https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/4w70xblk51lb45dl en-us 2020-12-16 02:08:10 UTC 2021-01-12 06:57:37 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f404.png rhubhithra00 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/4w70xblk51lb45dl/wish/1022588252 1) Type of vaccine used

- Live coccidia oocyst attenuated
   - The oocysts are artificially reduced virulence
   - Coccidia used -low reproductive potential, not  pathogenic

- Live coccidia oocyst non-attenuated
   - Maintain their natural virulence
   - Limited used - too much non-attenuated vaccine will cause lesion in poultry

- Recombinant
  - Produced using defined Eimeria antigens and harmless adjuvants
  - Using recombinant DNA technology

2) CMI vs Humoral- which is the most important?
Answer: CMI more important 

CMI- intracellular parasite
       - cytokine production ( exp: IL-2 and INF-gamma)

Humoral- extracellular parasite
             - Antibodies production 
             - Less effective

3) Contol Measures

a) Anticoccidial Drug (exp: Amprolium)- give depends on the type of management such as layer or boiler
- Good: significant effect
- Bad: Drug resistance

b) Vaccine ( exp: Malaysia-Livacox) - 3 types ( Question 1)
- Good: Avoid drug residue and resistance issue
- Bad: Expensive, Labour intensive

c) Natural Product (exp: Heem leaves)- can act directly and indirectly to the parasite
-Good: Improve recovery after infection
- Bad: Overfed might cause side effect exp: overfed garlic cause high amount of oocysts output
      ]]> 2020-12-16 02:11:50 UTC https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/4w70xblk51lb45dl/wish/1022588252 https://padlet.com/rhubhithra00/4w70xblk51lb45dl/wish/1054569469 1) What we know:
P. multocida
Gram -ve bacteria which causes haemorrhagic septicaemia.  There are cases of buffalo deaths because of this bacteria in Terengganu.

B. abortus
Gram -ve bacteria and causes stillborn and/or abortion in cattle. Considered a zoonoses and can be transmitted through ingestion and open wound.

2) What to know:
i) What type of vaccines are used to prevent P. multocida and B. abortus infection?

ii) How does the immune system respond to the vaccines?

iii) How can we diagnose P. multocida and B. abortus infection in cattle?

3) Information we found:
i) The vaccines that are used for P. multocida are alum precipitated vaccine, oil adjuvant vaccine and double emulsion vaccine. 

ii) Vaccines for B. abortus are S19, RB51, 45/20, and SR82.
Both humoral immunity and CMI are involved in P. multocida vaccines, while only CMI is involved in B. abortus vaccines.

iii) Ways to diagnose P. multocida infection are:
blood smear, bacteria isolation and culture, biochemical tests, serology and PCR.
Ways to diagnose B. abortus infection are:
direct blood smear, bacteria isolation and culture, serology and PCR.




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