Lighting became greatly improved through the use of candles, reflectors and coloured lights making for more immersion. Lighting effects were also created by throwing a powder from resin into a candle flame, causing a bright flash.

20th century

Modern speakers and microphones became far more prominent. This greatly enhanced the auditory experience within the theatre, creating far more immersion.

From 1790 to the mid-1800s, piano technology and sound was greatly improved due to the inventions of the Industrial Revolution, such as the new high-quality steel called piano wire, and the ability to precisely cast iron frames.

21st century: AI: Researchers are exploring AI to help with directing, such as automatically positioning characters in a virtual space based on script analysis.