Toxicology Final Project by Brianna Thurston

Toxicology Final Project by Brianna Thurston https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e Research on Magic Mushrooms and Dioxin en-us 2018-11-13 18:48:29 UTC 2023-07-25 21:30:59 UTC hello@padlet.com Names 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303967599 Scientific Name: Psilocybe Cubensis

Common Names:
Alicw
Boomers
Buttons
Caps
Hongos
Mushies
Pizza Toppings
Sacred Mushrooms
Shrooms

]]> 2018-11-13 19:04:11 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303967599 Categorization 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968084 Hallucinogen]]> 2018-11-13 19:04:54 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968084 Low-Level Symptoms 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968109 - Feeling as if the World is Fake
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Altered Perception of Time and Space
- Very Sensitive Mood
- Hard to Concentrate
- Nervousness/Anxiety
- Unusual Thoughts
- Yawning]]> 2018-11-13 19:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968109 Human Body Effect 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968355 Effects Include:
- Distortion of the Perception of Actual Objects
- Visual Enhancements (brighter colors)
- Visual Disturbances (waves, surfaces moving)
- Changes in Mood
- Impaired Judgement of Time or Distance
- Increased Awareness of Details
- Dilated Pupils
- Euphoria
- Changes in Personality
- Increase of loss of appetite
Effects On Nervous System: The reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin is being prevented by the drug. Serotonin is known to affect our mood, social behavior, and memory. Wit the excess not being absorbed back into the system, it is what causes the enhanced emotions and moods. Also the brain has been known to rearrange itself temporarily which would explain why those taking these drugs have a hard time distinguishing reality from fantasy.
Effects on Limbic System: The areas that are associated with memory and dreaming are the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex. On these mushrooms, those areas become activated and cause the user to experience dream-like realities or hallucinations. ]]> 2018-11-13 19:05:19 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968355 Controlled Substance: Psilocybe (Magic Mushrooms) 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968627 2018-11-13 19:05:41 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303968627 Toxicity Level 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303969152 A general dose of magic mushrooms is around 0.5-2 percent of the dried weight of the mushrooms but it all depends on the type of mushroom that is being consumed. Five grams is one dose that can considered "heavy" and start to produce overdoes symptoms that could lead to one's death.]]> 2018-11-13 19:06:24 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303969152 High-Level Symptoms 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972529 - Nausea
- Auditory Hallucinogens
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Severe Anxiety
- Panic Attacks
- Severe Dehydration
- Impaired Kidney Function
- Excessive Salivation or Sweating
- Irregular Pulse
- Decreased Blood Pressure
- Delusions
- Convulsions
- Come-Like State
- Muscle Weakness]]> 2018-11-13 19:10:51 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972529 Time in Body 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972685 Urine: About one to three days
Blood: No more than 13 hours after ingesting the drug
Hair: About 90 days after ingestion

]]> 2018-11-13 19:11:02 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972685 Treatment 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972778 2018-11-13 19:11:10 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972778 Forensic Science Test 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972908 2018-11-13 19:11:21 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303972908 APA Citations: Magic Mushrooms 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303981347 11 Things That Happen in the Brain and Body on Psychedelic Mushrooms. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from http://thescienceexplorer.com/brain-and-body/11-things-happen-brain-and-body-psychedelic-mushrooms
Desert Hope. (n.d.). Can You Die from Taking Too Many Psychedelic Shrooms? Retrieved November 15, 2018, from https://deserthopetreatment.com/psychedelic-mushrooms/can-you-die/
Entheonation. (n.d.). Top 10 Fascinating Facts About Psilocybin Mushrooms. Retrieved November 19, 2018, from https://entheonation.com/blog/top-facts-psilocybin-mushrooms/
Freeman, S. (2018, June 28). How Magic Mushrooms Work. Retrieved November 13, 2018, from https://science.howstuffworks.com/magic-mushroom1.htm
Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Drug Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2018, from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mushrooms
How Long Shrooms Stay in Your System, Blood, Urine. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from https://addictionresource.com/drugs/shrooms/how-long-shrooms-stay-in-your-system/
Laurence, E. (2018, April 11). Medical benefits of psychedelic mushrooms. Retrieved November 15, 2018, from https://www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/benefits-of-psychedelic-mushrooms/
Magic Mushroom Side Effects. (2017, July 15). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from
https://tripsafe.org/shrooms-side-effects/
Mushroom Addiction Symptoms, Signs, Abuse Statistics, Withdrawals. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from https://www.addictionhope.com/mushrooms/
Mushrooms Drug Slang/Code Words. (2017, August 09). Retrieved November 13, 2018, from https://www.empr.com/drug-slang-code-words/mushrooms-drug-slangcode-words/article/680906/
Psilocybin. (2018, November 03). Retrieved November 19, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin#Analytical_methods'
Psilocybine. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2018, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Psilocybin#section=Top
Top 7 Amazing Health Benefits of Psilocybin Mushrooms. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from http://www.evolveandascend.com/2017/04/25/top-7-amazing-health-benefits-of-psilocybin-mushrooms/

]]> 2018-11-13 19:23:04 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/303981347 Natural Toxin: Dioxin 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304057402 2018-11-13 22:13:32 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304057402 Names 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304057487 Scientific Name: Dioxin

Common Name:
Agent Orange
PCDDs
PCDFs
PCBs/PBBs]]> 2018-11-13 22:13:50 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304057487 APA Citations: Dioxin 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304058378 (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/dioxin-poisoning-symptoms-toxicity-exposure-effects.html

Dioxins. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.greenfacts.org/en/dioxins/index.htm

Dioxins. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/dioxins/index.cfm

Dioxins and Furans. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.testamericainc.com/services-we-offer/services-we-offer-by-method-group/ultra-trace-level-organics/dioxins-and-furans/

Learn about Dioxin. (2018, March 22). Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/dioxin/learn-about-dioxin

Nordqvist, C. (2017, April 21). Dioxins: What is the danger? Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/17685.php

Olestra as Treatment for Dioxin: Flushing One Feared Chemical with Another. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.acsh.org/news/2005/01/06/olestra-as-treatment-for-dioxin-flushing-one-feared-chemical-with-another

Rebecca. (2012, February 23). EPA sets safe dioxin level. Retrieved from
https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/epa-sets-safe-dioxin-level/3001482.article

Risk Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/risk/chemhazards/dioxins.html

]]> 2018-11-13 22:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304058378 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304954491 2018-11-15 18:26:58 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304954491 Health Benefits 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304970938 1. Magic mushrooms can help lift depression in those who had treatment-resistant depression.
2. Research is being done that shows that these types of mushrooms are helping to relieve anxiety.
3. They can be used to help break bad habits.
4. It stimulates the growth of new brain cells.
5. Helps reduce pain
6. It can help alleviate the symptoms of OCD.
7. It has been researched that these mushrooms can have long-term medical and spiritual benefits.
8. Wiring the brain in new ways to allow for smoother connections between various regions of the brain.]]> 2018-11-15 18:55:22 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304970938 Interesting Facts 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304974407 1. There were approximately 1.1 million persons aged 12 or older in 2007 who reported using hallucinogens for the first time in the past 12 months
2. There are over 200 different types of psilocybin mushrooms, each one having their own flavor to them when taking them for their experiences.
3. Psilocybin mushrooms are actually not known to be an addictive drug, but more so used for their powers to help in addictions and relieving anxiety.]]> 2018-11-15 19:01:34 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304974407 Availablility 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304987425 In the United States, it is legal to purchase mushroom spores in most states as long as you are not going to use them to actually grow mushrooms. It is legal to grow psilocybin mushrooms in New Mexico but prohibited in the states of California, Georgia, and Idaho.]]> 2018-11-15 19:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304987425 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304991125 2018-11-15 19:29:44 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/304991125 Treatment 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306052970 It is already known that it is unlikely to for someone to overdoes on magic mushrooms but there are a few effects to watch out for if ingesting the drug. One major one is an extended trip which should end after a few hours of ingesting the drug. If this happens, call 911 for medical attention. These types of bad trips can be treated with the use of diazepam or midazolam. ]]> 2018-11-19 18:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306052970 Forensic Science Test 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306059105 1. The drug is removed from its container and placed into a clear plastic bag. The net weight of it should then be recorded.
2. It should then be dried at 40 degrees Celsius.
3. The sample should be then fully homogenized before any chemical tests are done. Pound the sample with a mortar and pestle.
4. A portion of the sample is also cooled to 110 degrees Celsius for further tests.
5. Chemical tests are then run where they look for the presence of specific chemical compounds such as C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄P.
6. These tests include:
- Reagent Testing Kits
- Marquis Test (yellow color if positive)
- Mandelin Test (green color if positive)
- Gas Chromatography
- Mass Spectrometry]]> 2018-11-19 18:30:26 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306059105 Time in Body 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306078378 Once this natural toxin enters the human body, it lasts for a very long time. This is because of their ability to be absorbed into fatty tissue. The half-life while it is in the body is 7 to 11 years.]]> 2018-11-19 19:09:38 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306078378 Human Body Effect 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306080206 Short-Term:
- Skin Lesions (such as chloracne and patchy darkening of skin)
- Altered Liver Functioning
Long-Term:
- Impairment of Immune System
- Impairment of the Developing Nervous System
- Impairment of the Endocrine System
- Impairment of Reproductive Functions
- Cancer
For many systems, it can cause damage or allow for those systems to not properly work anymore which can cause complications in everyday life.]]> 2018-11-19 19:13:31 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306080206 Categorization 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306081781 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)]]> 2018-11-19 19:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306081781 Interesting Facts 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306083828 1. More than 90% of all human exposure comes from food, mainly meat and dairy products, fish and shellfish.
2. Dioxin can be released by human activities such as incineration and fuel combustion.
3. Since the 1980s, that has been a dramatic decrease of dioxins being released into the air and the levels in human bodies are also decreasing]]> 2018-11-19 19:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306083828 High-Level Symptoms 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306089005 - Chloracne (cysts forming on face)
- Elevated serum liver enzymes
- Endocrine and reproductive systems affected
- If it's inhaled, pulmonary complications and respiratory failure
- Death]]> 2018-11-19 19:31:37 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306089005 Low-Level Symptoms 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306090310 - Increased chances of developing caner
- Hormonal Issues
- Infertility
- Diabetes
Normal background exposure has not been said to be hazardous to your health.]]> 2018-11-19 19:34:38 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306090310 Availability 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306449686 Dioxins are a natural toxin that cannot be bought as they are released through human actions. Before any safeguards and regulations were introduced in the United States, they were a major problem. The PCBs worked with the industries to ban products with dioxin and to decrease the amount of dioxin emissions. The manufacturing of specific products that had dioxins were also banned in 1979.]]> 2018-11-20 17:22:51 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306449686 Treatment 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306449843 To help flush out the toxin dioxin, the use of olestra has been used. It is a calorie-free fat replacement that are used in some foods. Olestra will then carry dioxin out of the body and other compounds who store themselves in fat. There have been various studies done all confirming that the levels of dioxin have decreased through the use of olestra. ]]> 2018-11-20 17:23:13 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306449843 Forensic Science Test 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306450024 One test that can be performed is a serum dioxin test. This type of test is a blood test that can detect the amount of dioxin in one's blood. There needs to be 90 milliliters of blood need to be taken to be accurately tested. Theses specific tests though can be misleading in one's current condition or past exposure. Also, both high and low resolution in mass spectrometry. Low resolution methods are used for contaminated soil, water, and waste. High resolution methods can be used for air, water, sediment, and tissue.]]> 2018-11-20 17:23:29 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306450024 Toxicity Level 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306450187 There has been a set exposure level of 1 to 4 picograms per kilogram of body weight per day. Anything more than this dioxin per day could be toxic to one's health over the years. ]]> 2018-11-20 17:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306450187 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306471206 2018-11-20 18:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306471206 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306474769 2018-11-20 18:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306474769 Health Benefits 62908 https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306494094 There are no researched health benefits for the consumption of dioxin. One's exposure to the natural toxin of dioxin is to stay at a minimum for their entire life. ]]> 2018-11-20 19:01:01 UTC https://padlet.com/62908/4v9h2ifenl9e/wish/306494094