(Cregan, 1998, as cited in Shiel et al., 2012)

• Encompasses five main areas: phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics.

Those compiled should emphasize the connection between innate abilities, social interaction, and cognitive processes.

Shiel, G., Cregan, Á., Archer, P., & McGough, A. (n.d.). Oral language in early childhood and primary education ( ... erc.ie. https://www.erc.ie/documents/oral_language_in_early_childhood_and_primary_education_3-8_years_.pdf

Vaughn, S., & Bos, C. S. (2019). Strategies for teaching students with learning and behavior problems (8th ed.). Pearson.

Intervention > evidence snapshot. WWC | Leveled Literacy Intervention. (n.d.). https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/WWC/InterventionReport/679

Change one letter. (n.d.-a). https://intensiveintervention.org/sites/default/files/Change_one_letter_508.pdf

The components of reading include:

1. Phonemic awareness

2. Phonics

3. Fluency

4. Vocabulary

5. Reading Comprehension

There are baseline frameworks (phonemic awareness and phonics) that are the starting point for the other categories to build off. The components of reading are introduced throughout a child's schooling and can be targeted with various interventions to improve or introduce skills.

• Explicit instruction

• Organizing thoughts and processes

• Using models

• Structure of problem-work-solution

• Basic understanding of phonics and word sounds.

• Organization of thoughts and ideas into a comprehensible compilation of structured sentences.

• Use of vocabulary to build on concepts and ideas.

• Composition skills to effectively communicate ideas or concepts using written language.

• Graphic organizers, in general, are a strategy for students who struggle with organizing their thoughts and ideas into written expression. Graphic organizers can be specific to content with clearly defined headings, or can be so general that they could be used between each class a student has.

• RAFT takes a creative approach to enticing students to do writing they enjoy and relate to. It puts a more real-world application to writing and gives creative liberty to the writer.

  R - Role of writer: Who or what the student is pretending to be.

  A - Audience: Who the writing is directed toward.

  F - Format: The form the writing will take (e.g., letter, speech, diary entry, article).

  T - Topic: What is the main subject or focus is.

• This method covers informational writing, creative writing, fiction, and more forms of written expression!

1. Provide multiple and varied opportunities

   for learning and practice (e.g., using

   fraction tiles) with explicit corrective

   feedback. You could have multiple forms of visually showing a mathematical equation, fraction, etc. Giving students tiles to use can give you a useful visual and kinesthetic aspect to your students' interventions.

2. In a small group (Tier 2 instruction ideally for grades K-2): Take flashcards with high 2-3 digit numbers with two of each number card. Lay out the cards in front of your group face-down and play a memory matching game to get students engaged with the material, and have students say the numbers they flip over through the game out loud to ensure they are recalling and recognizing them.

Using the raft writing strategy. Using the RAFT Writing Strategy | Read Write Think. (n.d.). https://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy-guides/using-raft-writing-strategy

Math instruction & lessons: Instructional strategies | NCII. (n.d.). https://intensiveintervention.org/implementation-intervention/math-lessons

Vaughn, S., & Bos, C. S. (2019). Strategies for teaching students with learning and behavior problems (8th ed.). Pearson.

Change one letter. (n.d.-a). https://intensiveintervention.org/sites/default/files/Change_one_letter_508.pdf

Intervention > evidence snapshot. WWC | Leveled Literacy Intervention. (n.d.). https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/WWC/InterventionReport/679

Math instruction & lessons: Instructional strategies | NCII. (n.d.-b). https://intensiveintervention.org/implementation-intervention/math-lessons

National University. (2024, November 18). Behaviorism in education: What is behavioral learning theory? https://www.nu.edu/blog/behaviorism-in-education/

Practice guide. WWC | Teacher-Delivered Behavioral Interventions in Grades K-5. (n.d.). https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/WWC/PracticeGuide/31

Shiel, G., Cregan, Á., Archer, P., & McGough, A. (n.d.). Oral language in early childhood and primary education ( ... erc.ie. https://www.erc.ie/documents/oral_language_in_early_childhood_and_primary_education_3-8_years_.pdf

Using the raft writing strategy. Using the RAFT Writing Strategy | Read Write Think. (n.d.). https://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy-guides/using-raft-writing-strategy