Behavioral Theory by Lichele White & Brandy Mottley by Brandy Mottley

Pavlov

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 17:04:43 UTC

History of Behavioral Theory

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 19:49:16 UTC

Behavioral theories date back to Aristotle but classical behavior therapy can be credited to Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Edward L. Thorndike. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied salivatory responses in dogs. Pavlov’s study in early years focused on digestion of dogs and happened to notice that dogs would salivate before the presence of their food. When a bell was wrong the dogs would then began to drool. Pavlov he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. Pavlov’s research led to classical condition and continued research on conditioning. Pavlov work led to B. F. Skinner conducting research on operant conditioning and research assisted with studying reactions to environment (behavior) using scientific method. B. F. Skinner originally studied English and had a career as a novelist and read reading of Ivan Pavlov. Later Skinner graduated from Harvard’s Psychology Graduate Program. Skinner differed as he did not see behaviorism as a theory and argues that only science could predict behaviors. He believed that psychology could on be a scientific if it can show a relationship behavior and consequences. Skinner beliefs focused on reactions to environmental stimuli and behavior know as operant conditioning. Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber. He argued that Human free will was not true and was an illusion and human’s actions were a results of consequences from completing the action previously. He further argues if consequences for action was negative then action would not be done again. If the consequences was positive then the behavior was reinforced.

John B Watson is often referred to as the "father of Behaviorism" and focused on the behavior of a person and not their mental stability or emotions. According to goodtherapy.org, he believed a person's physical responses provided the only insight into internal actions. He spent much of his career applying his theories to the study of child development and early learning.

Why people become maladjusted based on Behavioral Theory

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 19:52:15 UTC

Behavior theorists argue that behavior are learned due to their sociocultural environment and their reaction to stimuli in that environment. Behavior, thinking, and emotions have been learned and can be unlearned. People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning.

How Behavioral Theory helps their clients get better

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 19:53:30 UTC

Behavior, thinking, and emotions have been learned and can be unlearned. Behavior-oriented therapy is geared toward helping people see their problems as learned behaviors that can be modified, without looking for unconscious motivations or hidden meanings. Further once behavior is changed, feelings will change as well. Goal of behavior therapy is increasing personal choice,and creating new conditions for learning. Behaviorists aim is to limit maladaptive behaviors while replacing with constructive patterns.

How Counselor's use Behavior Theory

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 19:55:21 UTC

Behaviorist assist their clients in making positive changes in behavior by building a solid relationship with their clients and using activities that teach positive behavior. They also model positive behavior and provide feedback to the clients they serve.

Techniques of Behavior Theory

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 19:55:56 UTC

Behavior therapists complete a functional analysis or a functional assessment that looks at four important areas: stimulus, organism, response and consequences.The stimulus is the condition or environmental trigger that causes behavior.An organism involves the internal responses of a person, like physiological responses, emotions and cognition.A response is the behavior that a person exhibits and the consequences are the result of the behavior. These four things are incorporated into an assessment done by the behavior therapist.

Behavior therapists also uses techniques specific to the clients' needs such as relaxation methods, role playing, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, guided practice, flooding and homework assignments.

Important Events in Behaviorism

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 20:09:32 UTC

1863 - Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the
Brain was published. Sechenov introduced the concept of inhibitory
responses in the central nervous system.

1900 - Ivan Pavlov began studying the salivary response
and other reflexes.

1913 - John Watson's Psychology as a Behaviorist Views
It was published. The article outlined many of the main points of
behaviorism.

1920 - Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the
famous "LittleAlbert" experiment.

1943 - Clark Hull's Principles of Behavior was
published.

1948 - B.F. Skinner published Walden II in
which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.

1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner's
behaviorism, "Review of Verbal Behavior."

1971 - B.F. Skinner published his book Beyond
Freedom and Dignity, in which he argued that free will is an illusion.

"The consequences of behavior determine the probability that the behavior will occur again" --B. F. Skinner

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 20:16:15 UTC

Skinner

mottleyba — 2014-09-29 22:54:01 UTC

Examples of how Behavioral Theory might benefit groups

mottleyba — 2014-09-30 01:41:45 UTC

- Examples of how this particular theory might benefit a specific group of clients (i.e., type of illness, grief, chronic pain, etc.)- As effective as drug treatment for depression, ADHD, and OCD.

- For children with behavior and emotional disorders

- Chronic pain-Depression- Anxiety-Panic disorders-Stress related behavior problems

- Chronic pain-Obesity- Marriage and family counseling

- Clients with some cognitive limitations.

Behavioral Theories approach to group counseling

mottleyba — 2014-09-30 02:12:13 UTC

Behavior theorists are active leaders that provide active leadership, instruction, and serve as group problem solvers. Leaders place responsibility of group members to have active role in group and outside of group. Teach skills through instruction, modeling’s, and performance feedback. Behaviorist spend ample amounts of time preparing members for group experience to reduce anxiety and decrease hesitations of group therapy. Behaviorist give group members homework and focus on displaying new learned behaviors outside of group therapy.

Watson

mottleyba — 2014-09-30 02:22:25 UTC

Resources

mottleyba — 2014-09-30 02:33:05 UTC

B. F. Skinner's Quotes. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from http://www.quotessays.com/b-f-skinner.html

Corey, M., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2014). Groups Process and Practice (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Gerig, M., & Gerig, M. (2014). Foundations for clinical mental health counseling: An introduction to the profession (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson.

Ivan Pavlov. (2014, September 26). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov

John B. Watson Intro. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from http://facweb.furman.edu/~einstein/watson/watson1.htm

Reinforcement Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIEt6TrjJXw

Use a Learning Theory: Behaviorism. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYDYzR-ZWRQ

What Was the Little Albert Experiment? (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2014, from http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm