The content focuses on the importance of understanding socio-emotional development through two different key areas: milestone competencies and ego-biological model. Further it discuss the significant of temperament and attachment in early socio-emotional development. Additionally, it outlines stages of socio-emotional development from infancy to early childhood, emphasising the role of caregivers, and how it influence behaviour and emotional regulation.

Type of license: article from National Library of Medicine.

Malik, F., & Marwaha, R. (2022, 18. September). Developmental Stages of Social Emotional Development in Children. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534819/

Type of license of the resource: Article from Verywell Mind.

MSEd, K. C. (2023, 13. March). 7 main developmental theories. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068

Type of license of the resource: YouTube video from Sprouts.

Sprouts. (2018, 28. November). Prenatal Development: What Babies Learn in the Womb [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UA-Tk9qlG9A

Type of license of the resource: Youtube video from HSC Winnipeg.

HSC Winnipeg. (2017, 20. November). Fine Motor Development From Birth to 5 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiTuGv_GeaE

Further it explains how sensory experiences play a crucial role in helping children learn about objects, their environment, and how to interact with people. For instance, babies begin by focusing on faces, tracking objects, and differentiating sounds. As they grow, they also develop preferences and reactions to different textures, tastes, and smells. Engaging children in various sensory activities, such as tummy time, water play, and nature exploration, helps stimulate their brain and supports their cognitive, emotional, and social development. The process also involves reintroducing experiences to help children adapt to new sensory stimuli.

Type of licence of the resource: Article from Continued.

Jean Barbre, EdD. (2022, 21. January). What Are Perceptual Development Skills in Infants and Toddlers?. Continued Early Childhood Education. https://continued.com/early-childhood-education/ask-the-experts/what-perceptual-development-skills-in-23770

Explanation: This article describes environmental factors during pregnancy and their negative influence, e.g. reasons for miscarriage or congenital anomalies. Besides that, it offers insights into preventive measures.

APA: Triche, E. W., & Hossain, N. (2007). Environmental Factors Implicated in the Causation of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. Seminars in Perinatology, 31(4), 240–242. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.013

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2795358/

Type of License: Public (National Library of Medicine, PubMed Central)

Marla Spannring

Resource Name: Parenting Style and Language Development

Explanation: This study connects parenting styles to children’s language development and how their behavior influences early communication skills.

APA: Sadiq, S., Farooq, N., Mansoor, R., Shoukat, S., & Saqulain, G. (2024). Association between Parenting Style and Language Development in Children: Parenting Style and Language Development. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 23–28.

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i03.1319

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379503322_Association_between_Parenting_Style_and_Language_Development_in_Children_Parenting_Style_and_Language_Development

Type of License: Public (Creative Commons Attribution License), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Marla Spannring

Explanation: The article connects Piaget’s developmental theories to the moral development of children and describes how, when and why children mostly show prosocial behaviour.

APA: Hammond, S. I. (2014). Children’s early helping in action: Piagetian developmental theory and early prosocial behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(759).

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4102168/

Type of License: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution License), Copyright © 2014 Hammond

Marla Spannring

Resource Name: Creating the Correctional Environment for Personality Development of Children with Autistic Disorders

Explanation: This article provided a good overview of how personality development of children with autism differs from children without this condition and how the environment influences their development.

APA: Bazyma, N., Mamicheva, O., Korhun, L., Krykunenko, Y., Rozina, I., & Dehtiarenko, T. (2022). Creating the Correctional Environment for Personality Development of Children with Autistic Disorders. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 13(1), 259–275. 

https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.1/283

https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=7f48baf5-ec57-4b58-8da3-

60e48a927c28%40redis&bdata=Jmxhbmc9ZXMmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=156572996&db=asn

Type of License: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution License) and restricted access (Universidad Europea library.)

Marla Spannring

Resource Name: Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Explanation: This article explores Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and describes each stage with examples. In the end there is a short quiz to check your knowledge. 

APA: Cherry, K. (2023, March 13). Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development. Verywell Mind; Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/freuds-stages-of-psychosexual-development-2795962 

Type of License: Open Access, copyright by organization Very Well Mind.

Marla Spannring

This reference briefly explains how an infant goes through the process of visual development within the span of 12 months from its the birth.

Type of license of the resource: Article from American Academy of Ophthalmology

Vision Development: Newborn to 12 months. (2024, July 11). American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/baby-vision-development-first-year

Henry Robin

Type of license of the resource: Article from Parenting science(© 2019 – 2023 Gwen Dewar, Ph.D., all rights reserved)

Dewar, G. (2024, March 25). Motor milestones: How do children develop during the early years? PARENTING SCIENCE. https://parentingscience.com/motor-milestones/

Henry Robin

Type of license of the resource: Youtube video from SciShow Psych.

SciShow Psych. (2017, March 30). How Do Babies Become Bilingual? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me_v82q0ins

Henry Robin

Type of license of the resource: Youtube Video from Sprouts.

Sprouts. (2020, February 28). Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I2hrSRbmHE

Henry Robin

Type of license of the resource: Article from Verywellmind.

MSEd, K. C. (2022, November 7). Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071

Henry Robin

APA references - Sensory Processing. (2019, December 8). What is Sensory Processing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-kUKyfu0as

Type of license - Youtube video from Different Minds

APA reference - Lumen Learning. (n.d.). Language development. In Developmental psychology. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-developmentalpsych/chapter/language-development/

Type of License - article from Lumen Learning

APA reference - The Audiopedia. (2019, December 16). Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I2hrSRbmHE

Type of License - Youtube video from Sprouts

APA reference - Verywell Mind. (n.d.). Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Verywell Mind. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071

Type of License - Article from verywellmind

APA reference - Verywell Mind. (n.d.). Personality development. Verywell Mind. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://www.verywellmind.com/personality-development-2795425

Type of License - Article from verywellmind

This video provides a concise and visually engaging overview of the main theoretical perspectives on human development. It explores key theories such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, using clear examples and simple explanations. With dynamic animations and relatable scenarios, the video helps viewers understand how these theories explain different aspects of human growth and learning. Perfect for those looking to reinforce their understanding of developmental psychology in a quick, accessible format.

Type of License of the Resource: Standard YouTube Licens.

TED-Ed. (2023, October 12). Theories of D

evelopment: Concepts and Perspectives in Psychology [Video]. YouTube.

https://youtu.be/grAUgEjdIsI?si=nzwuvI_3-VY4pzN4

This article provides a comprehensive and well-structured explanation of key developmental psychology theories, such as Piaget's cognitive stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. It highlights how these theories apply to real-life contexts, making it a valuable resource for students seeking to deepen their understanding of human development.

Type of License of the Resource: Open access.

Rutgers University Libraries. (n.d.). Chapter 1: Developmental Theories. In Development Across the Lifespan. Rutgers Open Textbooks. https://openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu/developmentacrossthelifespan/chapter/chapter-1-developmental-theories/

This resource relates to the topics of prenatal stages: germinal, embryonic and fetal, as well as environmental and biological factors that influence development.

APA Citation: Iowa State University. (n.d.). Prenatal Development. In Parenting and Family Diversity Issues. https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/parentingfamilydiversity/chapter/prenatal-development/

Type of License- Online article, open Access

This video analyzes motor development in infants from both a theoretical and practical perspective, explaining how early reflexes evolve into more coordinated and voluntary movements. 

A highlight is his discussion of the importance of cultural context and individual differences in the pace of development, a topic we only touch on briefly in the classroom.

APA Citation: Psychology Matters. (2023, February 10). Motor Development in Infants: Theories and Practical Applications [Video]. YouTube. 

https://youtu.be/LiTuGv_GeaE

Type of License- Youtube video, standard Youtube License

This podcast episode addresses children's language development from a practical and accessible perspective, offering theory-backed strategies for fostering language skills. 

One aspect that I found particularly interesting was the discussion of how caregivers can support children with speech delays, connecting it to Vygotsky's scaffolding theory.

APA Citation: No One Told Us. (2023, March 22). Supporting Your Child’s Speech and Language [Podcast]. https://www.noonetoldusthepodcast.com/episodes/supporting-your-childs-speech-and-language

Type of license- Podcast Episode, Open Access

This article is an essential reference on attachment theory and discusses in depth how early attachments shape socioemotional development and future relationships. 

it explains attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized) clearly, connecting them to current research, such as the influence of attachment on emotional regulation and stress responses. 

the article includes cultural perspectives and factors such as parental sensitivity, providing a broader view of what we discussed in class.

APA Citation: Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. https://www.academia.edu/120826620/Handbook_of_attachment_theory_research_and_clinical_applications_Third_edition

Type of license-Research Article, open Access

Summary: This video very briefly explains Who Jean Piaget was as well as the main concepts of his developmental stages. It goes through each one of the stages, explaining the ages in which they occur and their key concepts.

Type of license: Standard YouTube License

APA citation:

Helpful Professor Explains! (2023, June 29). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (In 2 minutes!) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2spOA-H6JEY

Original link: https://youtu.be/2spOA-H6JEY?si=ZHw9jSOI4igENOUL

Summary: This video starts by listing and explaining the 4 parenting styles and later mentions the 5^th more recently discovered one. It goes on to give examples that put these parenting styles into perspective and shows how it affects the child’s behaviors and attitudes, as well as how their future is affected. Following this, the video mentions research done and who first introduced the 4 parenting styles.

Original link: https://youtu.be/fyO8pvpnTdE?si=IRlo57NR3WiqzTer

Type of license: Standard YouTube License

APA citation:

Sprouts. (2021, April 30). 5 Parenting styles and their effects on life [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyO8pvpnTdE

Summary: This video explains the entirety of language development, from phonemes and morphemes to the stages of language acquisition. It starts by introducing Kanzi and Bonobo and what language is. It continues by explaining phonemes, morphemes, and grammar and then the stages in which language is acquired and what you can say within each stage. It concludes by going over Skinner and Chomsky’s theories and aphasias that can limit language.

Original link: https://youtu.be/s9shPouRWCs?si=DGuV1tFT3Bn7gZOU

Type of license: Standard YouTube License

APA citation:

CrashCourse. (2014, May 26). Language: Crash course Psychology #16 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9shPouRWCs

Summary: This article outlines the three key stages of human development during pregnancy: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage. It explains the major milestones and processes occurring in each stage. The germinal stage focuses on the formation and implantation of the zygote. The embryonic stage details the development of major organs and body systems. Finally, the fetal stage describes the growth and maturation that prepare the fetus for birth.

Original link: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073

Type of license: Article from Very Well Mind

APA citation:

MSEd, K. C. (2024c, May 20). Prenatal development stages. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073

Summary: The video explains Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, which outlines six stages of moral reasoning across three levels. The Preconventional (focused on personal rewards and punishments), Conventional (guided by social rules and laws), and Postconventional (based on abstract principles like justice). It explains how moral thinking evolves with cognitive and social development.

Original link: https://youtu.be/sBop4yfH4pg?si=aL6YkQqR4lpL-8N9

Type of license: Standard YouTube License

APA citation:

Collin Testing and Psychological Services. (2017, July 22). Kohlberg’s theory of moral development explained! [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBop4yfH4pg

Language development in children: 0-8 years. (2023, December 19). Raising Children Network. https://raisingchildren.net.au/babies/development/language-development/language-development-0-8

Children’s Developmental Milestones: Gross and Fine Motor Skills | Brown University Health. (n.d.). Brown University Health. https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/childrens-developmental-milestones-gross-and-fine-motor-skills

Cognitive Development in Children | Advice for Parents. (n.d.). https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cognitive-development#:~:text=What%20is%20Cognitive%20Development%3F,and%20transform%20objects%20and%20actions.

Developmental Stages of Social Emotional Development in Children. (2024, January 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521240/

Summary: The video introduces Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, outlining four stages. The stages highlight how children’s thinking evolves, though development varies individually.

1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence.

2. Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking and language emerge but remains egocentric and intuitive.

3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking develops for concrete objects; understands conservation and classification.

4. Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning matures.

Original link: https://youtu.be/eJTIo_MhG3M?si=nZHBDMeNnA_xVpTr

Type of license: Standard YouTube license

APA citation: Professor Dave Explains. (2022, March 14). Introduction to Developmental Psychology: Piaget’s Stages [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJTIo_MhG3M

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-moral-development-definition-stages.html#:~:text=Lesson%20Summary-,What%20is%20Moral%20Development%3F,as%20well%20as%20established%20laws.

Summary: This article reviews three key theories in developmental psychology. The authors suggest that integrating these theories could lead to comprehensive models for understanding human psychological development throughout life.

1. Psychoanalytic Theory: Emphasizes the impact of early individual experiences on later development, suggesting a “nature determinism” perspective.

2. Cognitive Developmental Theory: Focuses on children’s psychological development as the adaptation of the subject to the object through action.

3. Social Learning Theory: Highlights the role of later social experiences in shaping individual psychological development, shifting focus from genetics and environment to social factors.

Original link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380172740_The_Development_of_Human_Psychology_Retrospect_and_Prospect_of_Three_Major_Theoretical_Perspectives/fulltext/662f914006ea3d0b7418eca7/The-Development-of-Human-Psychology-Retrospect-and-Prospect-of-Three-Major-Theoretical-Perspectives.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ

Type of license: Article from Research gate

APA citation: Sun, Y., & Wang, X. (2024, April). The Development of Human Psychology: Retrospect and Prospect of Three Major Theoretical Perspectives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380172740_The_Development_of_Human_Psychology_Retrospect_and_Prospect_of_Three_Major_Theoretical_Perspectives/fulltext/662f914006ea3d0b7418eca7/The-Development-of-Human-Psychology-Retrospect-and-Prospect-of-Three-Major-Theoretical-Perspectives.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ.

Summary: This video outlines key developmental milestones for infants. The video emphasises the typical age ranges for these milestones, aiding in monitoring infant development.

• Gross Motor Skills: Large movements such as rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking.

• Fine Motor Skills: Precise actions like grasping objects, transferring items between hands, and pincer grasp development.

• Social Development: Behaviors including smiling, stranger anxiety, and social interactions.

• Psychosocial Development: Emotional and psychological growth, referencing Erikson’s stages, particularly trust vs. mistrust in infancy.

Original link: https://youtu.be/qbrRYCRd2cU?si=K4HzecVJgeySxXMK

Type of license: Standard YouTube license

APA citation: Level Up RN. (2021, December 21). Infant Fine/Gross Motor, Social, and Psychosocial Development - Pediatric Nursing | @LevelUpRN [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbrRYCRd2cU

Summary: In this video, several key theories are discussed. The video compares these theories, highlighting their strengths and limitations in explaining language acquisition.

1. Nativist Theory: Proposed by Noam Chomsky, this theory suggests that humans are born with an innate ability for language acquisition, facilitated by a theoretical construct known as the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

2. Learning (Behaviorist) Theory: Championed by B.F. Skinner, it posits that language is acquired through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.

3. Interactionist Theory: This perspective combines biological and social factors, asserting that language development arises from the desire to communicate and is influenced by social interactions.

Original link: https://youtu.be/HJ41B-BeJ3g?si=MI8GI4H7orkX_3pk

Type of license: Standard YouTube license

APA citation: 5-Minute Psych. (2024, January 22). Theories of Language Development [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ41B-BeJ3g

Summary: This video outlines Sigmund Freud’s model, which proposes that human development occurs through five stages, each centered on a specific erogenous zone. The video explains that unresolved conflicts during any stage can lead to fixation, potentially influencing adult personality and behavior.

1. Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure centers on the mouth; activities like sucking and biting are crucial.

2. Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus shifts to bowel and bladder control; toilet training becomes significant.

3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Attention moves to the genitals; children begin to identify with same-sex parents.

4. Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are repressed; focus is on social interactions and skills development.

5. Genital Stage (puberty onward): Mature sexual interests develop; individuals seek relationships outside the family.

Original link: https://youtu.be/WBX7IDuh1bU?si=PzjxOZypYec604xM

Type of license: Standard YouTube License

APA citation: Collin Testing and Psychological Services. (2019, May 28). Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Explained [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBX7IDuh1bU

Brain Mechanisms in Early Language Acquisition

Explanation:

This peer-reviewed article explores the neural mechanisms underlying language acquisition in infants. It emphasizes the role of social interactions and brain plasticity in the development of phonological and syntactic skills. Kuhl also highlights how early exposure to language shapes the brain‘s processing abilities, making it a cornerstone for understanding developmental psychology in early childhood.

Reference:

Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67(5), 713-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.038

License Type:

All rights reserved (direct access available via DOI link).

Temperament in Children‘s Development

Explanation:

This Chapter explores temperament as a biological foundation for personality development, detailing how traits such as emotionality, activity level, and sociability interact with environmental factors. It emphasizes the role of early temperament in shaping self-regulation and broader personality traits across childhood and adolescence.

Reference:

Rothbart, M.K., & Bates, J. E. (in press). Temperament in children‘s development. In W. Damon, R. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Sixth Edition: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3). New York: Wiley.

License Type:

All rights reserved (accessible via ResearchGate).

Reconstructing Constructivism: Casual Models, Bayesian Learning Mechanisms, and the Theory Theory

Explanation:

This peer-reviewed article updates classical constructivist theories, such as those by Piaget, by integrating modern insights from Bayesian learning models and causal reasoning. It proposes that children actively construct knowledge through probabilistic inference and causal learning, emphasizing the “theory theory“ approach to understanding how children think and learn about the world.

Reference:

Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (2012). Reconstructing constructivism: causal models, Bayesian learning mechanisms, and the theory theory. Psychological bulletin, 138(6), 1085–1108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028044

License Type:

All rights reserved (accessible via DOI link).

Resource Name:

Origins and Development of Morality

Explanation:

This chapter from the Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Socioemotional Processes provides a detailed exploration of moral development. It covers the early roots of morality in infancy , moral judgements in childhood, and the role of family, peers, and societal contexts in shaping moral reasoning. Additionally, it integrates neuroscience and theory of mind to explain how children understand morality in relation to mental states, fairness, and justice.

Reference:

Killen, M., & Smetana, J. G. (2015). Origins and development of morality. In M. Lamb (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Socioemotional Processes (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 702-742). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.sas.rochester.edu/psy/people/faculty/smetana_judith/assets/pdf/KillenSmetana_2015_Origins.pdf

License Type:

All rights reserved (accessible via provided link).

The Future of Sex and Gender in Psychology: Five Challenges to the Gender Binary

Explanation:

This article critically examines the limitations of traditional gender binary models in psychology and proposes a more inclusive framework for understanding sex, gender, and sexuality. It integrates research across biology, psychology, and sociology to explore the fluidity and complexity of gender and sexual identity. Key challenges include addressing biases, expanding conceptual frameworks, and integrating intersectional approaches.

Reference:

Hyde, J. S., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Tate, C. C., & van Anders, S. M. (2019). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challneges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171-193. Retrieved from https://psychiatry.ucsd.edu/_files/diversity/hyde.pdf

License Type:

All rights reserved (accessible via provided link).

In this video, Piaget's stages of cognitive development are explained. The complex concept is broken down into digestible information, with concise and visually engaging information. The video explains how children progress through different stages of thinking. It is an excellent resource for understanding this foundational theory in this unit.

Type of License: Standard Youtube License

APA Citation: Sprouts (2018, August 1). Piaget’s Theory on Cognitive Development [Video]. YouTube. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhcgYgx7aAA

Moral Development | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). https://iep.utm.edu/moraldev/

In this video, the contextual perspective is explained by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. It makes it easier to understand how environmental factors influence development. Its historical context, Bronfenbrenner’s work connects environmental and developmental psychology. I particularly chose this resource, because it explains this theory in an engaging, tangible and animated way.

Type of License: Standard Youtube License

APA Citation: Sprouts (2021, December 1). Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems: 5 Forces Impacting Our Lives [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6pUQ4EDHeQ

This video explores the four main parenting styles in detail, but still in a visually engaging way. Authoratative, democratic, uninvolved and permissive parenting styles are discussed. It is an excellent resource for understanding how different parenting approaches impact children’s socioemotional development, when it comes to the child's behavior and well-being. The video’s practical explanations and examples make the concept easy to grasp.

Type of License: Standard Youtube License

APA Citation: MR. BRAIN (2023, June 22). 4 Parenting Styles That You Must Know! How Parenting Styles Impacts The Lives Of Your Children? [Video]. YouTube. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCunStG5ewM

This video is an engaging approach to prenatal development. It emphasizes the profound impact of the prenatal environment on development. The video introduces concepts like David Barker’s ‘postcards’ theory. The video gives us an unique insight into how external factors during pregnancy influence a baby’s future. I choose this because this is a visually engaging resource that explains prenatal development in easy terms.

Type of License: Standard Youtube License

APA Citation: Sprouts (2018, November 28). Prenatal development: What babies learn in the Womb [Video]. YouTube. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UA-Tk9qlG9A

This article explores the integration of developmental and evolutionary perspectives on moral development, providing insights into how mismatches between evolved psychological mechanisms and modern environments can influence moral behavior.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Hoogland, M., & Ploeger, A. (2022). Two Different Mismatches: Integrating the Developmental and the Evolutionary-Mismatch Hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35834332/

This article applies cognitive development theories in the context of nursing, illustrating how self-care skills are acquired and reflecting on developmental principles.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Yip, J. Y. C. (2021). Theory-Based Advanced Nursing Practice: A Practice Update on the Application of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. SAGE Open Nursing. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33959682/

This study investigates how parenting styles affect children’s emotional development, emphasizing the role of temperament in shaping socioaffective growth.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Zarra-Nezhad, M., Aunola, K., Kiuru, N., Mullola, S., Moazami-Goodarzi, A., & Nurmi, J. E. (2017). Parenting Styles and Children’s Emotional Development During the First Grade: The Moderating Role of Child Temperament. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gW8lTU0AAAAJ

This review explores the role of pretend play in child development, including its impact on language acquisition and other cognitive skills.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., Dore, R. A., Smith, E. D., & Palmquist, C. M. (2013). The Impact of Pretend Play on Children's Development: A Review of the Evidence. Psychological Bulletin. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jvqmx08AAAAJ

This book details the development of theory of mind in children, explaining how understanding others’ thoughts and feelings is foundational for personality and social development.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Doherty, M. (2008). Theory of Mind: How Children Understand Others' Thoughts and Feelings. Psychology Press. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=dLTD330AAAAJ

This resource stood out to me since it highlights a critical period in early childhood for learning language. It gives us the milestones over the first five years of language acquisition. The video explains it in a summarized, easy and concise way, making it perfect for understanding this aspect of development

Type of License: Standard Youtube License

APA Citation: Sprouts (2019, April 30). Language: The 5 years of Life of Learning [Video]. YouTube. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u49uLLCUlEk

This resource provides an overview of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, detailing each stage's central conflict, age range, and outcomes. It underlines the significance of resolving each stage's conflict for healthy psychological and social development. The authors discuss practical applications in various fields, including education and mental health, and provide insights into how unresolved conflicts can impact an individual's later life.

Orenstein, G. A., & Lewis, L. (2022). Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/

License: Public Domain

This video talks about how twins develop within the womb of a mother. It compares the differences in formation between monozygotic (identical) twins and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.

Osmosis from Elsevier. (2023). Development of twins [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERMt3H6f9BI

License: Standard YouTube License

This article examines laterality in children, showing that they generally perform better with their dominant hand. It highlights how task demands, handedness, and other factors influence motor asymmetries in children aged 6 to 11.

Bondi, D., Prete, G., Malatesta, G., & Robazza, C. (2020). Laterality in children: Evidence for task-dependent lateralization of motor functions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186705

License: Public Domain

This article revisits the Atkinson-Shiffrin (1968) memory model, highlighting its broader insights and its alignment with later theories like working memory and depth of processing. It corrects misconceptions, showing that Atkinson and Shiffrin anticipated more complex memory processes, including elaborative rehearsal, not just maintenance rehearsal.

Wixted, J. T. (2024). Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) influential model overshadowed their contemporary theory of human memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 136, 104471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2023.104471

License: Elsevier User License

This article summarizes Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which identifies three levels; preconventional, conventional, and postconventional - each with two stages. The theory highlights how individuals develop moral reasoning from avoiding punishment to upholding universal ethical principles, with progression through these stages being universal and sequential.

Simply Psychology. (2024). Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html

License: Not explicitly stated on their policies.

This study examines how patterns of screen time from infancy to early childhood affect developmental outcomes at age 6. Researchers identified three screen time trajectories: Continued Low, Early Increasing, and Late Increasing. The findings reveal and compare the cognitive and psychosocial development within three different groups. The study highlights the potential negative impact of excessive screen time on early childhood development and underscores the importance of parents monitoring screen use during critical developmental periods.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Wei, M., Wong, R. S., Zeng, J., Zhou, J., Loke, A. Y., Zeng, X., & Rong, H. (2022). Association between screen time trajectory and early childhood development in children in China. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(8), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2065

“Social Cognition Development and Socioaffective Dysfunction in Childhood and Adolescence”

Chapter: Social Interactions and Theory of Mind in Childhood and Adolescence

The chapter emphasizes the significance of developing the Theory of Mind (ToM), which refers to the ability to understand the mental states of others and how it shapes social interactions during crucial developmental years. It explores how children and adolescents learn to express and interpret beliefs, desires, and intentions, fostering effective communication and empathy. The discussion also highlights the influence of social experiences, such as interactions with peers and guidance from parents, in nurturing ToM development. Furthermore, it delves into how ToM proficiency enhances social skills while addressing the challenges faced by individuals who struggle with ToM deficits.

License Type: Limited Open Access

Berlim de Mello, C., da Silva Gusmão Cardoso, T., & Vinicius C. Alves, M. (2022). Social cognition development and socioaffective dysfunction in childhood and adolescence. In P. S. Boggio, T. S. H. Wingenbach, M. L. da Silveira Coêlho, W. E. Comfort, L. M. Marques, & M. V. C. Alves (Eds.), Social and affective neuroscience of everyday human interaction(pp. 161–175). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08651-9_10

A study that shows how language input quantity and quality shape bilingual language development in children under five, it emphasizes the importance of using assessments that look at vocabulary in both languages to better understand bilingual development and identify any language disorders.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attributions)

Hoff, E., & Core, C. (2013). Input and language development in bilingually developing children. Seminars in speech and language, 34(4), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1353448

This article explores how genetic, environmental, and developmental factors shape personality and the onset of disorders in children and adolescents, emphasizing early intervention and resilience.

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attribution)

Lenkiewicz, K., Srebnicki, T., & Bryńska, A. (2016). Mechanisms shaping the development of personality and personality disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatria Polska, 50(3), 621–629. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/36180

License Type: Open Access (Creative Commons Attributions)

Honig, A. S. (1999). Psychosexual development in infants and young children: Implications for caregivers. Young Children, 40(6), 57–64. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alice-Honig/publication/234604191_Psychosexual_Development_in_Infants_and_Young_Children_Implications_for_Caregivers/links/5547c0ec0cf2e2031b384884/Psychosexual-Development-in-Infants-and-Young-Children-Implications-for-Caregivers.pdf