: nucleus

Neutron:
mass: 1 amu
charge:  neutral
Location: nucleus

Electron:
mass: 1/2000 amu
charge: -1
Location: Orbit around Nucleus]]> 2019-04-30 05:42:02 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/355303730 Chemistry Rev larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356471230 Atom: An atom is the smallest particle of matter
Molecule: A molecule is 2 or more atoms bonded together
Elements: Elements consist of only one type of atom
Compound: are made up of two or more different atoms bonded together.

Mass number:
Protons + Neutrons
Atomic Number:
Number of Protons

Isotopes:
atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons ]]> 2019-05-03 03:21:52 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356471230 Periodic Table larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356472640
  • Elements are arranged left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number.

    • Dmitri Mendeleev:
    • In the 1860’s he devised a periodic table where the elements were ordered by their atomic masses
    • He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities
    Mendeleev’s Predictions:
    • Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law.
    Henry Moseley:
    • In 1914, his work led to a revision of the periodic table by rearranging the elements by their atomic numbers
    • He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number
    Groups:
    • The different vertical columns of elements are called groups
    • Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer energy levels (known as valence electrons).
    • Elements in the same family have similar properties for this reason.
    Periods:
    • The different rows of elements are called periods.  
    • Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the left to the right in a period.
    • All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels/shells.
    ]]>     2019-05-03 03:30:55 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356472640     Group Names larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473403 2019-05-03 03:35:13 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473403 Periods larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473441 2019-05-03 03:35:28 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473441 larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473772 Electron Configuration:
    • Shows the distribution of electrons in an atom without having to draw it.
    • E.g. Sulfur 3216S
    • S; 2, 8, 6
    • Each energy level is separated by a comma.
    • Complete page 19 of your booklet.
    ]]>     2019-05-03 03:37:59 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356473772     Metals and Non-Metals larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356474305 Metals:
    Location      
    • Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception  Hydrogen)
    Chemical Properties
    • Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily
    Physical Properties
    • ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature

    Non-Metals
    Location     
    • Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
    Chemical Properties 
    • Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons;  some have completely full outer level
    Physical Properties 
    • not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature

    Metalloids
    Location     
    • Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
    Chemical Properties 
    • Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer level
    Physical Properties
    • have properties of both metals and non-metals
    ]]>     2019-05-03 03:42:35 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356474305     larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356475506 2019-05-03 03:50:59 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356475506 Ions larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356475586 Cation:  A positive ion
    • Mg2+, NH4+
    Anion:  A negative ion
    • Cl−, SO42−

    Predicting Ionic Charges:
    Group 1:     Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions Note: Hydrogen is not a metal, not an alkali metal and can form the hydride anion H- as well.
    Group 2: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions
    Group 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions Note: Boron is a semi-metal. It does not form ions as it has too few shells for the electrons to move easily
    Group 14: Note: Sn (Tin) and Pb(Lead) are metals, so form cations. Note: Ge is a semi-metal and forms Ge2+ and Ge4+
    Group 15: Gains 3 electrons to form 3- ions
    Group 16: Gains 2 electrons to form 2- ions Note: Te is a Semi-metal, and Po is a toxic radioactive metal.
    Group 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions Note: Astatine is a semi-metal and extremely rare.
    Group 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions! Note: Noble gases have a full outer shell which is very stable, and so electrons are not lost or gain under normal circumstances.
    Groups 3-12: many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state
    Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state.
    ]]>     2019-05-03 03:51:35 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356475586     Writing Ionic Compound Formulas larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356476931 Example: Aluminum sulfide
    1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
    2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
    3. Balance charges, if necessary, using subscripts.
    Al3+      S2-        Al2S3

    Example: Barium nitrate
    1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES!
    2.     Check to see if charges are balanced.
    3.     Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts.Use brackets if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
    Ba    2+    NO3-                           Ba(NO3)2

    Naming Ionic Compounds
    Cation first, then anion
    Monatomic cation = name of the element
    Ca2+ = calcium ion
    Monatomic anion  =  root  +  -ide
    Cl−  =  chloride
    CaCl2  =  calcium chloride]]>     2019-05-03 04:01:39 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356476931     Reaction Types larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356477982 Types of chemical reactions include:
    • Neutralisation (acid + base)
    • Acid + metal 
    • Acid + carbonate
    • Combustion
    • Combination/Synthesis
    • Decomposition
    • Precipitation
    • Redox

    Neutralisation Reactions:
    • Acid + base reactions involve the transfer of a hydrogen from the acid to the base.
    • Acid + Base     →     Salt  + Water
    • E.g. HCl + NaOH →  NaCl + H2O

    Acid + Metal Reactions:
    • Acid/metal reactions result in the formation of a salt and hydrogen gas.
    • Acid + metal → salt  + hydrogen gas
    • E.g.   HCl + Mg → MgCl2  + H2

    Acid + Carbonate Reactions:
    • When an acid is reacted with a carbonate, a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas is produced.
    • Acid + “carbonate” → salt + water + carbon dioxide gas
    • E.g. HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2

    Combustion Reactions:
    • Combustion is generally burning in air, where a substance chemically combines with oxygen.  
    • Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
    • E.g. C3H8 + O2 →  CO2 + H2O

    Combination/Synthesis Reactions:
    • Two or more chemicals are combined to form another.
    • A + B → AB
    • E.g. Na + Cl2 → NaCl
    • E.g. H2 + O2  + spark →  H2O + (boom!)

    Decomposition Reactions:
    • Chemical compounds can be split into their components in decomposition reactions.  Most need energy input and special conditions for this to happen.
    • E.g.   H2O (electrolysis) → H2 + O2
    ]]>     2019-05-03 04:09:43 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/356477982     Glossary khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357547306 Polymer: a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

    Example: DNA is a polymer]]>     2019-05-07 10:36:15 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357547306     DNA khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357551702 What is it...
    A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. It achieves control because it determines the structure of proteins.

    Structure 
    • DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder like structure called a double helix.
    • A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of subunits called nucleotides which consist of a phosphate group, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
    • The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the "rungs".
    • DNA is a polymer known as a polynucleotide.

    Function:
    • a gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein
    • Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases
    • This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein
    • it is these proteins which give us our phenotype
    ]]>     2019-05-07 10:54:53 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357551702     Nitrogenous Bases khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357556548 Base Pairs:
    • Cytosine and guanine : Cars in garages
    • Adenine and thymine: Apples in trees

    Due to the complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determine the order of the bases in the other strand.

    ]]>     2019-05-07 11:11:52 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357556548     Nucleotide khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357559611 2019-05-07 11:25:16 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357559611 Chromosomes khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357562176 What is it...
    A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

    • Humans have 46 chromosomes.
    • One set of 23 chromosomes from female.
    • One set of 23 chromosomes from male.

    Types...
    • Autosomes = Body chromosomes ( humans have 44 or 22 pairs)
    • Sex Chromosomes = XX or XY (23rd pair for humans) determines the sex of the offspring

    Parts of a chromosome...
    • Sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome
    • Chromatid: Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
    • Centromere: One major function of a centromere is joining the sister chromatids.
    • Gene Locus: A fixed position on a chromosome that is occupied by a given gene.
    ]]>     2019-05-07 11:33:35 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357562176     Genes khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357564171
  • A gene is the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity.
  • Genes make up the sequences of DNA (genotypes)
  • The genotypes, together with the other factors (e.g. environmental factors), determine the phenotypic trait of an organism.
  • When genes mutate, variants (called alleles) are formed and this results in differences in phenotypic traits within a population.
    • In summary...
    • Genes code for proteins, 
    • alleles are variants of genes, and 
    • loci are locations on the chromosome.
    ]]>     2019-05-07 11:41:37 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357564171     2N or N khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357565818
  • 2N or N refers to the number of chromosomes in each cell.
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes, OR 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  • 2N is 46 chromosomes for a human being.
  • N is 23 chromosomes for a human being.
    • ]]>     2019-05-07 11:47:33 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357565818     Cell Division khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357566079 Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides, giving rise to two or more daughter cells. It is an essential biological process in many organisms. Required in multicellular organisms in order to grow, repair, and reproduce.

    1. Mitosis:
    • Only 1 division
    • 2 daughter cells produced
    • each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell
    • Occurs in each body cell.
    • Daughter cells have 2N
    • Each daughter cell has 46 chromosomes. 

    2. Mitosis:
    • 2 divisions occur
    • 4 daughter cells produced after 2nd division
    • each daughter cell has half the genetic information of each parent cell
    • Occurs only in gamete cells.
    • 1st division – 2 daughter cells have 2N
    • 2nd division – 4 daughter cells have N
    • Each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes. 
    ]]>     2019-05-07 11:48:23 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357566079     khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357567868 2019-05-07 11:55:21 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357567868 Karyotypes khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357576978 A photomicrograph of a cell’s chromosome pairs (homologous pairs) arranged in order. They are digitally arranged according to size, banding pattern/gene location and centromere position.

    Why use a karyotype:
    1. To determine the sex of an individual.
    2. To identify chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Monosomy: the condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner. 
    • Trisomy: a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities. 
    ]]>     2019-05-07 12:22:26 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357576978     Motion larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357907142
  • All objects are in motion (they are moving).
  • The particles in an object have Vibrational Motion.
  • Objects travelling in a straight line have Linear Motion.
  • Objects travelling in a circle have Circular Motion.
  • Physics provides different ways to describe, explain and calculate Motion.

    • All Motion that we will be describing using Newtonian Physics (described by Newton’s Laws) is called Relative Motion. 
    • It is relative to or compared with a particular Frame of Reference or background.

    The 4 terms used to describe an objects Motion that we will look at today are:
    • Distance
    • Displacement
    • Speed 
    • Velocity
    ]]>     2019-05-08 04:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/357907142     Distance larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/362370753 Distance (d) – is how far an object actually travels or its total path length to get from one point to another (measured in metres). It does not depend on the direction taken.
    s x t = d]]>     2019-05-22 01:20:18 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/362370753     Displacement larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/362371056 Displacement (Δx) - is the change in position of an object. It is the difference between the final position of an object and its starting position. 
    It does depend on direction. 
    Is measured in metres]]>     2019-05-22 01:21:45 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/362371056     Speed larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485001 Speed (s) – Rate at which an object is moving or its rate of change of Distance (measured in m/s or metres per second).
    speed = distance / time
    s = d/t
    Like distance, speed does not depend on direction.
    ]]>     2019-06-04 05:51:33 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485001     Velocity larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485104 Velocity (v) – is the rate of change of the position of an object or it’s rate of change of Displacement (measured in m/s and has a direction).
    velocity = displacement / time
    v = Δx / t
    ]]>     2019-06-04 05:53:26 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485104     Scalar and Vector Quantities larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485208 Scalar Quantity – has magnitude (size) but not direction e.g. Distance and Speed.

    Vector Quantity – has magnitude and direction 
        e.g. Displacement and Velocity.
    ]]>     2019-06-04 05:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485208     Straight Line Graphs larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485497
  • A distance-time graph which is a straight line indicates constant or unchanging speed. The slope or gradient of the line tells us what the speed is.
  • If the object does not speed up or slow down, its acceleration is zero.
  • A curved distance-time graph shows that the object is accelerating or changing speed.
    • ]]>     2019-06-04 05:58:41 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485497     Acceleration larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485611
  • Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object.
    • Acceleration =
    Final Velocity – Initial Velocity
                          Time

    • Acceleration is measured in m/s/s (metres per second per second)
    • Acceleration is a vector quantity so has a direction
    ]]>     2019-06-04 06:00:18 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365485611     Principles of Inheritance khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365584741 1. Principle of dominance
    • Hereditary characteristics are controlled by “paired factors” (genes).
    • The dominant allele is a trait that’s appearance will always be seen in offspring.

    2. Principle of segregation
    • During meiosis the pairs of alleles separate. 
    • Gametes contain ONE of each allele, as the chromosome pairs separate

    3. Principle of independent assortment
    • During meiosis each gamete receives only ONE set of factors (genes), the other set going to another gamete.
    • These factors recombine during fertilisation.
    ]]>     2019-06-04 13:46:44 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365584741     Sources of variation khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365586046 1. Random assortment
    • The process where the organisation of maternal and paternal chromosomes is random during metaphase.
    2. Crossing Over
    • Segments of non-sister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.
    3. Cross Fertilisation
    ]]>     2019-06-04 13:49:52 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365586046     Punnet Square khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365586752 Punnett Square: Table that is used to predict the probability of possible allele combinations (genotypes) of offspring between two parents.

    Genotype: The name given to show the “competing” alleles of a chromosome pair.
    Eg. bb, Bb, BB

    Phenotype: The physical expression of the genotype on the offspring.
    Eg. Genotype bb, results in brown hair phenotype,
    Genotype Bb or BB, results in black hair phenotype.
    ]]>     2019-06-04 13:51:45 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365586752     khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365587518 2019-06-04 13:53:18 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365587518 Naming Genotypes khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365587732 If both letters of the genotype are the same eg. AA or aa, then it is referred to as “HOMOZYGOUS”

    If both letters of the genotype are different eg. Aa, then it is referred to as “HETEROZYGOUS”

    ]]>     2019-06-04 13:53:48 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365587732     Sex Linked Inheritance khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365588332
  • The passing on of genes from mother and father on the sex chromosomes.
  • Male sex chromosomes XY, Female sex chromosomes XX
  • The combination of these genes during fertilisation are responsible for the sex of the offspring and associated characteristics.

    • ]]>     2019-06-04 13:55:33 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365588332     X-linked Interitance khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365588580
  • If a gene is found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, it is said to be an X-linked trait. 
  • Because the X chromosome is so much larger than the Y, it carries a lot more genetic information than Y (~2000 genes!)

    • Because the X chromosome carries more genes than Y, most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome.
    • As a result, more boys express sex-linked traits than girls. 
    • The only way for a recessive
       X-linked trait to appear in females, is if both X chromosomes of an individual have the recessive allele

    • Males receive their X chromosome from their mother.
    • If their mother is affected they will also be affected (100%).
    • If their mother is a carrier, they may be affected also (50%).
    ]]>     2019-06-04 13:56:24 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365588580     Y- Linked Inheritance khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365589626
  • If a gene is found only on the Y chromosome and not the X chromosome, it is said to be a Y-linked trait. 
  • The Y carries little genetic information, mainly those that contribute to male characteristics  (~ 87 genes total).
    • ]]>     2019-06-04 13:59:16 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365589626     Deceleration larissastrong9 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365740571
  • Deceleration is just negative acceleration, when a body slows down.
  • We calculate deceleration just as we did for acceleration but the result will be negative.
    • ]]>     2019-06-05 02:12:37 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365740571     khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365746916 2019-06-05 03:03:37 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365746916 khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365747167 2019-06-05 03:05:47 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365747167 khobbs6 https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365748389 2019-06-05 03:17:39 UTC https://padlet.com/larissastrong9/52qrq35ifr8c/wish/365748389