https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim Created By; Laney Finazzo en-us 2022-05-03 15:42:46 UTC 2025-06-19 11:00:28 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f3a5.png 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171744357 On Dec 9, 1952, Thurgood Marshall (an African American lawyer from Baltimore) challenged the Supreme Court, with other lawyers apart of the NAACP, on the legality of segregation in public education. The decision of the Chief of Justice (Earl Warren) and the Supreme Court declared “In the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place”.


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Textbook
Notes]]> 2022-05-05 16:44:07 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171744357 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171748263 Pete Hernandez was a Mexican-American, cotton picker, who was accused of murdering Joe Espinoza and was sentenced to life in prison. Gus Garcia, Carlos Cadena, and James de Anda were civil rights lawyers that took the Hernadez case to the United States Supreme Court on May 2, 1954. The Hernadez case’s lawyers said that “the all Anglo-Saxon jury, which indicted Hernandez, denied him his equal protection under the 14th Amendment”. After multiple attempts by jury, “They indicted and imprisoned him for murder”. Now there only remains very few documents on the case, due to most either being hidden or vanished. To this day Hernadez v. Texas has been the only Mexican-American civil-rights case heard.


Sources;
https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/hernandez-v-texas

]]> 2022-05-05 16:46:43 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171748263 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171750603 On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and took her seat. Many stops later a white passenger asked her to give up her seat, due to the law in Montgomery stating African Americans were required to give up their seat to a white person. Rosa Parks refused and thus was later arrested due to breaking the law. She said to the police “I told them I didn’t think I should have to stand up after I paid my fare and occupied a seat, I didn’t think I should have to give it up”. This sparked civil rights activists in Montgomery to organize a boycott where the black community refused to ride the bus in a way to express their opposition to Rosa Park’s arrest, this became known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 


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Notes]]> 2022-05-05 16:48:26 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171750603 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171752371 Nine African American students volunteered to enroll at Central High School in Arkansas, for a push toward integration in public education. This caused an uproar from white students of Central High School and the Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus. He sent Arkansas’ National Guard to stop the Nine from entering the school. After that day President Eisenhower stepped in sending federal troops to protect the students and enforce the court's decision of integration within public education.


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Notes]]> 2022-05-05 16:49:41 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171752371 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171988562 The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established the United States Civil Rights Commission and gave them power to investigate violations of civil rights. This bill signed into law by President Eisenhower allowed the U.S. Attorney General to address civil right violations and bring them into lawsuits. This bill also gave greater power to protect the voting rights of African Americans. Although this bill “lack teeth” it still held a great importance as the first civil rights law passed since Reconstruction.


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Textbook
Notes]]> 2022-05-05 19:37:39 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2171988562 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173113779 Four African American, college students ordered food at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina. The white waiter refused to take the four students order, as they excepted would happen. So as a way to protest the discrimination against them, they sat peacefully at the Woolworth’s lunch counter until they closed for the day. This peaceful protest known as the Greensboro Sit-in, sparked a pattern of similar protests all across the United States to fit for racial equality.


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Textbook

]]> 2022-05-06 16:02:11 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173113779 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173118760 In the Spring of 1961, students from CORE created the Freedom Rides. Where they protested against segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals. The students of CORE started their journey on May 4th, 1961 in Washington D.C. and traveled all the way down to Jackson Mississippi.  The spring campaign was a major success in gaining the Interstate Commerce Commission ban on segregation in all facilities.


Sources;
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-rides#:~:text=During%20the%20spring%20of%201961,interstate%20buses%20and%20bus%20terminals.

]]> 2022-05-06 16:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173118760 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173121555 The 24th Amendment outlawed poll taxes as a voting requirement. This Amendment effected African Americans in the south the most. Creating this amendment was a way of aiming to try to take away the disenfranchise and segregation “Jim Crows” laws caused on them.


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https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/37045]]> 2022-05-06 16:08:15 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173121555 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173125603 James Meredith was an Air Force veteran that wished to attend The University of Mississippi, “Ole Miss”. Ole Miss was an all-white school at the time, but Meredith wished to change that. In September of 1962, Meredith with the support of the NAACP won a court case that enforced university's to desegregate. Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi at the time, wanted to stop the integration at Ole Miss. Meredith on the other hand arrived at the university on September 30, with Federal marshals protecting him. This caused uproars in riots across campus. President Kennedy stepped in saying “Americans are free… to disagree with the law but not to disobey it… for any government laws… no man, however prominent and powerful… is entitled to defy a court law”. James Meredith graduated at Ole Miss in 1963 and got his degree in law from Columbia University soon after.


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Textbook]]> 2022-05-06 16:11:21 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173125603 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173345978 Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter from his jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama about how he and other civil rights activists were tired of waiting for reform. During the 1960s Birmingham, Alabama was one of the most segregated cities in all of the South. To help change that nonviolent marches and sit-ins took place on April 12, 1963, also known as Good Friday. Martin Luther King Jr. decided to participate in the protest even though he knew he would get arrested. From his cell he wrote, creating influential that would be read by people all over the country some of his most famous words from the letter were “For years now I have heard the word ‘wait!’ it rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘Wait!’ has almost always meant never” and “Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, ‘Wait!’. But… when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored people… Then you will understand why we find difficult to wait”. 


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Textbook

]]> 2022-05-06 19:00:41 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173345978 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173352558 On August 28, 1963, over 200,000 people of all different races, ages, classes, religious backgrounds, and parts of the country gathered at The Washington Monument in Washington D.C. Here singers performed songs about the civil rights movement and marched to the Lincoln Memorial, where people heard speeches from various representatives from different religious and labor groups, one of the most moving speeches though came from Martin Luther King Jr. On the podium in front of the Lincoln Memorial, he gave his “I Have a Dream” speech. This day soon became known as The March on Washington, and to this day it is one of the largest, most peaceful political demonstrations in U.S. history. 


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Textbook ]]> 2022-05-06 19:06:20 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2173352558 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175957746 On September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. The explosion killed four young African American girls getting ready for Sunday school in the churches basement. Later three Ku Klux Klansmen members were convicted of the crime of  murdering the four girls and the bombing at the Sixteenth St. Baptist Church.  


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]]> 2022-05-09 15:42:29 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175957746 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175961403 Around a thousand student volunteers flooded Mississippi to register African Americans to vote, known as “Freedom Summer”. This campaign created the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), to give African Americans more voice in state politics. 


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Textbook 

]]> 2022-05-09 15:44:24 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175961403 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175967729 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson. This Act created a banning on segregation in public places, giving federal government the ability to enforced states and local school boards to desegregate their schools, giving the right to the Justice Department to prosecute individuals that violated peoples civil rights, and ban discrimination of race, color, sex, and nationality origin in employment. This Act also created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EECO), which was responsible for enforcing the act and investigating discrimination charges.


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Textbook ]]> 2022-05-09 15:47:32 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2175967729 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178070711 In January of 1964, President Johnson announced at his State of Union an “unconditional war on poverty”. Hoping to help end poverty in the United States he introduced his War on Poverty and Great Society programs, and also the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA). The EOA aimed to help bring education, health care, employment, and general welfare to impoverished Americans. 


Sources; 
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-Opportunity-Act  

]]> 2022-05-10 17:59:10 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178070711 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178073749 Martin Luther King Jr. and the the SCLC organized a campaign in Selma, Alabama. This campaign pushed the federal government to enact voting rights legislation. But as the protesters reached the Edmund Pettus Bridge during their march, they were meet with heavily armed state troops and different authorities waiting to attack the marchers that attempted to cross the bridge, this day had soon become known as “Bloody Sunday”. As the television covered the attack, the nation became filled with angry from the violence.  


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Textbook

]]> 2022-05-10 18:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178073749 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178077258 From the events that happened on “Bloody Sunday”, President Johnson went to national television to call for strong federal voting rights law, stating “It is wrong to deny any of your fellow citizens the right to vote… Their cause is our cause too because it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice and we shall overcome”. His words and the actions of the protesters in March on Selma spurred Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act. This act banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration and elections in states that held discrimination against minorities.


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Textbook 

]]> 2022-05-10 18:03:44 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178077258 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178112604 Although Martin Luther King publicly supported the Freedom Riders, he did not participate in the protests. ]]> 2022-05-10 18:25:36 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178112604 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178114828 The organizers hoped for and excepted only about 100,000 people to show up to the capital for the March on Washington, but over double that arrived. ]]> 2022-05-10 18:27:00 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178114828 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178230067 The Affirmative Action was a campaign created by Nixon’s administration as a way to help close the economic gap between blacks and whites. Soon after the Affirmative Action was created,  many schools, businesses, and state and local governments followed the federal government and created their own action plans to increase African American representation in schools and workforces. Some whites argued that this was constituted reverse discrimination and went against the goal of a colorblind society. But Justice Thurgood Marshall disagreed saying “Three hundred and fifty years ago, the Negro was dragged to this country in chains to be sold into slavery… The position of the Negro today in America is the tragic but inevitable consequence of centuries of unequal treatment”.


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Textbook]]> 2022-05-10 19:49:33 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178230067 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178232661 Malcolm X who was one of the most well-known African American radical. That was born in Omaha, Nebraska, but later in his teenage years he moved to Boston and then to New York City. There he got involved in drugs and crime and was imprisoned from burglary charges at 21, where he converted to the Nation of Islam. After his release he became a prominent minister for the Nation of Islam. Here he preached about self-reliance, self-protection, and black pride. In 64’ he separated from the Nation of Islam and created is own organization and returned to the United States. In February of 65’ though, Malcolm X was shot and killed by three members of the Nation of Islam. After Malcolm X’s death many young African Americans began to move away from nonviolent principles and questioned the goal of integration. This came the term “black power”, first said by Stokely Carmichael. He said that the term was meant for African Americans to collectively use their economic and political muscle to gain equality. Many white Americans felt threatened by these words and believed the words meant black violence. 


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]]> 2022-05-10 19:51:44 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178232661 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178235074 On the morning of July 23rd, Detroit's police vice squad raided William Scott’s “blind pig” (an after hour illegal club). The night it was holding a party for veterans, as the police took them away as around 200 onlookers saw this happen fury grew. A bottle crashed onto the street, the police ignored the first bottle but then bottles were continued to crash down into the streets and even the police men’s car. Within an hour after the police had fled the scene, riots flooded 12th Street. This started the Detroit Race Riots and became the most violent and destructive riots in U.S. history. After five days the looting and fires ended leaving 43 people dead, 342 injured, and 1400 buildings burned.


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https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/1967-detroit-riots]]> 2022-05-10 19:53:47 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178235074 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178237877 On April 4th, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis Tennessee. He was shot on his motel room balcony from a high-powered rifle, by James Earl Ray, a white ex-convict. King died at the hospital at the age of 39. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination marked an important turning point, his efforts had raised minority participation in politics and encouraged racial integration. 


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Textbook]]> 2022-05-10 19:55:39 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178237877 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178243769 Who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr.?
A) John Wilkes Booth 
B) James Earl Ray
C) Ku Klux Klan]]> 2022-05-10 20:00:49 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178243769 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178246323 What religion did Malcolm X convert to during his time in prison?
A) Muslin (Nation of Islam)
B) Christianity
C) Buddhism ]]> 2022-05-10 20:03:15 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178246323 430lrf10 https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178248445 What University did James Meredith attend to get his degree in Law after he went to Ole Miss?
A) Harvard University 
B) Yale University
C) Columbia University  ]]> 2022-05-10 20:05:18 UTC https://padlet.com/430lrf10/4zxoxsp7jsa71nim/wish/2178248445