CRIM302 Padlet 1 by Alex Rearden https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y Topic 6 - 8 Alexandra Rearden 220047962 en-us 2018-05-14 06:24:40 UTC 2025-10-03 13:57:27 UTC hello@padlet.com arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260111443
]]> 2018-05-12 05:40:07 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260111443 Topic 6 – Women as Victims - 716 Words arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260344632 Women as victims are more prevalent than men and often attitudes towards women victims trivialise the act of violence or blame the victim for the occurrence of a violent or sexual assault. The social values that are accepted as the norm allow for men's violence against women to become portrayed as an insignificant matter and is often used for entertainment purposes in music, television, advertising and media in general. ]]> 2018-05-14 06:27:32 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260344632 arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260346480 2018-05-14 06:37:22 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260346480 Sexual Culture acceptable in Today's Society? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260349202
Media portrayal does not help as it greatly influences social beliefs and perceptions. 
Advertising often objectifies women and sexuality.

Pop culture supports sexual objectification of women. This article "The effects of living in a  “rape culture”" by Mackenzie Hurlbert discusses the trivialisation of this in everyday media and pop culture. It is interesting that people often view programs or advertisements without thinking about this issue and how violence against women or sexual objectification is being portrayed especially in extremely popular shows such as Jersey Shore. Even in advertisements for burgers as in the image. 

https://thesouthernnews.org/2013/04/10/the-effects-of-living-in-a-rape-culture/
]]> 2018-05-14 06:49:33 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260349202 "Violence Supportive Attitudes" Powell and Webster (2016) arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260350633 As discussed by Powell and Webster 2016) violence supportive attitudes are prevalent in today's society and are becoming the social norm. They define this as being able to:

“Justify , excuse, minimise or trivialise physical, sexual and other forms of violence against women, or blame or hold women at least partly responsible for violence perpetrated against them”
These attitudes are making it difficult for women to report violence committed against them or for the perpetrators to receive the punishment they deserve.

"Minimise, blame and deny" are the three main attitudes underlying the culture supporting men's use of violence against women (Powell and Webster, 2016).]]> 2018-05-14 06:56:54 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260350633 How Many Victims are Actually out there? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260351435 It is not surprising to read these statistics:
“Of the 469 most recent incidents of physical or sexual assault in the last two years perpetrated by an intimate partner, less than one in three incidents were reported to the police” (Stavrou, Poynton, & Weatherburn, 2016). 

It shows that the culture surrounding men’s use of violence towards women is one where women don’t feel they have support by justice professionals or are believe they are unable to obtain help and feel they are highly judged by society when it comes to victim blaming. This shows that there is a lack of support for violence against women.
]]> 2018-05-14 07:00:58 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260351435 Violence against Women Campaigns arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260352508 http://www.wavaw.ca/campaigns/urban-womens-anti-violence-strategy/
This campaign from Canada, the Urban Women’s Anti-Violence Strategy (UWAS), is just one example that uses graphic images to promote awareness of the violence against women and encourage people to treat this as a serious matter in today’s society. ]]> 2018-05-14 07:06:24 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260352508 Katy Perry encouraging violence against women. arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260359479 Even in pop music targeted for young girls, rape culture is being subliminally represented.  Katy Perry songs even have messages about sex and rape even when they are targeted for girls often aged between 10 and 15. A lot of rap songs contain messages about sex and rape, however a pop singer like Katy Perry is a role model for young women and promoting this promiscuous behaviour is allowing women to be objectified and violence against women become an acceptable norm in society. 

The lyrics to the song E.T by Katy Perry are explained in the article "WTH, Katy Perry: E.T. Promotes…Rape?" (link below) by Niki Arrowsmith and surprisingly have strong references to sexual violence. 
]]> 2018-05-14 07:37:11 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260359479 The Blame Game: The Rape Myth arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260361854 Society’s values and beliefs often lead to the development of social opinions that lead to the trivialisation of rape and assault against women in general. This in turn leads to underreporting of assault and rapes against women as they believe they will be dismissed or branded as liars or the man involved will be excused. Is it worth reporting if the criminal justice system is not going to respond fairly anyway?  (Deming, Covan, Swan, & Billings, 2013)
Rape myths: It’s all the woman’s fault.

Comments regarding the cause of rape often include statements like “she asked for it,” “it wasn’t really rape,” “he didn’t mean to do it,” “she wanted it,” or “she lied” (Deming, Covan, Swan, & Billings, 2013). 

The image below found as a meme on Facebook is a statement that can be taken as a serious insult to women victims of sexual harassment and violence, indicating that it is their fault. On the other hand a light-hearted view may dismiss this with people seeing it as a statement on the lack of clothing women wear out in public. It all depends on the opinion of the reader.

]]> 2018-05-14 07:46:30 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260361854 arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260367378 Without realising everyday people are subjected to media stories, advertising campaigns, TV programs and music that objectifies both men and women, supports violence against both men and women. This often discourages victims of violent attacks and sexual assaults from reporting crimes, as they believe they are over reacting according to society’s normative beliefs.  

Campaigns to raise awareness  this violence are used to show that there is support and hep services for victims]]> 2018-05-14 08:12:14 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260367378 arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260391602
]]> 2018-05-14 09:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260391602 Is under-reporting the problem? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260783511 "According to a review of police statistics domestic violence constituted 19.3 per cent of all forms of violence against females and 1.5 per cent of violence against men" (Mulroney & Chan, 2005). How accurate are these statistics as reporting rates vary significantly throughout society?

Women and men often do not report rape or other forms of assault for different reasons. The gender role expectations placed on men by society enforce the fact that it is unmanly to express emotions or show signs of weakness, “Male victims may experience being raped as even more humiliating than female victims” (Pino & Meier, 1999). The article "Gender Differences in Rape Reporting" by Pino and Meier (1999) explains the differences in male vs. female rape reporting and the reasons behind the gap in reporting rates between the sexes.
                         "Commonly men are embarrassed" 
(Mulroney & Chan, 2005).]]> 2018-05-15 10:28:35 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260783511 Is it all Society's Fault? The Secret of Gay Male Rape arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260785315 Negative attitudes from wider society towards male rape influence the way in which the rape is handled and responded to by not only other people in society, but also police and criminal justice professionals (Javaid, 2017). Getting help, support and justice is usually difficult for male victims. (Javaid, 2017)

Men as victims’ often go more unnoticed than women victims. The ideal concept of the hegemonic male ideology expected by society puts a lot of pressure on men to act and be perceived as tough and masculine and are therefore reluctant to admit if they are a victim of domestic or sexual assault. Being victimised as a man results in “making one feel powerless, inadequate, and emasculated” (Javaid, 2017). 
]]> 2018-05-15 10:37:00 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260785315 Men Need Help Too arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260785790 http://beiibis.tumblr.com/post/91249883949]]> 2018-05-15 10:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260785790 Perpetrators are victims? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260787956 This article "Male Rapists Are Victims Too!" written by a female, has an extreme view on the reasons behind why males may commit violent attacks and states that the perpetrator themselves is the victim from the pressures society has placed on males. The feeling of powerlessness felt by men as they are put under stress to provide as breadwinners encourages them to express their dominance over women. Men perpetrators are now also victims???

https://medium.com/gender-theory/male-rapists-are-victims-too-5ba05f643726
]]> 2018-05-15 10:49:03 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/260787956 More help needed for men than women. arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261074373 Much more awareness surrounding the occurrence of male victimisation needs to be made and help provided to victims. Ad campaigns like this video are made to show society the differences between the reactions towards female and male domestic violence and how each gender is treated differently. Men and women should be treated equally. 

More research is needed to obtain evidence regarding victimisation rates and the prevalence of domestic and sexual violence against men (Mulroney & Chan, 2005). Researching this topic of men as victims shows that there is lack of research into this topic and male reporting of violence and assault is much less than the rates for female reporting.
https://youtu.be/u3PgH86OyEM
]]> 2018-05-16 03:08:45 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261074373 Why Do they Stay? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261076090 Reasons for men staying with an abusive partner are very similar to those of women victims. 

Love and hope for change, fear of reprisal, lack of support/help services/knowledge and loneliness are common reasons why a person may remain in a domestic violence relationship. (Merrill & Wolfe, 2000). It is easier sometimes to stay than leave.
]]> 2018-05-16 03:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261076090 Plenty of Support for Women - Men are vicitms Too arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261077622 This is a graphic representation comparing Australian rates of domestic violence of women and men. Published by a group that has a “mission is to deliver relevant and translatable research evidence which drives policy and practice leading to a reduction in the levels of violence against women and their children” Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety Limited (ANROWS) publications focus on the fact that rate of reported violence against women is much higher than that for men.
Interestingly there is no mention however, of reporting rates for men vs. women and the lack of reporting of men’s domestic violence. Men are defined as often being the perpetrators not the victims. Men are therefore targeted as the offenders and victimised.
This supports the issue that men are often the forgotten victim, as defined by society's cultural values and beliefs.

https://www.anrows.org.au/publications/fast-facts-0/violence-against-women-key-statistics%20]]> 2018-05-16 03:31:10 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261077622 Topic 7 - Men as Victims - 790 Words arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261082925 Men as victims are highly under recognised throughout society. The social pressures and expectations of the masculine gender role results in men who are victimised often being embarrassed or scared to report domestic or sexual violent attacks. Gay male rape is a significant issue where men are blamed for being the victim, similar to the rape myth culture for females. There is often lack of support for men as they are not seen as vicitms in the same way women are, as they are expected to be strong and powerful in normative gender roles of society. ]]> 2018-05-16 04:08:44 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261082925 arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261083099 ← This is an artwork created by Katarzyna Babis that aims to increase awareness of violence and rape against men and to encourage them to not be embarrassed to seek help from wider society. The comment "Don't be such a Loser" can be taken as either an insult to men who may need help or a motivational comment to encourage men to get help. ]]> 2018-05-16 04:09:52 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261083099 arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261159080 2018-05-16 10:42:20 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261159080 References arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261165068
  • Arrowsmith, N. (2011, March 14). WTH, Katy Perry: E.T. Promotes…Rape? Retrieved from Real Live Me: https://nogender.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/wth-katy-perry-e-t-promotes-rape/
  • Deming, M. E., Covan, E. K., Swan, S. C., & Billings, D. L. (2013). Exploring rape myths, gendered norms, group processing, and the social context of rape among college women: A qualitative analysis. Violence Against Women, 19(4), 465 - 485. doi:10.1177/1077801213487044
  • Hurlbert, M. (2013, April 10). The effects of living in a "rape culture". Southern News.
  • Powell, A., & Webster, K. (2016). Cultures of gendered violence: An integrative review of measures of attitudinal support for violence against women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 40 - 57. doi: 10.1177/0004865816675669
  • Stavrou, E., Poynton, S., & Weatherburn, D. (2016). Intimate partner violence against women in Australia: related factors and help-seeking behaviours. Crime and Justice Bulletin, 200, 1 - 16.
  • WAVAW Rape Crisis Centre. (2011). Urban Women’s Anti-Violence Strategy. Retrieved from WAVAW Rape Crisis Centre: http://www.wavaw.ca/campaigns/urban-womens-anti-violence-strategy/

    • ]]>     2018-05-16 11:10:15 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261165068     References arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261181069
  • Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety Limited. (2014, May 14). Violence against women: Key statistics. Retrieved from ANROWS: https://www.anrows.org.au/publications/fast-facts-0/violence-against-women-key-statistics%20
  • Babis, K. (n.d.). http://beiibis.tumblr.com/post/91249883949. 
  • Javaid, A. (2017). In the Shadows: Making Sense of Gay Male Rape Victims' Silence, Suffering and Invisibility. Internationl Journal of Sexual Health, 29(4), 279 - 291.
  • Merrill, G. S., & Wolfe, V. A. (2000). Battered Gay Men. Journal of Homosexuality, 39(2), 1 - 30. doi:10.1300/J082v39n02_01
  • Mulroney, J., & Chan, C. (2005). Men as victims of domestic violence. ustralian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse Topic Paper. Retrieved from http//: www. austdvclearinghouse. unsw. edu. au.
  • Pino, N. W., & Meier, R. F. (1999). Gender Differences in Rape Reporting. Sex Roles, 40(11/12), 979 - 990.
  • Trinh, N. (2017, June 9). Male Rapists Are Victims Too! Retrieved from Medium: https://medium.com/gender-theory/male-rapists-are-victims-too-5ba05f643726
    • ]]>     2018-05-16 12:19:17 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261181069     arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261512675 2018-05-17 09:50:04 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261512675 Topic 8 - Gender and Criminal Justice Workers - 889 Words arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261512866 Women are highly underrepresented when it comes to working in the criminal justice professions. The gender stereotypes of social roles in society place women as the weaker and more vulnerable sex, and the job roles in the criminal sector are often viewed as masculine and not suitable for women. ]]> 2018-05-17 09:51:07 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261512866 Why so Few Women? Barriers for Women arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261514921 Men as a group often make it difficult for women to succeed in the more masculine job roles in society, especially those in the criminal justice system. Burdett, Gouliquer, & Poulin (2018) discuss some of the negative attitudes such as double standards of performance, occupational socialisation, the boys club and the devaluing of feminine traits, which women face in the corrections system. “Men correctional officers assume that women lack the mental and physical toughness for the work, and fear they will engage in inappropriate sexual conduct with inmates and demonstrate less respect and credibility” (Burdett, Gouliquer, & Poulin, 2018). 

    The judgements placed on women such as men perceiving women as “a threat to safety and control because they are physically weaker” (Crouch, 1985) or women having less physical strength than males and bringing their sexuality into the workplace resulting in women being more vulnerable to violence or fostering violence  (Crouch, 1985). 

    This is similar in the police force. “Policing was seen as requiring symbolic authority and physical force that only males could exercise” (Prenzler & Sinclair, 2013). The stereotypes of the jobs in the police force and corrections are created by society’s view on the gender roles of men and women in everyday life. 

    Other considerations for women in the workplace especially in the police force are the stereotypical gender roles women are expected to play in their home life, finding it difficult to work longer hours and shift work as required (Irving, 2009). 
    ]]>     2018-05-17 10:02:22 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261514921     Equality in the Workplace arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261517717 In New York discussion surrounds the use of the terms policeman and fireman as being gender specific and relating to the masculinity of the job and overall implying that these jobs are for men. The proposal to implement the terms police officer and fire fighter as gender neural terms is being considered to avoid the exclusion of women in the workforce.]]> 2018-05-17 10:17:29 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261517717 Society’s Portrayal of Women through the Media arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261518664

    Women are often portrayed in the media and on television programs in stereotypical ways. As discussed in the article “Criminal Justice “Hollywood Style”” (DeTardo-Bora, 2009), even the women working in the criminal justice system on TV are stereotyped according to the expectations of the social norms regarding gender roles. Women characters are often “depicted as being dependent, subordinate to authority, and less verbally aggressive” (DeTardo-Bora, 2009). 


    This can ultimately lead to influence young audiences to develop ideas and beliefs of “what it means to be a man or woman” here in the criminal justice profession (DeTardo-Bora, 2009). This can ultimately lead to the opinion that females do not play the same role or have the same opportunities as males to work and perform in the criminal justice system which is not the case at all. 

    ]]>     2018-05-17 10:23:04 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261518664     Society's Gender Stereotypes arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261519047 https://sadieamanda.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/gender.gif]]> 2018-05-17 10:25:17 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261519047 Dominance of Men in Policing arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261520349 Why are there more men than women in the police force? Policing is often seen as “requiring symbolic authority and physical force that only males could exercise” (Prenzler & Sinclair, 2013). This masculine stereotype has been socially constructed as women are viewed as the weaker sex. However support for more women in the police force is becoming more evident. One benefit of women in the criminal justice system includes women being more respectful and supportive of victims, whilst men often provoke resistance and aggression, escalating situations (Porter & Prenzler, 2017).

    From 1996 to 2006 women in the Australian police force has increased from 13.5% to 23% (Irving, 2009). 

    ]]>     2018-05-17 10:31:19 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261520349     arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261520708 This figure shows the vast differences in the prevalence of men and women in the police force in the 1990’s across different states. ]]> 2018-05-17 10:33:06 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261520708 Do Women Make Better Judges? arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261522727 The article “Do Women Make Better Judges?” discusses the lack of women judges. The differences in life experiences in male vs. females is considered to impact the professional standards of the judge and here women are often seen as having better life perspectives, therefore making better judgmental decisions (Choi, Gulati, Holman, & Posner, 2009). 

    Grossman argues that mixed genders are “essential to normative legitimacy because men and women make different contributions to international criminal adjudication.” (Grossman, 2011). A balanced judiciary of men and women can make decisions from the point of view of either sex. 

    A good point regarding this issue is made by McLoughlin stating that gender should not be an issue in the first place as the job of the judicial officer should be always objectionable and unresponsive to social pressures (McLoughlin, 2015).

    ]]>     2018-05-17 10:43:04 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261522727     ‘This is a male institution’ arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261524951 The article “‘Toughen up’: Women working in male prisons face harassment from inmates and co-workers” (Chandler, 2018) discusses the experiences of Taronica White a female corrections officer working in a Florida state prison. 
     
    Here the women were victims of harassment by both male inmates and male work colleagues. The Coleman suit became a lawsuit where the women made statements that they were told “Toughen up,” “Your skin is too thin,” “This is a male institution,” or “You’re ‘too pretty.’” Women believed the message they were receiving in the corrections workplace was clear “You should not be here.” White stated after the settlement that the aim of the law suit: “I want anyone to know that a female working in any ­male-dominated field should be treated with the same level of respect.” 

    This shows the difficulties and gender stereotypes women often have to overcome when working in a male dominated workplace.

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/women-working-in-male-prisons-face-harassment-from-inmates-and-co-workers/2018/01/27/21552cee-01f1-11e8-9d31-d72cf78dbeee_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.3f8ef57eab71
    ]]>     2018-05-17 10:54:05 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261524951     arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261535397 2018-05-17 11:39:25 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261535397 References arearde2 https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261537624
  • Burdett, F., Gouliquer, L., & Poulin, C. (2018). Culture of Corrections: The Experience of Women Correctional Officers. Feminist Criminology, 1 - 21. doi:10.1177/1557085118767974
  • Chandler, M. A. (2018, January 27). Women working in male prisons face harassment from inmates and co-workers. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/women-working-in-male-prisons-face-harassment-from-inmates-and-co-workers/2018/01/27/21552cee-01f1-11e8-9d31-d72cf78dbeee_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5d854857b08b
  • Choi, S., Gulati, M., Holman, M., & Posner, E. (2009, October 2). Do Women Make Better Judges? Slate.
  • Crouch, B. M. (1985). Pandora's Box: Women Guards in Men's Prisons. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13, 535 - 548.
  • DeTardo-Bora, K. A. (2009). Criminal Justice “Hollywood Style”: How Women in Criminal Justice Professions Are Depicted in Prime-Time Crime Dramas. Women and Criminal Justice, 19(2), 153 - 168. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/08974450902791336
  • Grossman, N. (2011). Sex representation on the bench and the legitimacy of international criminal courts. Criminal Law Review, 11(3), 643 - 653. doi:10.1163/157181211X576474
  • Irving, R. (2009). Career trajectories of women in policing in Australia. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Criminology.: https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi370
  • McLoughlin, K. (2015). The politics of gender diversity on the high court of Australia. Alternative Law Journal, 40(3), 166 - 170.
  • Porter, L. E., & Prenzler, T. (2017). Police officer gender and excessive force complaints: an Australian study. Policing and Society, 27(8), 865 - 883. doi:10.1080/10439463.2015.1114616
  • Prenzler, T., & Sinclair, G. (2013). The status of women police officers: an international review. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 41(2), 115 - 131.
    • ]]>     2018-05-17 11:49:33 UTC https://padlet.com/arearde2/4zwg70lp3t8y/wish/261537624