Review - 250 Words (CRAAP Test)

Harvard Reference - Pa S., Shrestha U., Khatiwada S., Won Yoon S., and Kwon K. (2019) "The rise of Technology and Impact on Skills"

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14480220.2019.1629727

Article Review -

Title: The Rise of Technology and Impact on Skills

Published: 7th September, 2019

Author/s: Pa S., Shrestha U., Khatiwada S., Won Yoon S., and Kwon K.

The continuous changes to technology have heavily influenced the way we work over time due to new developments and the demand for more streamlined processes across industries. The rise of its popularity during the fourth industrial revolution has meant that many organisations have been forced to adapt. This article discusses how technology has evolved over time, and how this in turn affects the demand for work.  

Technology becoming the new norm across most working environments has had major effects on the supply and demand for work has been impacted.

The article discusses how the types of jobs and work required are changing due to automation, which is leading to many individuals fearing the displacement of jobs in the coming years. This is due to the evolution of technology in the workplace beginning to replace the need for certain tasks and activities to be carried out, which evidently reduces the need for employment in certain areas. Studies show that around 375 million employees will be forced to transition to new roles within alternate occupational categories, which will require employees to continuously learn new skills. 

This article is relevant to the research question as it views the ways in which technology has evolved, and what that means for people within roles affected by the automation of tasks. The need for new skills highlights the importance of a 'learning society', which is heavily mentioned throughout the article.  

A learning society enforces the need for people within employment to continuously meet the changing need for skills, and the encouragement towards the ability to learn by offering widened education. It is important for organisations to implement learning opportunities across stakeholders to ensure that the workforce is fit for the ever-changing needs. 

There are many benefits to this article. To begin with, the article uses a range of qualitative secondary research and examples to provide information for the arguments made. An example of the use of this is the comparison of two different sources, each suggesting different predictions for the risk for employment. This allows the reader to gain a wider understanding and allows the article to be unbiased in its statements. Another benefit of this article is its continuous consideration of the current state of the workforce, and how it needs to evolve to meet changing requirements. This is where the proposal for a new 'learning society' is suggested. This highlights the importance of further adaptation to learning and development strategies in working environments. Finally, the article is fairly backed up, being cited by up to 59 trusted references, from educated and knowledgeable backgrounds, which lends the article reliability. 

However, in juxtaposition to this, the article was posted in 2019, which means it is lacking in currency since the details within the article may be outdated and might have changed further since it was published, although I believe that the information provided is still fairly relevant to the evolution of technology in the workplace.

With the purpose of this article being to educate on the ever-changing needs of the workforces due to technology, the article informs us of this with in-depth details that are supported by examples and research, creating a trustworthy, factual and relevant article for the research question.

Harvard Reference for Article:

CIPD (2020) Workplace Technology: the employee experience. Available at https://www.cipd.org/uk/knowledge/reports/workplace-technology-employee/ (Accessed: 20 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

Technology is a key instigator of change, including that of our working lives. In a modern society, there is a growing focus on working life, and specifically the employee experience. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the adaptability of organisations, and the use of technology in an ever-changing world. 

The CIPD have highlighted that although automation is becoming more recognised across the workforce, the majority of UK employees do not believe that part or all of their job role could be taken over by automation. However, it is evident that automation is on the rise, and it may be seen as concerning that only around a quarter of individuals have received training to prepare for change. It could be argued that there is potentially a facade present in the workforce, with worry and fear present over the potential impact of technology. It is advised that people professionals act as advocates of change and promote employee voice to attempt to mitigate any people-related impacts. 

Although published in 2020, this article provides current statistics and findings of the impact of technology on the previous COVID-19 pandemic, providing future suggestions that are relevant today. With COVID-19 being such a pivotal player in workplace change, this source provides real insight into the employee opinion and suggested solutions from a professional body. 

Investigating the impact of technology on employee experience, the article provides the clearest and most relevant information out of a range of sources, presenting specific findings and statistics of the impact of technology on the UK workforce, providing insight and recommendation to those who are interested in the professional body. The findings relate to the research question, providing arguably the most valued opinion of all in the workplace, that of the employee. 

Written by the Head of Research at the professional body which has set the benchmark for over 100 years, alongside an Independent Research Consultant, the article contains reliable research from an independent panel of around 2,000 UK employees prior to the pandemic, and contrasts to a further research panel developed after COVID-19 to review the changes to the world of work. With no grammatical errors and the provision of evidence-based practical advice, the CIPD look at the topic from both the lens of an employee and employer, limiting potential bias between both parties. However, being the professional body for championing better working lives, it needs to be considered that there may be some potential bias in the wording and presentation of data, with the aim of being able to show areas for improvement and suggestion for workplaces in the UK. Upon looking at the research fundings, it provides confidence that the evidence is comparative across other sources, and is taken first-hand. As a credible and prominent professional body, it is clear that from thorough review, the findings are free from bias and opinion.

With the purpose of providing clarity of results and suggestion for improvement the article provides evidence-based factual findings and utilises years of people profession research to propose future recommendations.

Harvard Reference for Article:

Deshpande, A., Kaur, R., Jain, S., Kumar Dokania, N., Singh, R. (2022) 'Impact of Technology on Human Resource during Covid-19', Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communication (ICICC) 2022. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4136844 (Accessed: 30 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:
Technology has changed the workplace in many ways, including the Human Resource Management functions across the globe. It has changed the function already in a number of ways, including the ways in which it communicates with its employees, the ways it stores employee data and also the way it evaluates employee performance.

When implemented effectively, it is explained that technology can aid the efficiency of HR processes, making the lives of people professionals easier. Specifically, improvements can be found in recruitment, systems and training, however the source mentions that AI does have the ability to outsmart human brains so can be doubted by some businesses, but should not be overlooked.

Published relatively recently in 2022, the source provides current findings and academic opinion on the impact of technology on a specific business function; a function that can be seen as the enablers of change within organisations. The paper shows that AI can have a positive impact on business tasks that are relatively processed based, as AI is capable of adapting itself to carry out routine activities. Relating to the research question, this highlights that AI can positively affect the world of work and employment, streamlining processes and procedures.

Providing insight into technological changes within the people profession, the source portrays that AI can have a positive influence on many areas of an organisation, including HR, with many areas outlined in the paper. The source uses clear and concise language, elaborating on in-depth impacts and the associated positive and negative impacts. With the source having objectives of providing findings on the impact of COVID-19, technological advancements and AI on Human Resource Management, the source is extremely relevant to the group research question and my specialist area.

Written by multiple professors in collaboration and peer review, the paper presents as a strong and credible source provided by academics who have referenced their research. Although the paper is not UK based, it references that the research highlights that the findings are consistent within HR departments across the world. The paper also outlines contact details of the academics, along with their background information, providing credibility to their work.

The information presented is based on research carried out by the writers, with full references provided within the paper. However, a drawback of the paper is that as the findings are not based on evidence like the other sources, it is only indicative and suggestive, and not potentially factual. Potentially, the source could contain some misinformation, however, this is largely limited as it is based on academic, referenced research. Therefore, the source provides well reasoned, reviewed academic findings that are credible. For further credibility, the information contained should be cross checked to other sources; many of which are in consensus. The language used appears unbiased, and contains no grammatical errors.

With the intention to present academic research, the source provides clear purpose, outlining its objectives, abstract and research methodology, further highlighting its suggestive but academically reasoned nature.

Harvard Reference for Article:

Winter, E., Costello, A., O'Brien, M., Grainne,H. (2021) 'Teachers’ use of technology and the impact of Covid-19', Irish Educational Studies, 40(2), pp. 235-236. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.1916559 (Accessed: 30 October 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted many areas, including posing a considerable impact on the education sector and the work carried out by teaching professionals. With the forced lockdown of schools and the transition to online learning, this sector is able to shine a light onto fast-paced technological change within the workplace.

It highlighted that if schools, staff and students do not have the required equipment or technological skills, learning and working is not feasible, meaning employment must ultimately come to an end. It is shown that influence of the use of technology is dependant on other factors such as experience of other teaching staff, availability of equipment and training. It is clear that technology use has increased, and proper engagement from parents, schools themselves and staff in terms of equipment, support and delivery is key to its success in the workplace.

Published in 2021, the journal provides up to date, current research findings from a range of credible educational based research sources such as primary research of schools in Ireland, carried out during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Presented as academic research, the source relates to the sub topic as it highlights that without technology, education and associated employment around the globe would have been unable to take place, or would have been considerably limited. It also provides insight from multiple levels of the education system from nursery to secondary, showing that technology can support change at all ages, abilities and levels within a sector. It could be argued the the source focuses strongly on education as opposed to changes to employment, however, through the findings it is shown the level at which technology was prominent to employment in the pandemic as it enabled teaching professionals to carry out their day-to-day work.

Compiled by qualified academic researchers, the source provides a large sense of authority, being published as part of the book 'Irish Educational Studies', which suggests it has undergone a peer-review process. Although not UK based research, other findings show that this source provides a consensus to UK based material, which is still relevant to the research question.

With the primary research and findings being presented by academics to educate the impacts of technology to teaching in COVID-19, the source provides an account of the experience felt by the teaching sector in Ireland based on first hand evidence, and is also backed by primary research and academic findings. Written in an unbiased tone with no grammatical errors, the source is relatively free from bias, except that it is difficult to understand the views of its evidence base and their political views at the time undertaken.

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Test)

Harvard Reference - Manokha, I. (2020) ‘Covid-19: Teleworking, Surveillance and 24/7 Work. Reflection on the Expected Growth of Remote Work After the Pandemic’

https://brill.com/view/journals/pari/1/2/article-p273_273.xml

Article Review:

Title: Covid-19: Teleworking, Surveillance and 24/7 Work. Reflection on the Expected Growth of Remote Work After the Pandemic

Published: 18th of December 2020

Author/s: Manokha I.

As a result of the recent Covid-19 pandemic, we have been faced with drastic changes within all areas of life, especially when it comes to the way we work. As a result of the unforeseen circumstances due to the global lockdown, many organisations across the world were forced to adapt to the lockdown rules - in order to still operate efficiently and in accordance with the government's implementations. This promptly led to the familiarisation of remote-working. The overall affects of the Lockdown have demonstrated the ways in which an organisation is required to adapt and innovate to remain in business and maintain an efficient and safe working environment.

This article discusses the way that the pandemic has affected various business sectors, and how this will further impact organisations post-pandemic. The topic of Manokha's article has clearly risen in relevance over these past few years, as a result of the pandemic and how the nature of work has drastically changed, and is relevant to the research question, discussing ways in which technology has had an impact on these changes.

The purpose of this article is to help us understand how technology was able to aid in these adaptations, the advantages and disadvantages of this for employees and employers, and what this now means for the post-pandemic working environments.

Manokha informs us about the need for the introduction of remote working across various sectors, followed by the different ways employees are expected to work from home. For example, formal and informal remote working. This is followed by the advantages and disadvantages of these types of working, and how it is likely to affect an employee's well-being. Although it is suggested that overall remote working, especially formal working provides more freedom and personal time to the employee, we are informed of the need for stricter surveillance, typically used for a formal remote-working employee. This is used by the manager in order to monitor the employee's hours and work completed on the clock (Taylorism). This has shown a decrease in efficiency for employees as many employees are suffering from a lack of boundaries between working and personal lives, which is also evident for informal remote working employees, who typically feel pressured to work based on demand at work, regardless of their set and paid working hours, although these employees are monitored less based on activity and more on work completed.

One key strength of this article is the use of varied arguments. Mankhoa often discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each point, leading to reasoned and unbiased conclusions. There are many insights on the ways in which an individual may be affected by the changes within the working environment. Another benefit of this article is the occasional references to theorists, such as Marx and Taylorism throughout, for example, when discussing the surveillance introduced to monitor employee's engagement. This helps provide a better understanding of the topic, and provides context, giving us a better understanding of the effects of this on the operations and employer and employee, and also helps us to understand the importance of providing an employee with personal privacy about well-being. Finally, the estimated expectations for the future of remote work give us an insight into what can be expected going forward.

In juxtaposition to this, the article demonstrates some disadvantages. I noticed that there was a lack of consideration for sectors that do not have easy access to transferring working operations remotely, and the affects of this, as well as a lack of mention for the disadvantages imposed on the organisations having to transition to remote work. Finally, there is limited use of sampling used throughout this article, as it is mostly focused on referenced research, which limits the validity of this article.

Overall, Manokha I.'s Article is fairly reliable, using a wide variety of references from many different sources, with over 30 citations. Although the article was published in 2020, the points throughout remain relevant, highlighting the change from pre-pandemic, to how we are expected to operate post-pandemic. This article features a variety of examples, supported by relevant, current, and trusted references, each listed throughout, ensuring its accuracy. The article is published on an international acedemic publishing site, showing that it is a reliable source of information.

Ivan Manokha is a lecturer at Oxford University, specialising in international political economy. He has been in this position from 2016, to the present. Manokha holds a Ph.D. in International relations from Sussex University, all of which lends authority to this article.

In conclusion, the author has effectively reached the purpose of this article, using a variety of points and examples to educate on the impact that Covid-19 had on business, and how this led to the implementation of remote work as the new norm, strengthening arguments with advantages and disadvantages of its impact on organisations and employees.

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2043925

Harvard Reference: Hannah A. Berkers, Sonja Rispens & Pascale M. Le Blanc (2023) The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34:9, 1852-1875

Review:

Title: The role of robotization in work design: a comparative case study among logistic warehouses

Authors: Hannah A. Berkers, Sonja Rispens and Pascale M. Le Blanc

Robotisation has both positive and negative effects on the work design of order pickers. On the positive side, robotisation reduces physical and cognitive demands for order pickers. However, there are also negative effects. The implementation of robots often leads to a reduction in the amount and variety of tasks handled by order pickers. This simplifies the work and makes it more monotonous. Additionally, the reduction in tasks is rarely compensated with new tasks. Overall, the consequences of robotisation for work design depend on the choices made by organisational stakeholders.

The strengths of this article include its comparative case study approach, which allows for a detailed analysis of different approaches to robotisation and work design in logistic warehouses. The use of interviews with managers and observations of employees provides rich qualitative data for analysis. The study also discusses the impact of robotisation on the quality of work for employees, which is an important aspect to consider.

However, there are also some weaknesses in this article. One weakness is that the study only focuses on a specific context of logistic warehouses, which may limit the ability to generalise the findings to other industries or settings. Additionally, the study does not examine changes over time, so causal inferences cannot be made.

The reliability of this article is evident as it was published in a reputable academic journal, which suggests that it has undergone a rigorous peer-review process. Additionally, the article includes references to other scholarly works, indicating that the authors have engaged with existing research in the field. The recency of the article states it was published online on the 1st of March 2022, making it more up-to-date and relevant. The relevance of the article is to examine the role of robotisation in work design in logistic warehouses. It focuses on the approaches taken by organisational stakeholders to implement robots and the impact of robotisation on the work design of order pickers and order packers. The study involves interviews with managers and observations of employees at work. The findings highlight the different approaches to robotisation and work design among warehouses, as well as the effects on the quality of work for employees.

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/10245294221107489

Harvard Reference: Szalavetz, A. (2023). Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work. Competition & Change, 27(2), 277-301.

Review:

Title: Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work

Author: Andrea Szalavetz

Digitalisation has a significant impact on work intensity. According to the article, the implementation of digital technologies has led to an increase in work intensity. This is because the implementation of digital technologies requires a reorganisation of work processes. The study also highlights that digital technology implementation simplifies work and increases routine on the shop floor. However, managers have the ability to direct the impact of digital technology implementation towards enrichment by redesigning work flows to allow employees to perform more varied, higher value, and more interesting work tasks.

The strengths of the article include its use of qualitative techniques to explore the impact of digital technologies on shop-floor work, its integration of labour economics, technology assessment and industrial sociology.

However, the article has some weaknesses. For example, it has a small sample size and a bias towards managerial perspectives, with frontline workers and trade unions being underrepresented. There are also weaknesses in terms of the number of interviews, industries, and shop-floor functions that were included in the article

The purpose of the article is to explore the impact of digital technologies on shop-floor work, focusing on changes in work intensity, standardisation of tasks, and the nature of work practices. The authority of the article is supported by the use of qualitative research methods, including interviews with managers, operators, trade union representatives, and experts, as well as other sources of data. The accuracy of the article is limited by a small sample size, bias towards managerial perspectives, and underrepresentation of frontline workers and trade unions. The article's currency and relevance are emphasised by the acknowledgement of the need for long-term research and broader investigation of technology types and adoption contexts.

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7644359

Harvard Reference: A.Shaji George, A.S.Hovan George and A.S.Gabrio Martin (2023) ‘A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors’, Partners Universal International Innovation Journal (PUIIJ), 01(01), pp. 9–23.

Review:

Title: A Review of ChatGPT AI's Impact on Several Business Sectors

Authors: A.Shaji George, A.S.Hovan George and A.S Gabrio Martin

ChatGPT has a wide range of uses across various industries. For example, education, finance, customer support, or healthcare. It is a valuable tool for businesses, as it can help them understand customer needs, make tailored solutions, and gather real-time data for strategic planning. Overall, ChatGPT is a versatile technology that can revolutionise various aspects of communication and problem-solving.

The strengths of the article include providing a comprehensive overview of ChatGPT and its potential benefits in various sectors. It also discusses the advancements in AI and the use of ChatGPT in improving user experience, reducing expenses, and increasing productivity.

As for weaknesses, the article mentions that ChatGPT has difficulty with tough or strange situations and lacks contextual understanding. It also states that the AI model is mostly trained on data up to 2021, so newer events may still need to be found by ChatGPT. Additionally, the accuracy of AI models in general may be questionable since they are still in development.

The recency of the article is indicated by the publication date, which is January-February 2023. This suggests that the article is relatively recent and therefore up-to-date. As for the reliability and relevance of the article, it is important to note that the document is from the Partners Universal International Innovation Journal (PUIIJ), an international publisher. Therefore, the credibility of the article is evident, as it is a scholarly journal that publishes peer-reviewed journals and research articles. Additionally, the presence of citations and references indicates that the article includes references to support the information provided. These references can enhance the reliability and relevance of the article.

Student Number: 30092157

URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2020-0850

Harvard Reference: Adisa, T.A., Ogbonnaya, C. and Adekoya, O.D.(2023), "Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic", Information Technology & People, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1835-1850.

Review:

Title: Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic

Authors: Toyin Ajibade Adisa, Chidiebere Ogbonnaya and Olatunji David Adekoya

Remote working can have both positive and negative impacts on employee engagement. On the positive side, remote working offers flexibility for employees to work from anywhere and at any time, allowing them to have a better work-life balance. It also helps employees save on travel costs and reduces time spent commuting. However, there are limitations and challenges associated with remote working. These include poor communication among teams, more distractions, reduced work motivation, data security problems, and difficulty in monitoring performance. Additionally, working from home during the Covid-19 pandemic has been associated with social isolation, long working hours, and conflicting work-family demands, which can impact employees mental health and well-being.

The strengths of the article include its valuable insights on how remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic inhibits employee engagement. It also provides a rich qualitative analysis of the experiences of the participants.

However, there are also weaknesses to consider. One weakness is the small sample size, which may affect the ability to generalise the findings. Additionally, the use of virtual platforms for conducting interviews may have impacted the research.

In terms of currency, the study includes references from 2011 to 2020, indicating that it covers recent research on the topic. The relevance of the article lies in its focus on remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic, which is a timely and important topic. The authority of the article is supported by the references to various academic journals and authors in the field of organisational psychology and work engagement. The accuracy of the article is ensured through the use of qualitative analysis, to analyse the interview data. The purpose of the article is to provide insights into the impact of remote working on employee engagement and to emphasise the importance of providing resources and support for effective remote work. The recency of the article can be determined as the article was published in 2020, which makes it relatively new and reflects current insights on remote working during the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, the reliability of the article is evident as it includes references to other reputable studies and academic sources, such as the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology and the Journal of Risk Research, which adds to its reliability. Additionally, the relevance of the article directly addresses the topic of employee engagement during the Covid-19 lockdown, making it highly relevant.

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Reference list:

https://pub.towardsai.net/the-rise-of-automation-how-it-is-impacting-the-job-market-e8a6c7d5e6e3

Author: AlishaS

Article Review:

Throughout the change of technology and ways to work, there has been a huge impact of how work forces have used technology to influence the way they operate. This includes factors such as automation instead of man made items. This impacts on employees, as robots in a workplace could be more suited by the company to get tasks completed, as it might show different adaptations to work favouring the businesses desires.

This article has informed us about the growth of technology and how it is becoming more significant to jobs with automation on the rise in businesses work life and day to day jobs. This has shown fear through employees as the hunt for jobs has proven to become harder as automation has become more favourable around the world. This is due to robots having no human error which means they are less likely to carry out mistakes, as well as this machinery clearly does not have to be paid a wage or salary which will benefit a business long term. However, research that has been done about automation in a workforce has shown that machinery will need checks and may need repairs so often to give the business clarification that the machinery they are using is up to standards and reliable. With the rise of automation in recent years across many industries, the most impacted ones are manufacturing and retail creating concern to workers. Many companies also may favour automation as it may increase productivity, efficiency and quality, although it could affect the job industry and economy. This is due to job replacement and the dependence on technology. 

With the article published on February 15th 2022, it suggests benefits and disadvantages on automation and findings of what impacts it has on a business day to day. Furthermore it shows conclusions of the impacts it can have on economies. It also shows solutions around technology by specific training to individuals to overcome automation to peoples specifications. This shows relevance to day to day business work and provides insights into experiences of technology taking over a work place.

While researching the article, it shows information about the benefits of automation while also identifying the drawbacks of automation showing clear evidence of how an economy can be affected by an increase in technology such as automation and how people can work around this by training and finding different solutions through their own experience.

An example of Automation in an industry, is manufacturing. This can be due to robotic made products being more liked by the company due to better production and the reduction of wages in a workforce. This also helps a business as robots can be programmed to do certain tasks and almost De-skill a task which then it does not need training which humans will need, which may cost the business money.

The article is written by a published author by the name of AlishaS who is an established writer and reviews many articles about technology, where she has posted on established websites such as Medium. The Medium goes through a process of showing correct information about topics and has employed many writers and journalists to prove correct information and statistics. The article here shows us the reason of the rise of technology and automation in different types of industries showing greater benefits to a company than man made products. Another reason that states technology has improved a company is how it can satisfy customers due to productivity due to better and more efficient process. I agree with the decision for businesses using technology and automation as it also keeps satisfied customers which will make them come back and become loyal customers.

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Reference list:

https://www.edweek.org/technology/how-tech-driven-teaching-strategies-have-changed-during-the-pandemic/2022/04

Author: Benjamin Herold

Article Review:

Within this article it shows clear cases of the benefits of technology during COVID-19, by making factors such as communication between teachers and students much easier and by publishing tasks to be completed. This article also shows clear solutions to problems through out the Pandemic and the impact of safer technology it had on risks that were highlighted by teachers at the time.

The article shows strengths of the solutions teachers used to help students make a positive outcome of the pandemic and aloud them to grow with a different type of education with different experiences on learning specific topics. Within the 2 year period of the Pandemic, a survey was taken out to provide an insight to how technology had improved teachers and students knowledge. The survey provided stats to show the beneficial impact it had on the education to technology for the teachers and students as it gave them a better understanding towards software programmes, management systems and Supplementing core curriculum with online websites and programmes. With students picking up key abilities by using technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic, this will be beneficial to them in future work experiences. This is due to the rise of technology in the workplace and it being a key factor to a day to day working business. Furthermore, due to the experiences picked up with technology, young students may not have to go specific training courses to meet a required skill level that a company requires from an individual. As of the situation of the Pandemic, it is now shown that most teacher would rather use technology, as one of the articles strengths is shown by using a graph to show the percentage of teachers who would rather and frequently use technology.

Although, the article may show a bias, as some perspectives in the articles come from teachers who may have only enjoyed using technology within their jobs and may have been their role to introduce further education in this type of way.

As we research the article, the purpose is to show the impact of technology in school, and on the teachers and students. It also focuses on the changes of learning and the impact of how different students adapt to different experiences. Through the article, we also clearly see the impacts it has had on future experiences for students, as they will have a better understanding on technology and programmes which could be beneficial in jobs. This is due to the rise of technology and the skill required to use technology new skills are being made through the use of technology.

Although with the rise of technology and due to teachers and students consistently using technology throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic, Teachers have let out opinions of how it can confuse people who are trying to get involved with online based learning as IT skills may not be up to date. This occurs as a problem as work and learning materials might become inaccurate and also cause messiness which could become frustrated and hard to overcome.

With the article being published on April 14th 2022, it gives an overall insight of how COVID-19 really impacted the economy and the different ways to work. The author Benjamin Herold also being a published writer also creates the security to the information shown with the website Education Week having a strong background to having reliable sources and information.

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Reference;

Impact of Technology on the Retail Industry | Ollen Group

Author: Jules Helou

Article Review:

With the rise of more and more ways technology can be used in Retail, we have seen many ways it has already be utilised in a positive way for companies. Factors that have driven technology in retail are things such as self checkout and online shopping, improving efficiency and meeting flexible customer needs. Therefore, this increases ways to satisfy customers and ways for them to shop. Although, certain jobs have had a reduction, Technology has opened a different range of job opportunities increasing confidents for employers by more IT skill based jobs opening up. Although, this may come with training for some individuals who may not have had big IT up bringing's or experience in IT and may lack the confidence that some users may have. As well as, businesses are able to add online assistance to companies and offer a reliable policy for them to follows with information on their websites to unsure customers of valid product and safety for their history with the company. With companies being able to add online assistance through employees working from home or AI assistance built into their programmes offers the support if needed to customers and a company can rely on employees from home with flexible working hours which will satisfy them, however a wage or salary will then still have to be payed. Although, if a company decides to have AI assistance for online shopping websites, it allows them to have 24 hour assistance with no wage or salary needing to be payed, however some questions asked by customers may not be answered accurately or correctly with AI information provided.

However, not all is good with the rise of technology. The economy has taken a missive step back with jobs being available for employees to get hand off. This is because more retail factors are now being held online with customers also preferring to use online shopping with a rise of 55% of recent years with customers using the internet to shop more flexible. With more and more jobs not being available this has seen a massive addition to the workforce with shop floors almost being empty of staff and staff to help customers who prefer to shop in hand. With bigger companies who are known world wide and are Multinational, smaller and local shops have also been effected by this massive change in technology. This is because bigger businesses are adapting quicker or are able to adapt to future change suiting customer needs and satisfying them. As smaller companies and local shops look for solutions the increase of risk and problems overload with them not having the funds to try new things out and keep up with the economy and market. This then provides inconveniences in smaller workplaces not being able to expand in the present and also within the future demands. With Retailers using different ways to utilise technology with online shopping, big outlets have also suffered with the reduction f shops they have. This is due to not many customers actually going to the store and big name companies realising the usefulness of closing down certain stores instead of having them open. This is because this reduces costs for the business not leaving them opened as they will save money for stock, wages and bills. Again, we can see the drawback of job reduction due to online shopping.

Advertising for companies has also had a big upcoming with more and more advantages of online advertising. This can be seen by advertising on certain apps called Instagram, TikTok etc. It is statically proven that more people have taken notice of online adds and have engaged with applications. This is a huge advantage to companies as more people may become lovers of their products as of the new attractive way to engage with them with surveys and free items online. Businesses can then also make more money through online advertisement and shopping due to more customers to target and being able to access their unique products more easily. Profits then can be invested back into the business to overtake rivals or bring out new products to keep customers satisfied and meet their wants and needs.

As this Article written by Jules Helou was published in September 7th, 2022, we are to get a better understanding to the information given to us and it will have reliable information and data as it has also seen the outcome of technology through recent years within retail and different stages of it due to automation and the COVID-19 Pandemic. The website and writer is also a proven source of information with many articles related to the change of work through technology and the writer with experience with many different article websites with proven stats and data within his writing.

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Review)

Harvard Reference - Shaukat K, Iqbal F, Alam T. M, Aujla G. K, Devnath L, et al. (2020) “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities”

https://www.peertechzpublications.org/articles/TCSIT-5-122.php

Article Review -

Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Future Employment Opportunities

Published: 15th of September 2020

Author/s: Shaukat K, Iqbal F, Alam T. M, Aujla G. K, Devnath L, Khan G. K., Iqbal R., Shahzadi I., and Rubab A.

Over the years, the rise in the use of technology within workplaces has majorly increased, and in many ways has made the work we do much more efficient and simpler. As a whole, the introduction of technology, such as robots and AI has seen many impacts on the nature of work. The purpose of this article is to understand the how this technology has been implemented in working environments, and how this has and will affect the future of work and employment opportunities.

The author discusses the many advantages to the implementation of robotisation and artificial intelligence in the workplace, such as the streamlining of tasks, allowing for tasks to be completed more efficiently, with fewer steps and less need for human interference. This of course means that the demand for human employees will become less needed. The article offers the reader some research findings, stating that robots of the future will be employed within over 3.5 billion jobs, obviously limiting job opportunities for humans, and states that it is predicted that by the year 2025, there will be no need for care employees as robots will have the ability to perform all duties alone.

Due to the innovation of robots and AI, they now take on many roles within the workplace, for example, factories and offices, some even equipped with life-saving capabilities. Throughout the author's statements, it is clear that the use of robot-human interaction is becoming more popular due to the fact that a robot can be controlled and made to carry out various tasks. Based on research conducted, respondents stated that they fear for the safety of their employment, and feel as though they will be out of their professions by the year 2025. Many individuals are now being forced to spend more time being trained to use these technologies as this is likely where most of the expertise will be required by the time that robots and AI gain the intelligence to conduct most day-to-day tasks and communications, with over 80% of people stating that these skillsets are more important nowadays than other basic skillsets.

The strength of this article includes its clear aim at educating people on the new technology that is over time, becoming the new normal, and how this is likely to impact the nature of work and its future. The article is easy to read and has lots of accessible information, written in a well structured format, including the use of a vast variety of references, which helps in adding credibility to its statement. The article has over 20 citations, with each having a range of expertise in the area and a widened knowledge of the subject, providing an accurate and widened understanding to the topic lending towards an unbiased opinion. Additionally, there is a use of qualitative and quantitative research in this article to gain a more in-depth understanding and allows us to see data to back up the points made, as well as research and survey results from individuals affected by these changes. Lastly, there are many key points discussed relevant to the topic, for example how employment is changing and how technology is reshaping the way we work, the rise of more sociable jobs, and alternative working arrangements as a result of the introduction of AI and robotics.

On the other hand, there are also a few limitations to this article. Firstly, the article is fairly recent, being published in 2020, however, due to the rapid changes to AI and robotics seen each day, the article could likely be outdated quickly and may not cover innovations and affects this topic has today. Finally, there is limited discussion on how organisations have had to adapt to the ever-growing demand for technology-based practices.

The topic of this article is relevant to the research question, as it discusses the advancement of technology within the workplace, and how this is leading to worries of limited job opportunities. It provides the reader with an overview understanding of the impacts caused by technology. Furthermore, the Author's of this article have different strong educational backgrounds with degrees, each from different areas of expertise which give a well-rounded opinion and insight on the impacts of robots and AI in the workplace, which lends to an unbiased opinion.

To sum this article review up, the authors have compiled research methods, examples and statistics on how robotisation and artificial intelligence have evolved over time and changes the nature of the modern workforce.

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Reference list:

https://www.health.org.uk/publications/nhs-at-70-what-will-new-technology-mean-for-the-nhs-and-its-patients?psafe_param=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwkY2qBhBDEiwAoQXK5Qcial7ePtfHr

Author: Sophie Castle-Clarke

Article Review:

The advancements of Technology has had a significant effect in many positives way towards Businesses and can benefit ones that utilise the new capacity of new technology, with the never ending factors it can offer. Such as the NHS they have funded new ways to use Technology and have already started many projects to benefit their patients and have shown dozens of positives to patients who need support. This is because of the funding and risk the NHS has put into evolving new technology and the process they believe in which is paying out for them. Technology has also offered many other opportunities to the NHS and has provided staff different working experiences to help them enjoy their jobs and work with confidence. Throughout the advancement of Technology, it has helped NHS in areas such as Genomics and Precision Medicine which is creating better and more accurate decisions being made.

With new Technology brining greater advantages to the NHS, it has also boosted confidence of their patients with loads of positive feedback been given to Nurses and Doctors. Another advantage that effects NHS staff is that it can be more efficient as they are able to use the internet on Technology devices to input data and information. This is also good as all data sources will all be in one place and easily found which can make it more enjoyable and easier to use. Although, Data might not be inputted right and therefore data may have some mistakes and errors as it may be too rushed to be put into the system. This then can cause inaccurate data being used and not been used effectively. In the Article it has also been stated that Technology can drive the NHS to also save money, as this is good due to the NHS poor track recording to save money over the past few years. This helps the NHS save money as it will help them keep record of feasibility and assessing different benefits and challenges that may occur to them. The money that then may be saved by the NHS can be funded back into different areas and sections in the industry and make more of an impact into new and more advanced Technology that they can develop.

The article strength show the gratefulness from patient's towards the NHS because of their advancement in technology and they start show appreciation and are supporting the ideas that are being made. More patients are also up to online meetings and appointments with their GPS, which creates flexibility working experiences for Nurses and Doctors which could then motivate them in work.

With the Article having a reliable source of information due to its reliable writers information and data gathered here can be a good source of education help.

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/1/294#

Harvard Reference:

Babapour Chafi, M., Hultberg, A. and Bozic Yams, N. (2022) ‘Post-Pandemic Office Work: Perceived Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Work Environment’, Sustainability 14 (1), 294

Review:

Title: Post-Pandemic Office Work: Perceived Challenges and Opportunities for a Sustainable Work Environment

Authors: Maral Babapour Chafi, Annemarie Hultberg and Nina Bozic Yams

This article discusses the changes made to the ways of working caused by COVID-19 and how businesses had to learn to adapt to the new working styles of remote and hybrid working. The purpose of this article is to discuss the potential needs and challenges faced by businesses to create a sustainable and productive working environment in the future.

The article was published in December 2021 making it relatively up to date. Furthermore, the data analysed in the article is taken from primary research conducted by the authors which suggests that the information may be credible. This is because the results were formed from 53 participants from external sources who share their unbiased opinions on the questions asked. This could be seen as a strength of the article demonstrated by the authenticity of the findings. However, this could also be seen as a weakness because it poses a risk that the results could have been manipulated to support the authors theories.

Moreover, the authors of this article are all experienced in different fields which allows the article to have varied perspectives. This is a strength suggesting that the article may be more reliable and the information provided may be factually correct. Another strength of the article is the knowledge insight into the impacts that remote working had on different individuals and how they felt it affected them and their working styles.  Overall, the article shows how technology has changed the nature of work and how businesses have adjusted to hybrid working conditions for their employees. Therefore, the credibility of the article is justified by the primary research gathered which helped to produce an unbiased perspective. The authors have a variety of qualifications giving confidence that the article is filled with knowledge facts which increases the articles authenticity.

Harvard Reference for Article:

Smith, A. (2023) 'I had to lay off almost 100 staff members because of AI'. Interview by Richard Morgan for ITV News, 1 November, available at https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2023-11-01/i-had-to-lay-off-almost-100-staff-members-because-of-ai (Accessed: 2 November 2023).

Article Review/Reflection:

Artificial Intelligence does not only pose a risk to society and employment around the world, but also here in Wales. The interview carried out by ITV News of a Welsh business owner shows a first-hand perspective of how AI can impact SME's and their workforces, and the devastating result it can have, including 100 people loosing their employment. 

The interview mentions the swift impact AI can have, with 70 to 80% of the businesses content being taken away in an extremely short period of time. The source references follow up comments from the Welsh Government, including that we need to accept that jobs may change, and that AI should replace the jobs that people do not want. For the 100 employees that now face unemployment, this may highlight a difference in opinion in a challenging labour market. The article shows the negative impacts of artificial intelligence, but is also able to provide contrast in presenting the positive impacts from AI advanced businesses.

Published extremely recently in the past week, the interview published by ITV News contains the words of a Welsh business owner with first-hand experience. By being so current, the interview provides great insight into the issues faced by Artificial Intelligence in today's working world. 

The interview, being shown via television and online news formats, presents information to the public and provides strong relation to the research question. The findings are relevant, presenting opinion from those working in the private sector, government officials and those business owners affected by AI in both positive and negative ways, providing contrast. The source also clearly presents opinions from a large data set of the UK public, highlighting that the majority of the UK workforce are nervous of AI.

ITV News as a broadcaster is seen to be relatively bias free, with a slight right-center bias based on some language used according to various research panels. However, many online sources show that ITV News are now seen as one of the most unbiased and trusted news sources in the UK. The article provides balance between parties, providing viewpoints from those positively and negatively affected. The article does not use any biased language, presenting the comments of those interviewed as direct speech, enhancing the sources credibility. However, it is not possible to fully evaluate the bias of the interviewee, or the research subjects in the study. In relation to other sources, this article is able to provide the most recent and transparent findings that are most useful to the research question.

The information discussed is reinforced not only by personal experience but also by primary research evidence of a large data set. With the intention to inform the public, the article contains a large amount of personal experience, and some opinion from those interviewed, so this will need to be considered when using the information provided by the source. However, it is largely bias free, and is the most recent and relevant source that provides this viewpoint in relation to the group research question.

Name: Chloe Pepper

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296320303647

Harvard Reference: Sheth, J. (2020) ‘Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behaviour: Will the old habits return or die?’ Journal of Business Research 117, 280-283

Review:

Title: Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behaviour: Will the old habits return or die?

Author: Jagdish Sheth

COVID-19 impacted the way we shopped resulting in many people using click and collect or delivery services to get their weekly shopping rather than physically going to shops. Overtime, this became a more convenient way of shopping, saving people time and effort when buying their weekly essentials. The advances in technology have encouraged people to use delivery methods instead of going out to physical shops.

A weakness of the article is that it was published in 2020. The article discusses the current situation of COVID in the time it was written and not looking at the future such as the world we live in now and the adjustments to our shopping habits. Therefore, the article is out of date and the information provided is not completely relevant to our current climate.

Furthermore, the authenticity of the article is demonstrated by the author who has published more than 300 research papers and more than 30 books on various topics. This implies that the author is a knowledgeable and experienced writer. However, because the article was only published by one author, this could create a bias as only one viewpoint is shared which may affect the credibility of the article.

The article was taken from a well-known website which includes over 4,000 journal articles. This is a strength, indicating that it has come from a reliable source so the information in the article could be more authentic.

The purpose of the article is to educate people on the impact that COVID had on consumer behaviour and the different consumption habits that stemmed from COVID. The article gives an in-depth explanation of consumer habits collected from a reliable source suggesting that overall, the article has credibility.

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67302048

Harvard Reference:

Musk, E. (2023) ‘AI will put an end to work’ Interview by Rishi Sunak for BBC News, 3 November

Review:

Title: Elon Musk tells Rishi Sunak AI will put an end to work

Authors: Zoe Kleinman and Sean Seddon

This article discusses the powers in the advancements of AI and how it has the capability to potentially makes some jobs redundant. Elon Musk explains the impacts that he predicts AI has on the future of work and how AI is a more efficient way of working going forward. The purpose of this article is to educate people on our ever-changing world and the impacts that advancements in technology could have on the future of jobs and employment.

The weakness of this article is that it may be biased, despite the BBC being one of the least biased broadcasters, some of the information may not be factually correct. The aim may be to cause moral panic to attract public attention to their articles. Furthermore, the article only gives arguments stated by Elon Musk who has invested in the advancements of AI. Therefore, his aim could be to promote AI and to encourage people to invest in it for his own profit, this is another reason why the article may not be reliable.

Additionally, TV cameras were not allowed into the interview instead, Downing Street released their own footage and reporters were not allowed to ask any questions. This suggest that there was a bias towards Elon Musk’ view on AI suggesting that there was not a fair discussion between parties, meaning that a clear bias towards the advantages of AI shown throughout the interview and the negatives were not discussed at all.

However, the Author of this article is an experienced technology editor suggesting that the article may be authentic because of her knowledgeable background in the tech industry. Moreover, the article was published in 2023 making the information up to date and therefore more credible, this is another strength of the article increasing its credibility.

Overall, despite the authenticity of the author, the article is largely biased towards Musk and could therefore be seen as an unreliable source of information.

Student Number: 23054327

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321004100

Review:

Title: Mobile apps for SME business sustainability during COVID-19 and onwards

Authors: Sandip Rakshit, Nazrul Islam, Sandeep Mondal and Tripti Paul

Harvard Reference: Rakshit, S., Islam, N., Mondal, S. and Paul, T. (2021) ‘Mobile apps for SME business sustainability during COVID-19 and onwards’ Journal of Business Research 135, 28-39

COVID-19 changed the world we live in today making us even more reliant on technology as a source of nearly everything we do. It’s fast changing nature has made businesses become more adaptable in an ever-changing world. This article gives an insight into the impact of COVID-19 and how technology allowed businesses to survive during the pandemic.

A benefit of the article was represented by a survey that was sent to 343 small and medium sized enterprises (SME’s) to evaluate the effects of mobile apps for business applications for SME’s during COVID-19. The results of the survey were shown in the article which included the unbiased opinions of the SME’s. This suggests that the article provided is a credible source of information.

Moreover, the website that the article is featured on is a well-known website for articles and hosts over 4,000 academic journals, this supports the reliability of the article. On the other hand, a weakness of the article is that was published in 2021 which means the information provided could be slightly out of date therefore impacting some of its relevance to today. However, the authors are this article all have a wide variety of experiences and qualifications as well as many other publishing’s. This collaborative approach could make the article more complete and the findings more authentic.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the increasing impact that technology has had on industries caused by COVID-19.  It demonstrates how businesses were able to survive and work efficiently through the pandemic by the creation of mobile apps. Overall, the article provides the reader with in-depth knowledge as well as facts and figures to back up points and includes primary research to give an unbiased perspective, making the article more authentic.

Review - 250 words (CRAAP Review)

Harvard Reference - Bodhi R., Luqman A., Hina M., and Papa A. (2022) "Work-Related Social Media use and Employee-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model"

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijoem-09-2021-1359/full/html

Article Review -

Title: Work-Related Social Media use and Employee-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model

Published: 10th of February 2022

Author/s: Bodhi R., Luqman A., Hina M., and Papa A.

With over 4 billion users across social media sites in the world, it is important to look at how this may be affecting our employee efficiency. The use of technology in the workplace has been heavily evident over the years, with most organisations using it for the majority of their operations. Especially since the popularity of remote working has increased, research shows that over 41% of employees across the world use social media for working purposes. The use of social media can have many impacts on the workforce, affecting employee well-being, innovation, and overall productivity. Nowadays, social media is used for many things within the workplace, one of the most popular ways being to promote job opportunities across different platforms. It is a beneficial way to reach a large audience, especially when it comes to targeting the correct target market. Social media also lends a hand in attracting customers, collaboration, and building brand image. However, although it is beneficial in many ways for organisations, it also has many negative impacts on employee productivity. The use of social media causes individuals to be less efficient, lack innovation productivity and have problems with sleeping, which affects an employee's wellbeing.

The article portrays many beneficial points. Firstly, the article is current, being published in 2022. This makes the information within the article more accurate and credible, with it being up to date, meaning the information and sources used are accurate the the current circumstances regarding the topic of how social media affects workforce productivity. The information throughout is accurate, including a range of findings using examples and references from knowledgeable sources. It is also backed up with in-depth explanations of the topic using questions to understand the relations of different factors discussed.

The article is relevant the the research question, discussing how social media affects the workplace, impacting employee performance and well-being, all of which are to be taken into consideration when discussing technology's impact on the changing nature of work. With the number of employees actively using social media in this day and age, the topic is fairly important to consider when understanding how employee efficiency can be impacted, and how this affects businesses.

The article holds strong credibility, with each author having an in-depth knowledge of the impacts of technology within the workplace, and being qualified in related areas. Finally, the article has been published on a well-known, reputable academic publishing site, with over 300 books, journals and case studies, ensuring the articles quality and accuracy.

In conclusion, the article meets its purpose of developing an understanding of how work-related social media use can have its impact on well-being and performance by using various sources to consider different factors and gain a deeper knowledge of its eventual causes.