https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8 Make a list of terms for DNA replication, transcription, and translation as a class. Then in partners, explain how each process occurs. There are 8 points for each process. en-us 2020-10-31 17:22:52 UTC 2025-10-18 23:43:12 UTC hello@padlet.com sayaslettehaugh https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890328679 - Lagging strand
- Leading strand
- Okazaki fragments
- DNA polymerase 1 and 3
- Replication Fork]]> 2020-11-04 15:24:40 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890328679 sayaslettehaugh https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890339551 Helicase unzips the DNA strand. The DNA Gyrase (a type of topoisomerase) prevents the DNA from supercoiling. The SBB proteins then prevent the strand from closing back together. On the leading strand which goes from 3' to 5', a primer is attached (by a primase enzyme) which is eventually replaced by a segment of DNA by DNA polymerase 1. Then, DNA polymerase 3 then reads this, and build a new strand from 5' to 3' and continues. On the lagging strand which goes from 5' to 3', the same process occurs, however, more primers are attached as the helicase continues to unzip the DNA which creates fragments of DNA called Okazaki fragments. The nicks in between these fragments on the phosphate backbone are then fixed by ligase enzymes. This continues until the DNA is fully replicated.]]> 2020-11-04 15:26:55 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890339551 https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890379084 - Initiator
- Silencer
- Terminator
- Coding strand
- Template strand]]> 2020-11-04 15:35:07 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890379084 sayaslettehaugh https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890381069 Transcription is the process that produces mRNA from DNA. First, the RNA polymerase begins to unzip the DNA, and a transcription factor binds to the upstream initiator on the template strand of the DNA. This allows the RNA Polymerase to bind to the DNA and begin to build an RNA strand from 3' to 5' with free floating ribo-nucleotides. When the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, it stops building and the mRNA is ready for modification. In modification, introns in the mRNA are removed so that the strand is only made of exons. A methylated cap is then added to the 5' end, and a poly-A tail is added to the 3' end after which the mRNA is realeased out of the nucleus through pores.]]> 2020-11-04 15:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890381069 https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890387442 - tRNA
- Large ribosomal unit
- Small ribosomal unit
- EPA sites]]> 2020-11-04 15:36:55 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890387442 https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890395805 Translation is composed of three stages: initiation, elongation and termination. During initiation the strand of mRNA binds to the small ribosomal unit, where the P site will eventually be located, on the AUG codon. A tRNA with a MET amino acid and UAC anticodon binds to the UAG codon on the mRNA, and the large ribosomal unit places itself on the small ribosomal subunit. Next, during elongation, the tRNA passes on its amino acid to a new tRNA which has entered the ribosomal unit at the A site and translocates to the E site, where it will then leave the ribosome. As the polypeptide continues translation the new tRNA translocates to the P site and the process repeats itself until the mRNA has a stop codon after which a release factor binds to the A site, causing a dissembly and releasing of a polypeptide. The ribosome reads from a 5 prime to 3 prime direction.]]> 2020-11-04 15:38:39 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/890395805 pietup https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897033574 - Helicase
- Single Stranded Binding Proteins]]> 2020-11-06 09:07:40 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897033574 pietup https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897036171 - Replication begins on a point on the DNA strand called Origin of Replication
- Helicase unzips the DNA into two strands; the lagging strand and the leading strand
- An enzyme called DNA Gyrase prevents the DNA from supercoiling and the single stranded binding proteins keep the two strands apart
- The leading strand can make a continuous new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction while the lagging strand has to make it in fragments called the Okasaki Fragments
- ]]> 2020-11-06 09:09:46 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897036171 pietup https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897046836 - Polysomes
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination]]> 2020-11-06 09:17:53 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897046836 pietup https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897074375 Initiation
Elongation
Termination]]> 2020-11-06 09:38:20 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897074375 pietup https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897075192 Transcription is a process where mRNA is produced from DNA. In initiation, the DNA unwinds and the the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand of DNA. In elongation, an RNA strand complementary to the template DNA strand is synthesized with the RNA polymerase moving down the DNA molecule. In termination, the RNA polymer transcribes a section of the DNA molecule called the terminator, which signals the RNA polymerase to stop. 
 ]]> 2020-11-06 09:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897075192 21scaama https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897658375 - DNA gyrase
- Helicase
- SSB proteins
- RNA primase 
- RNA primer
- DNA polymerase III
- DNA polymerase I
- DNA ligase]]> 2020-11-06 14:28:28 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897658375 21scaama https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897687741 -The DNA gryase stops the DNA from supercoiling
- Then the helicase unrips the DNA helix from the origin 
- After that the SSB proteins work to keep the strands separate
- Next the first enzyme, RNA primase, is used to release the RNA primer which prepares the DNA for the Polymerase on the leading strand
- Nucleotides are added from 5' to 3' by the polymerase III
- The parent strand is used as a template
- Polymerase III replaces the RNA primer with the DNA
- Lastly the DNA ligase seals the first and last nucleotides. ]]> 2020-11-06 14:35:30 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897687741 21scaama https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897780305 - RNA polymerase
- Template strand
- Coding strand 
- Promoter region
- Transcription factor 
- Silencer region 
- Repressor protein 
- Terminator region

]]> 2020-11-06 14:58:20 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/897780305 21dzhkri https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/901561139 -mRNA
-tRNA
-small and large ribosomal subunit
-release factor
-initiation
-elongation
-termination  

]]> 2020-11-08 13:43:26 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/901561139 21dzhkri https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/901562124 Translation is the process that synthesises proteins (polypeptides).
The process of Translation is made up of 3 key phases: initiation, elongation and Termination.

In the first phase mRNA (which is made of codons) gets linked to a small subunit of the ribosome; because mRNA has codons, the transfer RNA has a specific amino acid called anticodon (triplet of bases). The process of finding this match is called complementary base pairing. mRNA has a start codon (AUG) to which a complementary initiator codone of tRNA (UAC) matches up. Thanks to GTP (guanosine triphosphate), which provides energy, the small ribosomal subunit binds to a large one making the translation initiation complex complete: the process of translation starts.

The mRNA has 3 sites: E, P and A.

In the second phase another tRNA codon matches to an mRNA one in the site A. The Polypeptide and the new Amino Acid (tRNA codon) link up with a peptide bond; the tRNA on the P site (in the middle) gives the polypeptide to the tRNA that is on the A site, which is connected to the polypeptide chain (in that way we have a growing polypeptide chain). The ribosome moves along mRNA in direction 5' to 3'  (from left to right, form E site to A site). The tRNA moves in direction (from A to E) During this phase the A site remains empty.

The last phase is determined by the stopping of translation, which happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon along the mRNA sequence (UAG, UAA, or UGA); a protein called "release factor" binds to the A site, which tells to release the polypeptide; this tells that the process is done and that the polypeptide is complete. The last step is the deconstruction of the whole structure.]]> 2020-11-08 13:44:14 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/901562124 21dzhkri https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/902265388 DNA replication happens thanks to two processes: DNA transcription and then mRNA translation. In eukaryotic cells transcription happens inside the nucleus and translation happens in the cytoplasm (prokaryotic cells perform both processes in the same cellular compartment because they don't have a nucleus).

Genes are transcribed by (one of the) RNA polymerase into messenger RNA (mRNA); this RNA is called messenger because (in eukaryotic cells) the copied genetic information has to travel outside the nucleus in order to be transcribed (at ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the protein synthesis site)

Eukaryotes have three different RNA polymerase( which is an enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription); depending on what gene is being transcribed a corresponding polymerase gets involved: RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA genes, RNA polymerase II transcribes all the genes that code for proteins and RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA, rRNA and small nuclear RNA genes. Prokaryotes only have one type of RNA polymerase

There are three main steps to transcription: Initiation, Elongation and Termination.

Initiation:
This is the start of transcription; it happens when the enzyme RNA polymerase links to an area of the gene called the “promoter”. This tells the DNA to unzip so the enzyme can read off the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme polymerase is now ready to make a strand of mRNA which will have a complementary sequence of bases and is destined to travel outside the nucleus.

Elongation:
The second step is elongation, which means the adding of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unzipped DNA strand and prepares and crafts the mRNA molecule, using the process of complementary base pairs(it has to be noted that the bases of RNA are different from those of the DNA: thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA; in DNA/RNA base pairing, adenine (A) goes with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) matches with guanine (G)) for a short moment the newly formed RNA is attached to the unzipped DNA.

Termination of transcription:
This represents the ending of transcription, and happens when RNA polymerase encounters a specific codon, meaning a stop sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it pulls away from DNA ready to travel outside of the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.]]> 2020-11-08 22:28:46 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/902265388 lorenzoconte https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/905365364 - Helicase
- Single Stranded Binding Proteins
- Lagging Strand
- Primase
- Complementary Base Pairing
- Origin of Replication]]> 2020-11-09 18:04:58 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/905365364 lorenzoconte https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/905492322 - Replication begins on a point on the DNA strand called Origin of Replication
- Helicase unzips the DNA into two strands; the lagging strand and the leading strand
- An enzyme called DNA Gyrase prevents the DNA from supercoiling and the single stranded binding proteins keep the two strands apart
- DNA Polymerase I sets the base for the DNA Polymerase III to replicate on
- The DNA Polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction while the lagging strand has to make it in fragments called the Okazaki Fragments
- The lagging and leading strand are stuck back together by the ligase.]]> 2020-11-09 18:29:36 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/905492322 lorenzoconte https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/907824840 Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Template Strand
RNA Polymerase
Terminator region
Silencer region
Repressor protein]]> 2020-11-10 10:00:03 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/907824840 lorenzoconte https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/907831455 - Polysomes
- Codon
- Anticodon
- tRNA
- Large and small ribosomal subunit
- A, P, E binding sites]]> 2020-11-10 10:02:47 UTC https://padlet.com/danthanhtonthat/4xuaqyrvlb6slzf8/wish/907831455