○     How is “youth participation” understood in your organization/institution/community

“Youth Participation” in my organization is seen as a crucial element. Moreover “Helping Hand” fully stands with activism of young volunteers and changemakers. With having more than 5000 registered volunteers on our platform, we are one of the largest youth led organizations at national level. Our main focus is on strengthening leadership, peereducation and youngsters are the ones planning, as well as fully responsible for project (with the support of professionals)

○      What are the biggest barriers to youth participation in your local context?

I believe one of the biggest barriers to youth participation in my community is the fact that most active youth organizations as well as opportunities for young people are still in big cities (such as Tbilisi, Batumi, Kutaisi), therefore some of the motivated youngsters are left out and do not have a chance to engage with student associations. I had cases when it was extremely hard for my peers to get to the nearest city, town, or village as the places where they lived was in the middle of mountains with rigid climate and poor transportation. 

Nowadays, with the political crisis and polarization in Georgia there is sometimes a disgraceful attitude towards young activists from the older generation. Young people actively stand against the regime and try to protect their pro-european path, freedom of speech and etc which sometimes results in intergenerational conflict, with some sorts of hate speech, and name-calling

that can also be seen as a barrier to youth participation.

○      What can you do to address these challenges?

As nowadays almost everyone has access to the internet I will actively try to engage those living in remote areas by online projects and activities, namely I am planning to have both in person and online options which would give opportunities equally to those living in the city and those living further away in villages/mountains. I have done it in practice before which resulted in amazing outcomes and connections all around the country. 

Intergenerational conflict can be resolved through constructive dialogue. 

1.2. Please, read "Have Your Say" Manual on the participation of young people (Page: 37-43)

Link of the Manual: https://rm.coe.int/16807023e0 

 Reflect on Preconditions

of Youth Participation in everyday life (RMSOS Framework)

Do I feel that my right to participate in decisions that affect me is respected in my community or organization?

(Reflects the “Right” element – participation as a recognized entitlement.)

I am always actively participating in the decision-making process with Helping Hand. I feel that my opinion is respected and heard by the president and coordinator of the organization. Moreover, annually I am part of jury for the national “Volunteer Of The Year” award (I have to read the applications and assess the applicants as a previous holder of the award)

Do I have access to the tools, resources, and information I

need to get involved and make a difference?

(Reflects the “Means” element – practical access to participate.)

Yes, however Helping Hand is a non-profit organization and usually requires additional grants and financial support from bigger organizations. We also have national wide networks with public/private schools, youth clubs and associations therefore there is always access to tools and information as well as a huge amount of youngsters who are willing to be change-makers.

Is there a safe and welcoming space where I feel comfortable

expressing my ideas and opinions?

(Reflects the “Space” element – creating inclusive, respectful environments.)

Since the first day in the end of 2019 when I joined Helping Hand I felt welcomed. We create an inclusive environment and learn how to be as respectful as possible. I am feel safe to share my opinions, without being ashamed that it will be a subject of judgement or sarcasm. I always share my project ideas and receive support/recommendations from the head of organization. Moreover,  As we also work with kids with disabilities, the elderly and different types of shelters, we believe being polite, understanding and inclusive is crucial. 

Are there real opportunities for me to take part in shaping

policies, activities, or projects that matter to me?

(Reflects the “Opportunity” element – actual chances for participation.)

As I mentioned previously, Helping Hand has lots of connections, databases of 5000> volunteers, public/private school contacts, and partner organizations therefore there are usually chances to work on activities and projects that matter to me. We used to have collaborations on policy-making topics with local governments in the regions. We used to receive a lot of project opportunities from USAID and UNICEF but most of them have stopped recently.

Do I feel supported by adults, peers, or institutions when I try to

participate or take initiative?

(Reflects the “Support” element – encouragement, mentoring, and

structures in place)

In my environment I usually feel supported. I am part of a number of organizations, associations in Georgia that help me when I try to participate or take initiative. Moreover, my parents and teachers were the ones motivating me to take initiative and be a young activist. 

In countries like Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan, I was fascinated by how much young people prioritize stability, jobs, and education, while still feeling excluded from decision-making. This mirrors the situation in Georgia, where youth also feel politically sidelined, even though they are represented and active in civil society. In Georgia protection of negative rights (civil and political) are significantly prioritized, on the other hand, trend shows that youth in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are more concerned with positive rights (social and economic dimension)

One key difference is in the level of freedom of expression. In the South Caucasus—especially in Georgia—you can see more youth-led protests, student movements, and political involvement, even if impact is limited. In Central Asia, many young people fear consequences for open political expression, which limits participation and trust in institutions. However, the reading does not include the most recent trends and current situation in Georgia, which seems to notably limit freedom of expression, right to protest, association, etc. 

However, the challenges are deeply similar: unemployment, lack of access to quality education, housing, and a feeling of being disconnected from the future. Migration is a big theme in both regions—many young people feel the only way to succeed is to leave. This topic really touches me as well because I also study abroad, and even though I miss home, I also feel opportunities in Georgia are quite limited especially in the sector where I want to work (international organizations).

What gives me hope is that across both regions, youth value education, self-development, and digital tools to create change. They’re engaged—even when the systems don’t include them. That silent persistence, creativity, and energy could shape the region’s future if governments take them seriously. I also believe that with our networks and support towards each other from this program, we can work on projects that will definitely make a difference in our communities.

However, one of the barriers to meaningful youth participation in my context is a lack of trust from institutions. Adults may underestimate young people’s abilities or assume they lack the necessary experience.

To address these challenges, I believe we must first build a culture of intergenerational dialogue. We need more mentorship programs where experienced professionals guide young leaders. It is also important to establish mechanisms for feedback, where young people can see how their input is used.

Another notable point is the strong role of family and traditional values across the region. While these can provide support and a sense of identity, they may also restrict personal freedom and decision-making, especially for young women.

Despite national differences, youth across Central Asia face many similar challenges: unemployment, limited access to quality education, lack of trust in institutions, and low levels of political engagement. In many communities, young people feel excluded from decision-making processes and lack real influence over policies that affect their lives.

In my community and within the organizations I’ve worked with—such as American Councils, OSCE, and local youth networks—youth participation is often viewed through the lens of tokenism. While there are platforms where young people are visible, their actual influence over decision-making is limited. Most initiatives involve young people in execution, not in shaping policies or strategies. The concept of youth participation is still evolving from symbolic inclusion to meaningful engagement.

From the manual, I resonated most with the idea that youth participation is a right, not a privilege. It is about giving young people the right, means, space, opportunity, and support to influence decisions that affect their lives. In Tajikistan, however, the biggest barriers to youth participation remain cultural hierarchies, adult dominance, and the perception of youth as “inexperienced.” There is also a significant lack of access to resources, especially in rural areas, and often youth voices are only considered when they align with existing agendas.

To address these challenges, I can take three key steps:

1. Advocate for co-management models in schools and youth organizations that enable shared decision-making between adults and young people.

2. Educate peers on their rights using simplified versions of international tools like the European Youth Charter.

3. Launch participatory projects that demonstrate youth capacity, such as community consultations or digital campaigns to crowdsource youth-led policy ideas.

By transforming youth from passive recipients into active partners, we can shift community perceptions and build a culture where participation is not symbolic, but systemic. I see it as my responsibility to lead by example—and inspire others to do the same.

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Reflection on the Preconditions of Youth Participation

As someone deeply engaged in civic life, I recognize how crucial the RMSOS framework is in shaping meaningful youth participation. However, in my everyday experience in Tajikistan, I’ve often encountered both enabling and limiting conditions across these five elements.

Right:

I do not always feel that my right to participate is fully respected. While youth are frequently invited to attend events or be “present,” we are not consistently viewed as stakeholders who deserve influence in decision-making. Our involvement is often seen as symbolic rather than substantial.

Means:

Access to means is inconsistent. In urban areas, I’ve been fortunate to gain information and tools through international programs and my network. However, most young people—especially in rural regions—lack access to digital resources, training, or clear pathways to participation. This inequality limits broader engagement.

Space:

Creating a safe space is a challenge. I’ve participated in many platforms where youth are present but feel hesitant to express dissenting views due to fear of being judged or dismissed by older or more authoritative voices. True inclusivity is still rare.

Opportunity:

Real opportunities exist but are limited. When given, they are mostly project-based or short-term. There are very few institutionalized avenues that consistently integrate youth voices into policymaking or community development.

Support:

Thankfully, I’ve had access to support—from mentors, organizations like OSCE and American Councils, and peers who uplift my voice. But many others are not as lucky. There’s a systemic lack of mentorship structures, especially within local governance.

In sum, while I strive to embody active participation, the ecosystem around me must evolve to fully implement the RMSOS principles. My mission is to help shift that landscape—one project, policy, and partnership at a time.

Exploring the experiences of young people in the South Caucasus and Central Asia has been both enlightening and thought-provoking. What surprised me most was the shared sense of disillusionment among youth in the South Caucasus regarding political engagement and trust in institutions. Despite being from different countries, many young people in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia express low levels of political participation and skepticism towards governmental structures . This commonality underscores a regional challenge in fostering youth trust and involvement in political processes.

In contrast, Central Asian youth, including those in Tajikistan, face significant economic challenges, notably high unemployment rates, which often lead to labor migration. The reliance on remittances, particularly in Tajikistan where they account for a substantial portion of the GDP, highlights the economic vulnerabilities that drive young people to seek opportunities abroad . This migration trend not only affects the local economies but also has profound social implications, such as the fragmentation of family structures and the potential loss of human capital .

Comparing these challenges to my own context in Tajikistan, there are clear parallels in economic hardships and limited access to quality education and employment opportunities. However, the political disengagement observed in the South Caucasus presents a different dimension of youth challenges, emphasizing the need for inclusive governance and civic education.

To address these issues, it’s crucial to implement policies that promote economic development, create job opportunities, and encourage youth participation in political processes. Investing in education, vocational training, and platforms for civic engagement can empower young people to contribute meaningfully to their societies and reduce the allure of migration as the only viable option for a better future.

My own experience participating in non-formal hearings on the youth policy law project at the National Assembly is a strong example of this. It showed me that youth voices are not only welcomed but can actively influence the direction of legislative planning. Additionally, programs like the summer school for high school students, collaborative projects with the UNDP, and university outreach initiatives all demonstrate that Armenia is fostering a culture where youth are seen as partners—not just beneficiaries—in democratic processes.

Despite these positive steps, barriers still exist. Many young people remain unaware of such opportunities due to limited outreach or lack of support in schools. Cultural norms can also discourage youth from speaking up, especially in formal settings where authority is rarely questioned. Rural and marginalized youth may also face disproportionate access barriers.

To address these challenges, I believe in the power of peer-to-peer awareness and accessible, decentralized platforms for youth engagement. As someone who has benefited from these initiatives, I can contribute by amplifying their visibility, helping organize local information sessions, and advocating for even more inclusive policies that reach beyond the capital.

Youth participation here is not just a theoretical ideal—it is happening. But to become meaningful for all young people, we must make participation more visible, representative, and sustainable.

So in conclusion, let's discuss the RMSOS framework:

• Do I feel that my right to participate in decisions that affect me is respected in my community or organization?
  Yes, I feel that my right to participate is increasingly respected, particularly through opportunities like the Youth Parliament and non-formal hearings at the National Assembly.

• Do I have access to the tools, resources, and information I need to get involved and make a difference?
  I have some access, but not all young people, especially those in rural areas, have equal access to resources or information.

• Is there a safe and welcoming space where I feel comfortable expressing my ideas and opinions?
  Yes, in structured environments like youth programs and university settings, I feel comfortable. However, in more informal contexts, there is room for improvement in creating welcoming spaces.

• Are there real opportunities for me to take part in shaping policies, activities, or projects that matter to me?
  Yes, I have had real opportunities, particularly through participation in law-related hearings and various youth projects that have a tangible impact on decision-making.

• Do I feel supported by adults, peers, or institutions when I try to participate or take initiative?
  I feel supported by certain institutions and mentors, though I believe that more consistent and widespread support from peers and community groups would further encourage youth participation.

Not gonna lie, in conclusion, besides the fact that the youth engagement is highly encouraged in Armenia, still some barriers remain and with youth and with adults. Youth are insecure to apply, adult are insecure when youth engage, never ending cycle I guess.

Thanks for reading this I hope you enjoyed it! If you want to explore deeper about this topic you can check my Linkedin page (Madlen Dokhoyan) for the most optimistic info.✨

I’ve always felt that real youth participation isn’t just about adding a few young faces to a meeting table. To me, it means giving us the chance to help decide what we work on, to shape projects from the start, and to actually see our ideas come to life whether that’s fixing leaky pipes in our village or convincing local officials to invest in clean wells. Too often, though, we end up just “consulted” or asked for feedback when the real decisions have already been made.

Around here, it feels like the biggest roadblocks are the old top-down habits and the red tape that comes with them. Community leaders tend to think they know best, so youth voices get sidelined. And even when there’s genuine interest, the paperwork is a nightmare: long applications, strict meeting times, big reports that few of us have time to read or write. If you live outside the city, it’s even tougher no travel budget, spotty internet, and meetings smack in the middle of work or school hours.

What can I do? I’m starting small. I’ve been suggesting that whenever we kick off a new water project, we hold an informal “youth jam” first something like a quick brainstorming session in a café or over WhatsApp so everyone can pitch in without rearranging their whole day. I’m also talking to donors and local sponsors about setting up a tiny fund for transport and phone data, so nobody’s left out because their bus ticket costs more than their lunch.

I’m trying to lead by example: sharing stories of when young people have actually delivered like the time we organized that pop-up water-testing lab at the school fair, and the mayor ended up approving our proposal to upgrade the pumps. After every get-together, I make it a point to send a short recap: “Here’s what you told us, here’s what we’ll do next, and here’s when we’ll check back in.” It’s amazing how much trust that simple follow-up builds. Maybe over time, these little shifts will break through those old habits and make youth participation feel less like a checkbox and more like real partnership.

Task 1.2.

Right

In many places I’ve worked, youth participation is still treated as optional, not a right. I’ve often been invited to speak—but not to decide. When I started my water-saving startup as a first-year student, I saw how hard it was to be taken seriously just because I was young.

Means

Through my education in Japan and past work experience, I’ve gained tools to lead. But many youth don’t have stable internet, transport, or financial support to join projects. I’ve had to raise funds and remove barriers so others could join too.

Space

In youth-led spaces like Shyraqmedia or the World Youth Parliament for Water, I feel free to speak. But in formal or government spaces, youth are often sidelined. That’s why I try to create welcoming, inclusive environments.

Opportunity

I’ve found and created many opportunities—from UN projects to global fellowships. But many young people don’t know where to start. I believe these chances should be easier to find and open to all, not just a few.

Support

I’ve had mentors who encouraged me, but I’ve also had to build support on my own. Now I try to offer guidance to other youth leaders because I know how important real support is—financial, emotional, and institutional.

How are the challenges faced by youth in other countries similar to or different from my own context?
The challenges are similar in that youth across Central Asia are navigating questions of education, employment, and independence. But the motivation behind educational goals differs. In Kazakhstan, like in Kyrgyzstan, family expectations and the need to “secure a job” drive most educational decisions. Meanwhile, in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, there’s a slightly stronger trend toward learning for self-improvement. These differences highlight how our education systems are often shaped more by cultural pressures and employment structures than by a genuine passion for knowledge.

○ How is “youth participation” understood in your organization/institution/community

In my community, youth participation is considered and understood as their active engagement in decision-making of the policies that affect their and others' lives. Often, as per the reading's insight on how YP is represented based on Roger Hart's rungs, we see our youth be utilized as rung 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 depending on where you live. Somewhere in urban regions, youth are considered as amplifying the voices, but in remote areas, elderlies have more authority on anything. Even we have a saying, "let the old wise men decide, what youth can say". So the narratives sometimes is build up in a way that it is misrepresented, and separated from the discussions and discourses.

○ What are the biggest barriers to youth participation in your local context?

It involves several things like lack of information, patronising youth by adults, negative stereotypes, insufficient support, etc.

○ What can you do to address these challenges?

Relate it to the real needs of the young people I believe. As per the reading, "young people have to feel connected and supported by humans, communities, ideas, etc." -- This I believe relates to how we can address these challenges. We need to make it available regardless of their background, tailor it to their needs, and with values attached.

Kai B.

The biggest barriers to youth participation in my local context are limited access to information, adultism, and a lack of trust in youth-led initiatives. Many young people are unaware of the opportunities available to them or feel their voices will not be taken seriously. Moreover, there is often a gap between urban and rural youth in terms of resources and support.

To address these challenges, I believe in leveraging platforms like Erasmus+ to create more awareness campaigns in local languages, ensuring that participation opportunities reach underrepresented groups. Additionally, mentoring programs connecting youth with experienced professionals can boost confidence and bridge the knowledge gap.

Reflecting on the RMSOS Framework:

Right: My involvement with Erasmus+ proves that my right to participate is respected, but this is not yet the norm across all institutions.

Means: I have access to digital tools and networks, but many of my peers, especially in rural areas, do not.

Space: Our office fosters a welcoming environment, though more inclusive spaces are needed nationwide.

Opportunity: While I’ve had the chance to co-organize events, these opportunities are often limited to already-active youth.

Support: I feel supported by my mentors and peers, which is key to sustaining my engagement.

In comparing youth across Central Asia, I was most surprised by the resilience of young people facing systemic barriers, particularly in countries with less civil space. While many challenges are shared—like unemployment and limited civic voice—my experience has shown me the potential of structured programs to ignite real change.

In my work with NGOs and international organizations such as UNICEF Armenia and World Vision, I’ve seen firsthand the diverse ways “youth participation” is understood. In grassroots NGOs, participation is often direct and hands-on. Through the Youth Opportunities Club, we co-created projects like business development in Syunik, empowering local youth to act. In international organizations, participation is more policy-aligned and strategic. For example, during my work at UNICEF, I was involved in behind-the-scenes support to Armenia’s first Law on Youth Policy. Youth were meaningfully engaged—from informal consultations to active participation in National Assembly hearings.

Yet, I’ve personally witnessed that many marginalized youth, especially in rural or conflict-affected areas, remain unaware of such opportunities. Limited outreach, digital divides, and lack of local structures mean that while some youth thrive, others are left behind.

Still, Armenia is taking real steps forward. A Climate Change Advisory Board is being built through UNICEF-Ministry of Environment cooperation, and the Youth in Action project is boosting youth participation in education, civil society, and politics. Euroclubs are opening across the country, and Gamechangers has created space for young voices in innovation. Projects like SKYE Net also promote entrepreneurship and open SKYE clubs across Armenia and beyond.

However, despite this progress, political participation remains limited—youth are often silent when it comes to governance and policy. That’s why I advocate for better rural-urban coordination, increased media literacy, and institutional support. Through platforms like Erasmus+, youth show passion when access and support are available.

1.2 RMSOS Framework

• Right – Recognized Entitlement:
  Armenia has made meaningful progress in recognizing youth participation as a right, most notably through the adoption of the Law on Youth Policy. I was personally involved in the process, supporting it from the UNICEF side, and saw how youth were engaged from start to finish—even participating in National Assembly hearings. However, the right to participate remains largely unknown to many youth, especially those in rural areas, border communities, or conflict-affected regions. Youth from these backgrounds often don’t perceive themselves as entitled to engage, nor are they actively encouraged to do so by local structures. Awareness-raising campaigns, school-based civic education, and youth-friendly outreach from local governments are urgently needed to close this gap.

• Means – Practical Access:
  While international projects (e.g., Erasmus+, SKYE Net, Youth in Action) provide tools, training, and funding, practical access remains unequal. Youth in Yerevan and major cities can easily access information, apply for opportunities, and participate in events. But in Tavush, Gegharkunik, Shirak, and Syunik, many young people are unaware that such programs exist. Barriers include limited digital literacy, lack of internet access, language barriers, and insufficient outreach by implementers. Armenia needs to invest in regional youth information points, school-based info sessions, and mobile outreach efforts to ensure no one is left behind.

• Space – Safe and Welcoming Environments:
  While NGOs like Youth Opportunities Club, Wings for the Future, and Euroclubs are creating inclusive youth spaces, institutional spaces (schools, municipalities, state institutions) are still often unwelcoming or overly formal. Young people may not feel confident expressing dissenting views or proposing ideas. Youth from ethnic minorities or displaced communities may feel even more excluded. The government and civil society should train adults (teachers, public servants, local officials) in youth-friendly approaches and prioritize creating inclusive youth rooms and centers in all marzes (regions).

• Opportunity – Real Chances to Influence:
  Initiatives like the Climate Change Advisory Board, Gamechangers, and Youth Forums are meaningful and empowering. Still, they tend to reach already-engaged youth. Many municipalities lack functioning youth councils, and youth are rarely consulted on local development plans or budgeting. Armenia needs to institutionalize youth councils, create youth quotas in local decision-making, and ensure regular, monitored youth consultations tied to actual outcomes.

• Support – Encouragement, Mentorship, and Structures:
  While I’ve benefited from mentorship and support structures through Erasmus+ and UNICEF, many young people don’t receive this kind of backing. Most schools and universities don’t promote youth participation or offer structured support for civic engagement. Furthermore, youth workers and NGOs often lack the resources to provide sustainable mentoring. Armenia must invest in youth worker training, develop school-based mentorship programs, and offer grants for local youth initiatives that include mentorship as a key component. Decentralisation is what is more then needed in Armenia for now, as there is actually unequal access to programs and information due to geographic, digital, and linguistic barriers.

In Tajikistan, youth participation is gradually evolving but still faces significant challenges. In many institutions and communities, it is often perceived as attendance at events, performing cultural roles, or joining volunteer initiatives. While these are valuable, they frequently fall short of engaging youth in meaningful decision-making.

The biggest barriers to youth participation in Tajikistan include traditional hierarchical structures, lack of youth-friendly governance, and limited access to platforms where youth voices can influence policy. In rural areas, especially, gender norms and early marriage restrict the engagement of girls in public life. Additionally, many young people lack information about their rights and opportunities, and institutions rarely involve youth in the planning and evaluation of programs that affect them.

To address these challenges, I believe we must first shift the mindset, from viewing youth as passive recipients to recognizing them as capable partners. This includes strengthening youth-adult partnerships, creating inclusive spaces, and promoting civic education in schools and communities. In my own work, I organize awareness sessions on human rights and environmental issues, engage young people in community-led projects, and mentor girls from remote areas to pursue education and leadership roles.

We should advocate for youth-inclusive policies at the local and national levels, promote transparency, and ensure youth have the support and resources to lead initiatives. With increased cooperation between local authorities, schools, and youth NGOs, Tajikistan can nurture a new generation of engaged, confident, and empowered youth ready to shape a more inclusive future.

This conflict is especially intense for young women, who are often expected to follow traditional gender roles but simultaneously want to build careers, travel, or lead social change. The desire to belong, to be accepted both by their elders and their global peers, is a powerful force shaping decisions around education, relationships, and work.

I relate deeply to this tension. In Tajikistan, youth, especially girls, often feel the weight of expectations to conform. Yet at the same time, we are inspired by global movements, online communities, and youth-led innovation happening just beyond our borders. It’s like standing with one foot in the past and one in the future.

What makes this even more complex is the lack of safe spaces for young people to explore who they are or voice their dreams without judgment. Many feel they can’t talk openly with their families or local leaders, and their creativity or opinions remain unheard.

To change this, I believe we must build platforms for honest youth dialogue, storytelling, and intergenerational exchange. When youth can define their own identities and pathways, supported, not silenced, they become the true architects of progress.

One part that really stayed with me was the overwhelming emphasis on traditional roles, especially for girls. In Tajikistan, over 90% of youth said the most important goal in life is getting married and starting a family. That made me think of Sevkar, the village where my roots are from. Even though I’ve never lived there, the expectations still find a way to reach me. I’ve heard young women say they want to study or start something of their own, but this society always has other plans. It’s heartbreaking because sometimes girls don’t even get to imagine alternatives. They follow a path that’s already drawn, not one they’ve chosen.

Another thing that echoed strongly was the deep lack of political trust. In Kyrgyzstan, only about 20% of youth believe their voice matters politically. In Armenia, it’s not that different. I’ve seen this in the projects I work on too — amazing young people with bright ideas and so much potential, but they don’t believe anyone will listen. And when you feel invisible, activism feels pointless. That’s a feeling I think many of us in post-Soviet spaces carry — this inherited silence.

But there were also parts that gave me hope — real, warm hope. Like how youth in Kazakhstan are using culture and style to resist quietly, especially in urban spaces. In the reports, it mentioned how some youth are slowly challenging gender norms through fashion, music, or even just the way they talk online. I loved that. It reminded me of youth exchanges I’ve joined — where someone wears something bold and everyone gets curious, not judgmental. I think expression like that, even when it’s not loud, is one of the strongest ways we say, “I exist. I choose who I am.”

One part that really hit me differently was how central migration is in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Almost every young person there sees migration not as an option, but a necessity. Reading that, I felt this heaviness in my chest. In Armenia too, we’ve had waves of youth leaving, especially after the war. But now I’m seeing something new: more young people staying, building. In Kapan, during one of our projects, we helped a few local youth turn their ideas into real businesses. And seeing that — seeing them light up — felt like maybe we can start reshaping the narrative.

I also noticed differences in openness. In Kazakhstan, almost half the youth surveyed said they were open to people of different religions or sexual orientations. That may sound small, but it’s actually huge when you consider the region’s social landscape. In Armenia, I feel like we’re somewhere in between — not fully open, but slowly questioning old norms. In some Erasmus+ projects I’ve been part of, I’ve seen people challenge their own biases just by sharing a meal or sleeping in the same dorm with someone they never would have met otherwise. Dialogue changes things. Proximity creates empathy.

All of this made me feel more connected to the region. We may speak different languages, but we share so many of the same struggles — gender inequality, youth unemployment, disillusionment with politics, migration pressures, and yet… we also share this beautiful stubbornness to hope. We still dream, still create, still show up.

Reading these reports wasn’t just an academic exercise for me. It reminded me of why I do what I do — why youth work matters, why these projects and trainings and conversations across borders are not just “nice,” but necessary. I carry this with me: every time we come together, from Armenia to Central Asia , we’re proving that change doesn’t always come from the top. Sometimes it starts from a village meeting, a youth project in a small town, a conversation over tea, or even from a reflection like this.

Barriers to youth participation include adult-centric governance structures, tokenism, lack of funding for youth-led initiatives, and limited platforms for open dialogue. Furthermore, in rural areas, cultural expectations often discourage youth, especially girls, from speaking up or taking leadership roles.

To address these, I actively coordinate the SDG course that fosters inclusive participation, promotes intercultural dialogue through MUN activities, and mentors young leaders to claim their space. Creating safe, non-hierarchical, and collaborative environments is key.

RMSOS Reflection.

• Right. My institution recognizes youth rights formally, but implementation varies.

• Means. Resources are available in some urban settings but lacking elsewhere.

• Space. TIMUN and SDG forums offer safe spaces, though not all youth have access.

• Opportunity. Leadership roles are growing, yet limited by bureaucratic inertia.

• Support. I am privileged to have mentors and aim to provide that support to others.

What struck me most from the Central Asia and South Caucasus reports was the shared sense of disillusionment—young people are hopeful yet restrained by economic instability, political mistrust, and limited mobility. I was particularly surprised by how similar the concerns are in countries with very different histories: youth in both Georgia and Kazakhstan voice worries about education quality, employment, and political alienation.

This echoes what I see in Uzbekistan: despite reforms, young people often feel left out of decision-making processes. However, what differs is the pace of civic activism—youth movements in Georgia appear more vocal and mobilized, while in Central Asia, civic participation is often cautious or subdued.

These insights affirm that meaningful youth engagement must go beyond symbolic gestures. It requires long-term investment in education, safe platforms for expression, and genuine inclusion in shaping national futures.

In my university and community in Kazakhstan, “youth participation” usually means joining events, helping at school or university activities, or being part of clubs. But most of the time, young people don’t make decisions. Adults still lead, and youth just follow instructions. Only a few programs truly let young people lead projects or share their ideas freely.

There are some big challenges that stop young people from being more active. One is the belief that young people, especially girls from villages, should stay quiet and not speak up. Another problem is that many students don’t know their rights or how to make changes in their communities. Even when there are youth councils or student groups, they sometimes don’t work well or only include a few people.

To solve these problems, I help students grow their confidence and leadership skills. At our university, I organize public speaking clubs, translation exhibitions, rugby projects, and mentoring programs. These activities give young people a chance to share their ideas, plan events, and speak in public. I also support girls from rural areas by teaching them time management, personal development, and language skills.

I believe youth participation is not just about showing up. It means having a real voice and taking part in making decisions. When we give young people chances to lead and support them along the way, they can become active changemakers in Kazakhstan.

When I read the reports about youth in Central Asia and the South Caucasus, I was surprised to see that young people in different countries have very similar problems. In Georgia, many young people are well-educated but still can’t find good jobs. They feel unsure about the future and many want to leave their country to find better opportunities. This reminded me of Kazakhstan. Here too, many young people, especially from villages, feel like their dreams are hard to reach.

Another thing that surprised me was that in both regions, many youth don’t trust the government or believe they can make a difference. They feel their voices are not heard. This is also true in my community. Youth have great ideas but are not often included in important decisions.

At the same time, I noticed some differences. In Kazakhstan, there are more programs and clubs for youth, especially in big cities. But even here, not all young people know about these programs, and some don’t have access especially those living in rural areas.

Reading these reports made me think more deeply about how we can support youth better. I believe that every young person should have a chance to speak, lead, and grow. That’s why I work on projects like public speaking clubs, rugby tournaments, and mentorship programs. These help youth build confidence and believe in themselves.

Young people in Central Asia and the South Caucasus face many challenges, but they also have the energy and ideas to create change. If we give them real support and listen to their voices, they can build a better future for all.

Exploring Youth Participation

Youth Participation in My Community

In my community, youth participation is seen as a vital force in promoting sustainable development and advocacy for change. As Young peacebuilder and active member of youth-driven initiatives, I see young people engaging in issues like climate change, social justice, and policy reforms. Youth are encouraged to participate in decision-making processes, although the level of involvement varies.

Biggest Barriers to Youth Participation

Despite the enthusiasm, barriers to participation include limited access to platforms, lack of resources, and sometimes cultural norms that don't prioritize youth voices. In many cases, the youth are not given equal opportunities to shape policies, which hinders the potential for meaningful engagement.

Actions to Address Barriers

To address these challenges, I believe creating more awareness about youth rights and participation opportunities is crucial. Providing accessible platforms, mentorship programs, and advocating for youth inclusion in policy-making are steps that could foster greater participation.

Reflection on RMSOS Framework

As per the RMSOS framework, I feel that my right to participate in decisions that affect me is respected, though at times it is limited by institutional barriers. Regarding the 'Means' element, I have access to some resources but often find information hard to obtain. Safe spaces to express ideas are rare but essential for fostering inclusive dialogue. Opportunities for me to shape projects are limited, yet through my involvement in initiatives, I see small openings for youth to influence change and lastly, I feel supported by peers and adults who share a commitment to fostering youth engagement.

Youth Conditions in South-Caucasus and Central Asia

Youth Conditions in Other Countries

Youth in South Caucasus and Central Asia

After I read the research reports on youth in South Caucasus and Central Asia, I was surprised by the complex and multifaceted experiences of young people in these regions. One major takeaway was the influence of political instability and economic challenges on youth. In South Caucasus, youth face significant hurdles in terms of access to quality education and employment opportunities. The lack of social mobility is particularly concerning, as it limits the potential for youth to influence the trajectory of their own futures. Despite these challenges, many young people are still actively seeking to shape their communities, whether through activism, entrepreneurship, or policy engagement.

Similarities and Differences in Challenges

Youth in both South Caucasus and Central Asia face obstacles such as high unemployment rates, limited access to higher education, and inadequate representation in decision-making bodies. However, the political context differs. I think in South Caucasus, young people seem to have a slightly greater ability to engage in policy-making through informal and formal channels, despite significant regional tensions. In Central Asia, youth tend to face more rigid structures and fewer opportunities to engage politically, especially when it comes to governmental policies. The experiences of youth in my own community share some similarities, particularly in terms of the struggle for job opportunities but youth in my context often benefit from more educational resources and platforms for engagement.

1.1 Reflection on Youth Participation

In my community and organization, youth participation is often seen as “being present,” rather than genuinely being involved in shaping decisions. Young people are invited to events and discussions, but most of the time it feels symbolic — like a box that needs to be ticked rather than an actual process where our opinions matter. There’s definitely a gap between being heard and being taken seriously.

One of the biggest barriers to youth participation in my local context is the lack of trust from decision-makers. Adults still often assume that young people aren’t experienced or mature enough to contribute meaningfully, which can be very discouraging. On top of that, many young people feel disconnected from political or civic processes because they’ve never been encouraged or shown how to participate effectively. The systems are not always youth-friendly or accessible.

To address these challenges, I believe the first step is awareness. I try to open up conversations with my peers about their rights and the value of participation. Also, as someone involved in youth organizations, I want to make sure we create spaces where participation isn’t just encouraged — it’s built into the process. That includes clear communication, giving real responsibilities, and making sure there’s follow-up and feedback when young people speak up.

1.2 Reflection on Preconditions

Right – I believe my right to participate is acknowledged in theory, but in practice, it often depends on who’s in the room. There are times when I’ve been part of discussions and my ideas were genuinely welcomed, but other times, it felt like youth input was just for show.

Means – Access to tools and information is getting better, especially through social media, but there’s still a knowledge gap. Not all young people know where or how to get involved. Information often stays in closed circles.

Space – Safe and welcoming spaces exist in youth NGOs and some informal groups, but they’re not widespread. School and government-led spaces don’t always feel open or youth-friendly — often, there’s a lot of formality and hierarchy.

Opportunity – I’ve had some chances to get involved in projects that matter to me, especially through volunteering and youth-led initiatives. But outside those circles, opportunities feel limited or are poorly communicated.

Support – Support varies. Some adults are amazing mentors, others can be dismissive. I think peer support is actually one of the strongest things we have right now — we help each other grow and speak up.

However, the level of state control or political pressure in some Central Asian countries seems much more intense than what I personally experience. The limitations on freedom of speech and activism in certain places really shocked me, especially when compared to my own country, where civic space — although shrinking — still exists. It reminded me not to take that for granted.

At the same time, I saw a lot of hope and creativity. Young people in both regions are finding ways to engage — through art, informal education, volunteering, and digital platforms. That resilience really resonated with me. It also made me realize how important regional cooperation is. We might face different levels of challenges, but the core issues — like unemployment, lack of trust in politics, and the need for better youth policies — are shared. That gives me hope that we can also work together to make things better.

In Tajikistan, we do have several agencies focused on youth, such as the Committee of Youth Affairs and Sport, which organizes many programs and projects. However, these efforts often lack real impact or efficiency. Although the structures exist, they sometimes function more as formalities than as platforms for real engagement. Despite this, it's important to recognize that the government has provided considerable support for youth initiatives in recent years, especially in the field of technology. Various IT-related projects led by young people have received both financial and organizational backing, which is a promising development.

The challenges faced by youth in other countries—such as unemployment, lack of access to quality education, or being excluded from decision-making—are quite similar to ours. However, in some contexts, there appears to be more space for youth agency and innovation. This comparison highlights both the progress we’ve made and the areas where more effort is needed to ensure young people are not just seen, but heard and empowered.

But even with this progress, I still run into the same roadblocks. The first one is stubborn: adults who call us “future leaders” but won’t let us lead right now. That attitude keeps us out of real decision-making spaces. Then there’s the problem with access—actual chances to talk to policymakers or get involved in organizations are rare, and most young people never hear about them. We’re not part of big-picture discussions, at least not by default. Finally, there’s the skills gap. Not everyone my age gets training in communication or advocacy, or learns how civic systems work. Without that, it’s hard to step up and participate in a way that actually counts.

How do we get past these hurdles? For one, we need spaces where older and younger people talk honestly—mentorship and intergenerational dialogue can start shifting those mindsets. Institutions also have to step up: create youth advisory boards, set up open consultations, and make sure calls for participation are out in the open. These should be built into the system, not just one-off events. Young people need real training, too—leadership, negotiation, project design—so they’re ready when those opportunities come. In my own work with the youth water community, we try to build this from the ground up. Students organize discussions, run projects, and put on events that make youth voices impossible to ignore.

In the end, it’s about moving past token gestures. Youth participation only matters when young people help shape the results—not just contribute, but steer the direction and share responsibility for what happens next.

Another thing that stuck with me: the way young people approach civic life. In the South Caucasus, youth seem more visible in civil society, pushing into debates about democracy and taking part in cultural projects. Central Asia feels different. There, youth participation gets steered more by the state or filtered through education—volunteering, entrepreneurship, innovation—less about open political debate. That contrast says a lot about the bigger political environment.

When I think about my own experience in Turkmenistan, I see both overlap and distance. The struggles are familiar: youth unemployment, spotty access to good education, digital divides, weak ways to actually participate in society. Across the board, young people feel unsure about the future and look for chances abroad, hoping for better jobs or schooling.

But there’s a clear difference in how youth get involved. In parts of the South Caucasus, activism and public discussion feel more open and direct. Where I am, participation usually gets channeled through official or academic routes—less grassroots, more top-down. Mobility programs are another gap. South Caucasus students travel more, joining European exchange schemes far more often than we do.

All in all, these readings make one thing clear: no matter the differences, young people in these regions want the same basic things—dignity, opportunity, a real voice. Recognizing those shared goals matters. It’s the first step if we’re ever going to build stronger connections and real dialogue.