• The competition panels, made for the door of the Baptistry in Florence

Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of Florence Cathedral, 1420-36

• hollow construction with beams built to support the dome

Donatello, St. Mark, 1411-13

• For Or San Michele

Donatello, David, 1420-60

• Contrapposto pose, made of blackened bronze

Lorenzo Ghiberty, The Story of Jacob and Esau, panel of the Gates of Paradise, Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, 1435

• bronze panel, continuous narritive, depth through perspective, overlap, and size difference

Massacio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John, and Two Donors, 1425

• triangle composition, Christ, God, and Holy Ghost portrayed seperately

Masaccio, The Tribute Money, 1425

• Peter fishing in background, great use of atmospheric perspective and proportion

Domenico Veneziano, Madonna and Child with Saints, 1445

• tempera painting, pastel, classical architecture

Paolo Uccello, Battle of San Romano, 1438

• early understanding of perspective and proportion, not mastered yet, scale and some aspects of proportion are off.

Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1440-45

• Monasterial painting of Mary and Gabriel in a courtyard

Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, 1482

• Lots of northern influence, floaty feet, portraying venus instead of Mary

Domenico Ghirlandaio, An Old Man and a Young Boy, 1480

• New type of portrait, 3/4 view, made from oils

Andrea Mantegna, Camera Picta, 1465-74

• Masterful use of perspective, looking up at a circle painted in the ceiling

Giovanni Bellini, St. Francis in the Desert, 1480

• Great use of atmospheric perspective and linear perspective, using learning on Christian subjects

Giovanni Bellini, Madonna and Saints, 1505

• Very similar to Domenico Veneziano's painting

Pietro Perugino, The Delivery of the Keys, 1482

Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-15

• statue of 6 figures, tomb of a pope

Early Renissance

• Florence is where it’s born

• Why were there so many geniuses?

  • Guild system, jobs started when they were children, they were surrounded by it for their whole lives

• People were competing and comparing and learning from one another

• Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi The Sacrifice of Isaac 1401-1403

• Typology, Old Testament figures that stand for New Testament figures

Early Renaissance Art and Classicism in Architecture

• Brunelleschi Dome rivals pantheon dome

  • Dome is a classical structure created by the Greek and Romans

  • Brunelleschi used beams to support the dome, made it hollow, and built it to support itself

  • Cantilevered scaffolding

• Renaissance

  • New birth of classical antiquity

• Classicism

  • Greek and Roman Architecture

• Humanism

  • Humans can create on their own

  • THere is a great human potential yet to be tapped into

• Greek architecture

  • Not a pillar, column

  • Capital (top of column)

  • Doric (plain)

  • Ionic (rolls)

  • Corinthian (fancy)

  • Pediment (triangle)

  • Frieze (art in pediment)

• Roman architecture

  • Arch

  • Arcade (lots of arches in a row)

  • Barrel Vault (tunnel made out of arches)

  • Groin Vault (criss cross arches)

  • Dome (lots of arches in a circle)

• Santa Maria Novella

  • Lots of greek and roman things mixed together

• Vetruvius

  • Perfect shapes and proportions

  • Squares and circles

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• Early Renaissance

  • Circles and squares, perfect shapes

• Classical construct (domes, arches)

• Greek and Roman concepts in building

• What does classicism look like in sculpture?

• LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

  • Time period 15th century or 1400s

• Nanni di Banco, Quattro Coronati (Four saints) one of the niches

  • Predela (another work below a sculpture)

• Donatello, St. Mark

  • Mark= patron saint of the linen guild

  • Doryphoros is a precursor to the St. Mark statue

  • Contrapposto- weight placed on one leg

  • Contrapposto was way more focused on in renaissance

• Donatello’s David

  • Really heavy contrapposto

• Nudity in christian art is shown usually in Adam and Eve, and to depict a soul

• Florence saw David as a kind of mascot

  • He was an underdog, able to overcome enemies

  • Malan threatened Florence a lot of times but they never fully succeeded

• What did the city of florence do for its artists?

  • Gave artists a sense of community

• What did art do for the city of Florence in the 1400s?

  • Brought them fame for the art created

• Early Renaissance Art and Linear Perspective

• Brunelleschi’s experiment

  • Painted the baptistry, put a hole in the painting, looks at a mirror through the painting to compare it to the building

• Lorenzo Ghiberty, Gates of Paradise, east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni

  • These sculptures showed a lot more depth due to size changes and overlap

  • High relief (front) to low relief (back)

• Continuous narrative, same characters in the different parts of a composition

Analytic Lens Chart

• Formal qualities- elements and principles of design

• Iconography - subject matter and symbolism

• Social historical influences - what’s going on at the time?

• What makes it special? - what was unique about the time, artist, special to me

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• Northern European Influences in Early Renaissance Art

• International Gothic Style (Late Gothic Style)

  • Really rich colors/ materials

  • Lots and lots of pattern

  • Elegance

  • Floaty feet

• Fra Angelico. Annunciation. 1440-45

• Fra Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child with Two Angels, 1450-1465

• Sandro Botticelli, Primavera 1482

  • Paints Mary as Venus

  • Naturalism of drapery

  • Transparency of clothing

• Early Renaissance portraiture

• Piero della Fancesca, Double Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Urbino 1474

• Early Renaissance Portraits usually done from the side

• Northern Europe influences ¾ view portraits

• Domenico Ghirlandaio An Old Man and a Young Boy 1480

• Tempera painting shows some hard lines on the edges of figures

• Early Renaissance Art Outside of Florence

• Andrea Mantegna, Camera Picta 1465-74

• Di Sotto in su, “Seen from below”

• All Creatures of our God and King

  • Giovanni Bellini, St. Francis in the Desert 1480

• Giovanni Bellini, Madonna and Saints 1505

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• Pietro Perugino

  • Popes coming back to rome, art more christian backed

  • Triumphal Arches in background

  • General sense of symmetry

  • Sense of proportion

• Early Renaissance

  • Return to classical forms in sculpture and architecture

  • Desire to combine classical forms with Christian beliefs

  • Understanding of contrapposto

  • Linear perspective and understanding of how to depict things mathematical

  • Understanding of light source, modeling, atmospheric perspective

  • Beginning of use of oil paint in Italy

• There are 2 of them, weird otherworldly background

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495–98

• pretty obvious which one this is, fresco on wall of a church

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503–05

• Once again, very obvious which one it is

Donato Bramante, Tempietto, Rome. 1502–11

• super symmetrical building, very classical with a cross on top

Michelangelo, Pietà, 1498

• Mary holding Christ, Mary is very large

Michelangelo, David, 1501–04

• Yet again, pretty obvious, big white marble statue, originally comissioned for a roof, placed in town square

Michelangelo, Ceiling fresco of Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome
1508-12

• Pretty obvious again, Adam and God reaching to eachother, fresco

Raphael, La Belle Jardiniere, 1507

• Lady with 2 naked babies at their feet

Raphael, School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican,
1508-11

• Super famous, a whole lot of people in a courtyard, big archway framing it.

Giorgione, The Tempest, 1505

• Breastfeeding lady sitting on ground in front of a city, guy off to the left

Titian, Man with a Blue Sleeve, ca. 1520

• Big blue puffy shirt, body sideways but the guy is facing us

Titian, Madonna with Members of the Pesaro family, 1526

• Framed in an arch, Mary sitting at the top of steps holding a child above the other people.

- Ninja Turtle Artists

  - Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael

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• Oil paint has softer modeling

  • Tempera has harder outlining

• Leonardo da Vinci, studied dead bodies and other things to understand how to depict the body

  • Embryo in the Womb, 1510

  • Vitruvian Man, 1487

    • That one picture of a guy with arms and legs out, set in a circle/square, proportion study

  • The Virgin of the Rocks, 1485

    • Paramital construction, elements placed in a triangle

  • Sfumato, subtle gradations of light to dark

• Domenico Ghirlandaio (Early Renaissance) Last Supper, 1480

• Leonardo Da Vinci The Last Supper, 1495-98

  • Combined all sorts of mediums, causing paint to separate from the wall

• Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-05

• Renaissance and earlier monuments in Rome

• Donato Bramante, Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502-11

  • Martyrium, Chapel in honor of a martyr

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• Rottgen Pieta, Bonn, Germany, 1300

• Michaelangelo, Pieta, 1498

  • Pieta can mean pity, or Piety- which is another word for holiness

  • Naturalism vs. Realism

    • Naturalism, Looks realistic

    • Realism, true to real life

• Terribilita=awesome force

• Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-15

• Sistine Chapel Michelangelos ceiling fresco, 1508-12

  • Took him 16 years to complete

• Michelangelo, Studies for the Libyan Sibyl, 1508-12

• Michelangelo, The Fall of Man and The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Chapel ceiling, 1508-12

• Raphael, Self-Portrait, 1505

• Raphael, La Belle Jardiniere, 1507

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• Titian, Man with a Blue Sleeve, 1520

  • Titian became the most famous portrait painter of his time.

• Titian also painted a lot of church paintings in Venice

  • Titian, Madonna with Members of the Pesaro family 1526

  • Painted with oil

  • St. Francis is always wearing brown robes

  • Peter, shown with keys most of the time, also with a yellow robe

  • First time 2 point perspective is shown

• The Frari Basilica

Late Renaissance and Mannerism

• Architecture of late renaissance

  • Gulio Romano, interior courtyard facade of Palazzo del Te, Mantua, Italy 1525

    • Pretty plain, less open and less intricate than high renaissance

    • Things are there that don't have a purpose

    • This style aimed at an educated audience ot recogize how he is playing with elements of design

  • Michelangelo and Bartolommeo Ammanati, Vestibule of the Laurentian Library, Florence. Begun 1423; stairway designed 1558-59

    • Once again, elements that have no real function

    • weird useless stairs on the sides

    • non functional columns

  • Old St. Peters Basilica, 4th century

  • Michelangelo, St Peters, Rome, 1546-64, dome completed by giacomo della porta, 1590

• Late Renaissance/Mannerism in painting

  • Rosso Fiorentino, The Descent from the Cross, 1521 (oil on panel)

    • Not super realistic

    • weird proportions going on, sizing doesn't make a whole lot of sense.

    • Everybody is elongated

    • There's no real attempt to make it a believable space

    • Painted for a church in Florence

  • Jacopo da Pontormo, Pieta/ Or Descent from the Cross, 1526-28 (oil on panel)

    • Lack of weight in the people

    • weird, otherworldly colors chosen

    • no perspective used at all

    • misproportionate figures

    • another painting comissioned by a church

  • Parmigianino, Self Portrait, 1524

    • painted in a sort of fish eye lens

    • not distorted to look perfect, it was a stylistic choice

  • Parmigianino, The Madonna with the Long Neck

    • Super long neck, exaggerated proportions across the board

    • Mary is really big

    • Christ is really weird looking

    • ignoring balance of painting, figures crowded to one side

    • just a weird painting

  • Mannerism:exaggerated

    • technical virtuosity

    • unbalanced compositions

    • complexity

    • elegance

    • erudite subject matter

      • Made for the very educated

    • expressiveness

    • distortions of proportions

    • artifice/exaggeration

  • Bronzino, Portrait of a Young Man, 1530

    • weird fingers

    • he has a lazy eye

    • elbow popped out, sort of towards viewer

    • long neck

  • Back wall of the sistine chapel, still fresco

    • Michelangelo, The Last Judgment, 1534-41

      • Righteous on the right hand

      • Wicked on the left

  • Late Renaissance/Mannerism: Painting in Venice

  • Titian, Rape of Euoropa, 1559-62

    • Rape in art means abduction

    • Europa kidnapped by the cow who is Zeus

    • Loose brush strokes

    • blended = tight

    • Painterly

  • Paolo Veronese, The Feast in the House of Levi, 1573

    • The Inquisition didn't like it.

      • It's chaotic

      • There are animals at the table

      • Drunkards

      • Germans

      • So irreverent

    • No calm, rational feeling of high renaissance

  • Jacopo Tintoretto, The Last Supper, 1594

    • More value placed on expression than accuracy

    • There are random things happening, it feels very much like every day life

  • Sofonisba Anguissola, Self Portrait, 1556

    • Very, very small, almost like a pendant

    • Not a whole lot of distortion of normal mannerism paintings

• Painted straight on, usually saved for royalty or for Christ

• Oil paint

Albrecht Durer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498

Albrecht Durer, Great Piece of Grass, 1503

Albrecht Durer, Hare, 1502

Albrecht Durer, The Four Apostles, 1523-26

• During this time churches generally stopped comissioning artists

• Switch to making prints, move, find better ways to advertise yourself, etc.

Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527

Hans Holbein the Younger, Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, 1533

• Anamorphic perspective

  • Used a lot in sidewalk chalk, super distorted unless viewed from the correct perspective

Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII, 1540

Pieter Aertsen, The Meat Stall, 1551

• Painted of the open market

• made for peoples homes, not immediately religious

  • Lots of religious hints and symbolism

  • Fish that cross over eachother

  • wooden stake with meat on it represents cross

• Genre scene, a scene from everyday life (igonographical)

  • Background scene is the flight to egypt, Mary, Joseph, and Jesus

  • Scene on the right, tavern scene of a man picking up oysters

    • oysters representing lust

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters

• Bruegel painted scenes of the poor

• Bruegel was not a peasant or poor himself

  • 3 men coming back from a hunt

  • Paid for by a wealthy merchant

    • Most artwork is bought by normal citizens and private collectors instead of churches or kings.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Peasant Wedding, 1568

• Bride sitting in front of the green sheet

• It's inside of a grain storage

• Eating porridge

• Using the door as a serving tray

• Not manneristic at all

• Some tokens from renaissance, very naturalistic

• religious matter

• New century

• Contarelli Chapel

• Oil panting

Caravaggio, The Conversion of St. Paul, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, 1601

Caravaggio, Judit Beheading Holofernes, 1599-1602

• Not in our version of bible, found in apocripha

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes, 1611-12

• way more brutal

• Almost like an upside down triangle

• Found in Florence today

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 1625

• Candle gives a reason for the dramatic light and dark contrast

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, 1638-39

Carlo Maderno, Facade of St. Peters Rome, 1607-12

• the front of the largest church in the world

• sculptures make it very boroque

• Columns are not evenly spaced

• Dramatic columns

  • Colossal order

    • More than one story tall, very dramatic looking

• Colannade by Gianlorenzo Bernini, designed 1657

  • "welcoming arms of the church"

Bernini, Baldacchino, 1624-33, At crossing, St. Peters, Rome

• 8 stories made of bronze

• Peter is supposedly buried underneath it

• Old twisted columns tributes to solomons temple

Francesco Borromini, Facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1665-67

• Interior dome is full of lots of complex shapes, very decorative

Gianlorenzo Bernini, David, 1623

• Super dynamic

• about to throw

• Very energetic

• lots of emotion in his face

• Armor at his feet

Gianlorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1645-52

Baroque art identification

• very dramatic

• Tenebrism

  • strong contrasts of light and dark

• Mostly oil paintings

• Dynamic Balance

• Emotional

• Viewer involvment

• Naturalism of High Renaissance

Baroque Art in Spain

Francisco de Zurbaran, St. Serapion, 1628

• Very naturalistic

• solemn, peaceful

Juan Sanchez, Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber, 1602

• Momento Mori: remember you will die

Diego Velazquez, Juan de Pareja, 1650

• Very painterly, soft edges, you can see the paint.

Diego Velazquez, The Maids of Honor, 1656

Formal Qualities

• linear perspective

• correct body proportions

• atmospheric lighting

• Realistic lighting

• Oil painting

• Loose brush strokes

Iconography

• Self portrait of Velazquez

• Royal family

• king and queen in mirror in the back

• Princess (brightest spot/highlight area)

• The rest of the people are maids to the princess

Social Historical Influences

• most people going against religious iconography

• A time of great power for spain

• Not a typical posed portrait

• More focused on every day life

• Paintings in the back by Reubens

• Boroque period

• Reformation/counter reformation

What makes it special?

• There are people painted in a royal image that are not royalty

• From the perspective of the king and queen, they aren't really in it.

Diego Velazquez, The Spinners, 1655

• gold, light, lots of stucco turned into fancy mouldings

• detail everywhere

Jean Antoine Watteau, Gersaint's Signboard, 1721

• Paintings everywhere in the room

Francois Boucher, Portrait of Madame de Pompadour, 1756

• Kings mistress

Jean Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1767

• New rich people thing called liesure time

• super playful and fun

• edgy for the time

Jean Antoine Watteau, A Pilgrimmage to Cythera, 1717

• Ideallic image of aristocratic life

• again, they are taking advantage of liesure time

Poussinistes vs. Rubenistes

• Poussinistes were focused on drawing, line, and sophisticated art

• Called themselves the colorists, were more focused on colorful depictions and interesting visuals

• Rubenistes take over the rococo art period

Jean-Antoine Watteau, Seated Young Woman, 1716

• 3 color drawing, white, black, and red

Characteristics of Rococo Art:

• Luxury, opulence

• Aristocratic Tastes

• Conspicuous leisure

• pastel colors

• Subjects of love, flirtation, fantasy

• Private, intimate scenes

• Lush landscapes

Canaletto, Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice, 1730

• used essentially a light box

Rosalba Carriera, CHarles Sackville, Second Duke of Dorset, 1730

• English aristocrat

• pastel chalks

• 
  

Jean Simeon CHardin, Soap Bubbles, 1733

• He was middle class himself

Thomas Gainsborough, Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, 1750

William Hogarth, The Orgy, scene III of The Rakes Progress, 1734

• Moral narritive

• many people bought prints of this painting

• Winckelmann wrohe History of Greek Art, the first art history book

Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Ancient Rome, 1757

• The Grand Tour: The culmination of young aristocrats classical education

The Enlightenment: Focus on Logic and Virtue

• 2 types of revolutions:

  • Industrial Revolution (Began Britain 1760)

  • Political Revolutions (US in 1776, France in 1789

Jean-Antoine Houdon, Bust of Jean Jacques Rousseau

• urged a return to nature and innocence

Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire Seated, 1781

• Doctrine of Progress

Characteristics of Neoclassical art:

• Planarity

• Linearity

• Tight Brushwork

• Even lighting

• Sculptural Forms

• Classical architecture, figure, dress, and themes

• Serious, moralistic subjects

• Strong hero figures

• Austerity and reduction of form

• Nationalism expressed through patriotism

Jacques Louis David, The Oath of Horatii, 1784

• classical roman story

• clear roman outfits

Jacques Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793

• Charolette cordet

Johann Zoffany, The Academicians of the Royal Academy, 1772

• the two women who helped found the academy are in paintings on the wall

Angelica Kauffmann, COrnelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasure, 1785

• very tight brush strokes

• very austere

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1772

• modele after ancient Rome

Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1770

Jean Baptiste Greuze, The Village Bride, or The Marriage: The Moment When a Father Gives His Son in Law a Dowry, 1761

• New fashion, very simple when compared to classical clothing

• overall there is a lot more of a simplicity

Marie-Louise Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, Portrait of Marie Antoinette, 1783

• very rococo esque

Marie Louise Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, Self Portrait with Daughter, 1789'

• Super simple elements

• Roman dress

Fascination with:

• Power of nature, sublime

• Exoticism

• Supernatural

• Violence/horrific themes

• Nationalism (personal past vs. classical)

• Longing for the past

• Intense emotion, passion

• Imagination

Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800

• Painted himself into the back corner

Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, from Los Caprichos, 1799

• Prints of a gyy being tormended by creepy bats

Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814

• Got the stigmatas, or just in the pose, showing that he is dying for no good reason

John Henry Fuseli, Thor Battering The Midgard Serpent, 1790

William Blake, Elohim Creating Adam, 1795

• Monoprint

• Essentially a liftoff or reverse print

John Costable, The Haywain (Landscape: Noon) 1821

Joseph Mallord William Turner, Snowstorm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps, 1812

• Powerful and scary

• Sublime

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

• Painted for an anti slavery society

• story about a captian that threw sick slaves overboard

JMW Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed- The Great Western Railway, 1844

• Super loose with his brush strokes and paint

• Celebrating new technology

Romanticism in Germany

Caspar David Friedrick, Monk by the Sea, 1810

Caspar David Friedrick, Abbey in an Oak Forest, 1809

• Kind of spooky

• dead trees surrounding a freestanding wall

Romanticism in America

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836

• no classical ruins in America to paint

• Part of the Hudson River School

French Romanticism

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Portrait of Napoleon on His Imperial Throne, 1806

• very neoclassical feeling

• Super over the top

Jean Auguste Dominique Inres, Comtesse d'Haussonville, 1848

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Princesse de Brogile, 1851

Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon in the Pesthouse at Jaffa, March 11, 1799, 1804

• lots of islamic architecture

Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1818-19

• They ate eachother

• after a shipwreck, they made a raft and had to try to survive on it

Delacroix, Liberty Leading The People, 1830

• Painted for a cause

• depicted liberty leading people in a revolt against govt

• Liberty isn't a real person

Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827

• Story of the last assyrian king

• Curves everywhere, very dynamic feeling

• adds to the chaos

Eugene Delacroix, Women of Algiers, 1834

• Use of color theory in the shadows

Portrait of Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, 1850

Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, View of Rome: The Bridge and Castel Sant'Angelo with the Cupola of St. Peters, 1826-27

• Plein Air artist in Rome

• Feels almost classical

Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, Souvenir de Mortefontaine (Oise), 1864

• Dreamy, ideallistic landscape

• Very Romantic

Romanticism in Architecture: Revival Styles

Sir Charles Barry and A. W. N. Welby Pugin, Houses of Parlament, London, begun 1836

• Looks almost gothic and midevial

John Nash, Royal Pavillion, Brighton England, 1815-23

• Weird mishmash of a bunch of different places architecture

Trinity Church, NYC, 1846

• Very gothic

Provo city center temple

• still lots of gothic themes

Truman O. Angell, Salt Lake Temple, 1853-1893

• Super gothic and cool

• Personally this is the best romantic building

What's new in Paris in the second half of the 19th century?

• Napoleon III

  • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

  • First elected president of France

  • Last monarch to reign in France

  • Commissioned grand reconstruction of Paris

Japonisme and Japanese Prints

• Ukiyo-e

  • pictures of the fleeting world

Kitagawa Utamaro, Naniwa Okita Admiring Herself in a Mirror, 1790-95

• Interesting angles and croppings

Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa also known as The Great Wave, from the series Thirty six Views of Mount Fuji, 1830-32

Utagawa Hiroshege, Otsu, 1840

• Travelers visiting a town

• bids eye view

Utagawa Hiroshege, Kinryusan Temple at Asakusa, 1856

• Winter scene at a temple

Utagawa Hiroshege, Banboo Yards, Kyobashi

Ando Hiroshege, Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series, One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 1857

Characteristics French took from these prints

• Flat shapes

• Sharp contours

• Compressed space

• Cropping

• Angles

• Assymetry

Bethe Morisot, Cradle, 1872

• a woman working on a veil

• pretty loosely painted

Berthe Morisot, Summers Day, 1879

• no distinct shapes

• color and light blocked in

• everyday moment

• loose brush strokes

• outdoors

• This painting was shown in the US in 1913, the armory show

Giorgio de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914

• italian square

• feeling of foreboding

Focused on absurdity, element of chance (Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war)

Challenged status quo in art, culture, etc.

Hans Arp, Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-17

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, from The Blind Man, May 1917

• they did not like this piece

• It's a urinal that he signed under a fake name and submitted to an art show in NY

Dada is an anti establishment movement in the arts

Raoul Hausmann, Mechanical Head (Spirit of the Age), 1920

• Responding to a government that entered Germany that he did not approve of.

• criticizing germany for the tradition of precision, and how it is a superficial exactness.

• criticism of the german govt and people.

Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Beer-Belly of the Welmar Republic, 1919. Photomontage

• protest piece

• lots of other artists featured

Kathe Kollwitz, Never Again War!, 1924

• lithograph, print

• crude, was made to oppose traditional art in an academy

• wanted it to look crude and cheap

Randomness related to dream states

Juxtaposition

Joan Miro, Composition, 1933

• Spain

• Organic shapes called biomorphic forms

  • Living and changing

• Oil painting

Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928-29

• All art is an image, no art is real

• naturalistic painting, abstract idea

Rene Magritte, The False Mirror, 1928

• Focusing on ideas

• eye with clouds in it

Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

• very small painting

• feels like a dream

• not a rational painting

• melty clocks

• Spain, same as Miro

Henri Carier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare, 1932

• photograph of a guy jumping

Man Ray, The Gift, 1921

• iron with spikes on it

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936

• weird plate and bowl made out of hair

Organic sculpture of the 1930s

Alexander Calder, Lobster Trap and Fish Tail

• American artist working in Paris

• this is the first mobile

• huge and independent, every part moves on its own

Henry Moore, Recumbent Figure, 1938

Dame Barbara Hepworth, Oval Sculpture (No.2), 1943

• very interested in organic shapes

• solids with voids, like a giant egg shape with holes in it

Piet Mondrian, Composition No. II/Composition I//Composition en Rouge, Bleu et Jaune (Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow), 1930

• International style

De Stijl (The Style)

• Dutch movement

• Sought to create utopian environment through geometric abstaction

• Sought universal order

Gerrit Rietveld, Schroder House, 1924

• Like modern art but in a house form

Gerrit Rietveld, Armchair, 1917

• Mondrians style incorporated into furniture and everyday items

Art in America

American Regionalism

• Representational Local (Midwest) Imagery

Grand Wood, American Gothic, 1930

• The painting of the farmer and his wife holding a pitchfork

Harlem Renaissance

Jacob Lawrence, Self Portrait, 1977

• influenced by cubism

Jacob Lawrence, In the North the Negro Had Better Educational Facilities, from the Migration of the Negro series, 1940-41

• 60 different paintings, all of them telling a story

Mexican art: Seeking National Identity

Diego Rivera, Flower Carrier, 1935

• showed indiginous life instead of as descendants of europeans

Frida Khalo, The Two Fridas, 1939

• weird body parts showing through the two women, their hearts visible

• Unibrows

Social Realism in America

Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942

• Showing America as it was

• wartime America, world war II

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, California, 1936

• dust bowl

• drawing

Georgia O'Keeffe, Yellow Calla, 1926

Georgia O'Keeffe, Jimson Weed, 1932

• Holds record for painting sold at highest price by a female

Georgia O'Keeffe, Deer's Skull with Pedernal, 1936

• Deer skull on a tree

• looks almost impressionistic

Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927

Stuart Davis, Hot Still-Scape for Six Colors - 7th Avenue Style, 1940

Protest Art

Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

• this painting is massive

Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm: Number 30, 1950

• not a random spray of paint, he purposely did this

• Action Painting/Gesture painting/All-over painting

Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting

Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock's Comb

Willem do Kooning, Woman, I, 1950-52

Franz Kline, Mahoning, 1956

Abstract Expressionism: Color Field Painting

Mark Rothko, No.61 (Rust and Blue), 1953

Post- War Sculpture

David Smith, Cubi series as installed at Bolton's Landing, New York.

Left: Cubi XVIII, 1964. Center: Cubi XVII, 1963, Right: Cubi XIX, 1964

Louise Nevelson, SKy Cathedral- Moon Garden Plus One, 1957-60

• Everything painted one color

• non representational, made from random stuff she found on the streets of NY

Post Abstraction

Robert Rauschenberg, Odalisk, 1955-58

• Combines: works that combined painting, sculpture, collage, and found objects

Jasper Johns, Three Flags, 1958

• Three american flags on top of eachother

• three dimensional, three canvases stacked

Installations

Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961

• room full of tires

George Segal, The Gas Station, 1963

• plaster castings of people, left white

Performance Art

Joseph Beuys, How to Explain Paintings to a Dead Hare, Nov.26, 1965

• walked around with a dead rabbit mumbling about paintings...

• Reaction to eletism of Abstract Expressionism

• Sought a mass-produced look- accessible

• Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects

Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl, 1963

• comic book art, redesigned slightly but made really large

Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans, 1961-64

• All of the different kinds of soup that you can buy

Ellsworth Kelly, Red, Blue, Green, 1963

• Acrylic paint

• Hard-Edge Abstraction

• Kelly Green

Frank Stella, Empress of India, 1965

• Triangles arranged in unique ways

• sculpture combined with painting

Donald Judd, Untitled, 1969

• my cover photo

• didn't even make them or hang them himself.

• had them manufactured and then mailed to galleries for them to hang

Dan Flavin, the nominal three (to William of Ockham), 1963

• three LED lights in a room

Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970

• wanted it to represent the constantly changing element to nature

• Symbol of eternal life

Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin counties, California, 1972-76

• was only up for 2 weeks

• the whole process of the creation is what they call the full artwork

Activist Art

Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972

• took negative stereotypes and empowered them through her art

Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1979

• big triangle of tables

• everything is handmade

• table set for all the influental women in history

Video Art

Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: COntinental U.S. 1995

• TV screens behind neon lights shaped like the states of the U.S

Installation Art

Yayoi Kusama, A Dream I Dreamed, 2014

• Room full of yellow things with black dots

Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirrors, 2017

• mirrors completely surrounding you

Ai Weiwei, Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds), 2010

• artificial sunflower seeds

• all of them hand painted

Lots of baroque art is on a huge scale

Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Belgium

• Painted for Flanders originally

  • Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross

    • Painted for a catholic church

    • Lots of super small details

Peter Paul Rubens, Four Studies of a Head, 1613-15

• Very loose brush strokes

Anthony Van Dyck, Portrait of Charles I Hunting, 1635

• Fairly casual feel to it

• The kings elbow is sticking out at us

• Patronage more and more from rising middle-class merchants, bankers, and other private collectors

• New Subject matter: Portraits, views of home interiors, still lifes, genre scenes, and landscapes

Jacob Jordaens, The King Drinks, 1638

• Regular people drinking and having fun

• There are still religious aspects to it, the plaque above the man in the middle

Jan Steen, The Feast of St. Nicholas, 1660-65

• family on Christmas morning

Clara Peters, Still Life with Nuts, Candy, and Flowers, 1611

• Used to be called banquet pieces

William Claesz, Heda, Still Life with Oysters, a Roemer, a Lemon, and a Silver Bowl, 1634

• Even still lifes had a moral

• Oysters symbols of lust; watch out for the worldly temptations and wants

Vanitas: Reminder of the brevity of life

Momento Mori: Remember you will die

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life, After 1700

Jacob Van Ruisdael, Bleaching Grounds Near Haarlem, 1670

• Local painting, made from regular people, possibly those that would recognize that area

Frans Hals, Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Gaurd, 1616

• New kind of portrait, the group portrait

Frans Hals, The Jolly Toper, 1628-30

Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait, 1633

Judith Leyster, The Proposition, 1631

• The guy is offering money for sex, and she is not happy about it.

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Night Watch, 1642

• comissioned by the warriors guild or whatever it is

• The little girl is a mascot

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Hundred Guilder Print, 1647

• Christ healing people

• only cost about $50 in usd today

• Story of the rich man who had much and was bade to leave it all and come unto christ

• People brouht the children unto Christ

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self Portrait, 1658

• Full frontal position

• almost trying to tell us that he is the king of art

Jan Vermeer, Girl with the Pearl Earring, 1665

Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, 1664

Georges de La Tour, Joseph the Carpenter, 1642

• Jesus and Joseph

Georges de la Tour, Magdalene with the Smoking Flame

Nicolas Poussin, The Death of Germanicus, 1627-28

Nicolas Poussin, The Abduction of the Sabine Women, 1633-34

• lots of it based off of Giovanni Bologna, Abduction of the Sabine Woman, 1538

Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego,

Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with St. John on Patmos, 1640

• A very ideal landscape

Idyllic Landscape

Claude Lorrain, A Pastoral Landscape, 1648

• First artist to show evidence of plein air painting

• 
  

• secret society started by 3 students at the London Royal Academy: William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti

• Wanted to reform ills of the Industrial Revolution through spirituality and art

• Looked to Early Renaissance and Gothic art (art before Raphael) as pure, genuine art

• Wanted to depict "truth" by close observation of nature and details

• Work is characterized by rich, pure color on a white ground; also included symbolism

• Looked to literature for subject matter, especially Shakespeare, the Bible and Arthurian legends

William Holman Hunt, The Awakening Conscience

• Local color, or the color used when light is ignored

John Everett Millais, Christ in the Carpenters Shop (Christ in the House of His Parents) 1849-50

Arts and Crafts Movement

• Reaction to Industrial Revolution and mass production of items with poor quality

• William Morris started a company that made items for homes with hand crafted beautifully made items

• Nature was an important inspiration

William Morris, Green Dining room

• very focused on nature

• sense of symmetry

James Abbot McNeill Whistlet, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, 1875

John Singer Sargent, Madame X, 1884

John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily Rose, 1885-86

• focus is the light, not the people

Works to Know:

Japanese Prints:

Kitagawa Utamaro, Naniwa Okita Admiring Herself in a Mirror, ca. 1790–95
Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, c. 1830-32
Utagawa Hiroshige. Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series 100 Famous Views of Edo. 1857

Realism:

Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans. 1849–50
Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers. 1849
Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais. 1849
Édouard Manet. The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe). 1863
Edgar Degas. The Dance Class, 1885
Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871 (Realism in America)

Impressionism:

Claude Monet. Impression, Sunrise. 1872
Claude Monet. The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train. 1877
Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1893
Auguste Renoir. Dance at La Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Auguste Renoir. Luncheon of the Boating Party. 1881
Camille Pissarro. Climbing Path, L’Hermitage, Pontoise. 1875
Berthe Morisot. Cradle, 1872
Berthe Morisot. Summer’s Day, ca. 1879
Mary Cassatt. The Child’s Bath. 1891–92
Mary Cassatt, In the Loge, 1878

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood:

William Holman Hunt. The Awakening Conscience. 1853
John Everett Millais. Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop. 1849–50

The Arts and Crafts Movement:

William Morris (Morris & Co.). Green Dining Room (William Morris Room). 1867

The Aesthetic Movement:

James Abbot McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold: ca. 1875
John Singer Sargent, Madame X, 1897

John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885-86

Ideas to Know:

Styles: Realism, Impressionism, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Arts and Crafts Movement, Aesthetic Movement

Ukiyo-e (Japanese prints)

flat shapes
sharp contours
compressed space
cropping
angles
asymmetry

Color Theories: Optical Blending, Complementary Colors
Leisure Time (upper and upper-middle classes)
Art for Art’s Sake
Communist Manifesto (support of workers’ rights)
Independent Art Shows

Realism vs. Naturalism

• French poet and critic Charles Baudelaire argued that the arts should reflect the here-and-now

• Emphasis on ordinary, everyday, modern experience; neither idealized nor dramatized

• Championed laborers and common people

Impressionism

Interest in capturing:

everyday subjects
on-the-spot outdoor scenes
fleeting moments, impermanence
atmosphere, light, colored shadow
modern urban life, leisure activities
upper middle class/nouveau riche
times of day/year
look of ukiyo-e (Japanese prints)

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (England)

Secret society started by 3 students at the London Royal Academy: William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Wanted to reform ills of the Industrial Revolution through spirituality and art

Looked to Early Renaissance and Gothic art (art before Raphael) as pure, genuine art

Wanted to depict “truth” by close observation of nature and details

Work is characterized by rich, pure color on a white ground; also included symbolism

Looked to literature for subject matter, especially Shakespeare, the Bible, and Arthurian legends

Arts and Crafts Movement

Reaction to Industrial Revolution and mass production of items with poor quality

William Morris started a company that made items for homes emphasizing craftsmanship and truth to materials

Nature was an important inspiration

The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake

Art that focused on formal elements of art rather than story-telling or symbols

Whistler compared art to music, which depends on harmony and form rather than subject matter

Chapter 26: Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, and Art Nouveau

Works to Know:

Post-Impressionism

Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples in a Bowl. 1879–83
Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire. ca. 1885–87
Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibemus Quarry. ca. 1900
Georges Seurat. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. 1884–86
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. La Goulue. 1891
Vincent van Gogh. Night Café. 1888
Vincent van Gogh. Starry Night. 1889
Paul Gauguin. The Vision after the Sermon, 1888

Symbolism

Odilon Redon. The Eye Like a Strange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity, 1878
Henri Rousseau, The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897Edvard Munch. The Scream. 1893
Gustav Klimt. The Kiss. 1907–08
Henry Ossawa Tanner. Angels Appearing before the Shepherds. ca. 1910
Auguste Rodin. The Burghers of Calais. 1884-89

Art Nouveau

Victor Horta. Interior stairwell of the Tassel House, Brussels. 1892–93
Alphonse Mucha, Dreaming (Reverie), lithograph, 1897

Ideas to Know: 

• Symbolism: Emphasized world of dreams, moods, fears, and desires over the everyday, contemporary world; dissatisfaction with modernity

• Art Nouveau (1890-1900): Mostly architecture and decorative arts; characterized by abstract organic forms; influenced by William Morris’s Arts and Crafts Movement

Reliquary Gaurdian Figure (Eyema-o-Byeri) Gabon, Fang peoples, mid 18th

Kota or Bakota, Gabon, Republic of the Congo: Reliquary gaurdian figure 'mbulu ngulu', from before or around 1920

Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-20th century Mali, Bamako region, Bamana, wood, metal bands

Headdress: Female Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-20th century Mali

Akua'ba, n.d., (Asante people) Ghana, wood

Ife Portrait Heads, c. 14th-15th century, brass, 35cm high, Ife, Africa

African Art
Reliquary Guardian Figure (Eyema-o-Byeri), Gabon, Fang peoples, 18th-19th century

Reliquary guardian figure (mbulu ngulu), Gabon, Kota (or Bakota), Gabon, c. 1920

Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th–20th century Mali, Bamako region

Akua’ba, n.d., (Asante people) Ghana, wood
Ife Portrait Heads, c. 14th-15th century, brass, 35 cm high, Ife, Africa

Fauvism
Henri Matisse. Femme au chapeau (Woman with a Hat). 1905

Henri Matisse. The Red Studio. 1911

Cubism
Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon). 1907 (Pre-Cubism)

Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911 (Analytical Cubism)

Pablo Picasso. Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass. 1912 (Synthetic Cubism)

German Expressionism: Die Brücke
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Berlin, 1913

German Expressionism:

Vasily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 (second version), 1912

Vasily Kandinsky. Sketch I for “Composition VII.” 1913

Paul Klee. The Niesen. 1915

Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922

Italian Futurism
Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912

Umberto Boccioni. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913

Responses to Modernism
Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. 1912

Marcel Duchamp. Bicycle Wheel, 1913

Marc Chagall. I and the Village. 1911

Giorgio de Chirico. Mystery and Melancholy of a Street. 1914

Russian Suprematism
Kazimir Malevich. Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying. 1915 (dated 1914)

Kazimir Malevich, White on White, 1918

Ideas to Know:
- Breaking rules
- Looking for new inspiration: African Art, -- Cycladic Art, Folk Art, children’s art, stained glass
- Fauvism: removing the naturalistic description function from color
- Analytic Cubism: deconstructing space; showing more than one viewpoint at the same time;
- influence of Cezanne
- Synthetic Cubism: building up images; use of collage; “real” vs. illusion
- German Expressionism: Die Brücke: dissatisfaction with industrial modern life; looking to
- German past with woodblock prints
- German Expressionism: Der Blaue Reiter: looking for spirituality and “universal truths;”
- Abstract art vs. non-objective art, non-narrative art, non-representational art
- Italian Futurism: sought to reject the past and bring Italy into the future; interest in new technology, speed, and movement
- Russian Suprematism: “supremacy of feeling;” pro-Russian revolution; wanted to create a new vocabulary and language of art removed from the elitist past

Works to Know:

Dada:
- Hans Arp, Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-17
- Marcel Duchamp. Fountain. 1917
- Raoul Hausmann. Mechanical Head (Spirit of the Age). ca. 1920
- Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Beer-Belly of the Weimar Republic,
1919
- Käthe Kollwitz. Never Again War! 1924
Surrealism:
- Joan Miró. Composition. 1933
- René Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928-29
- Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931
- Man Ray. The Gift. 1921 (1958 replica)
- Meret Oppenheim. Object (Luncheon in Fur). 1936
- Organic Sculpture of the 30’s:
- Alexander Calder. Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. 1939
- Henry Moore. Recumbent Figure. 1938
De Stijl:
- Piet Mondrian. Composition (Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow). 1930

American Art between the Wars
- Georgia O’Keeffe, Yellow Calla, 1926
- Georgia O’Keeffe, Deer’s Skull with Pedernal, 1936
- Stuart Davis, Hot Still-Scape for Six Colors - 7th Avenue Style. 1940.

American Regionalism
- Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930

Harlem Renaissance
- “In the North the Negro Had Better Educational Facilities,” from the Migration of the Negro
series, 1940-41

Mexican Art between the Wars
- Diego Rivera, Flower Carrier, 1935
- Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939

Protest Art
- Pablo Picasso. Guernica. 1937

Social Realism
- Edward Hopper, Night Hawks, 1942
- Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, California. 1936

Precisionism
- Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927

Ideas to Know:
Dada: Reaction against World War I; focus on absurdity, element of chance
(Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war); challenged status quo in art,
culture, etc.
Surrealism: 1930’s; element of chance (like Dada); randomness related to dream states;
juxtaposition of unrelated objects; exploration of the subconscious mind; dream images;
stream of consciousness
De Stijl (The Style): Dutch movement; sought to create utopian environment through
geometric abstraction; sought universal order that would make nationalism obsolete;
also called International Style and Neo-Plasticism
Regionalism: Representational; local (Midwest) imagery

Works to Know:
Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting

Jackson Pollock Autumn Rhythm: Number 30. 1950
Abstract Expressionism: Color Field Painting

Mark Rothko No. 61 (Rust and Blue), 1953
Post-Painterly Abstraction

Helen Frankenthaler. Mountains and Sea. 1952

Postwar Sculpture
Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral—Moon Garden Plus One. 1957–60

Post Abstraction
Robert Rauschenberg. Odalisk. 1955–58

Jasper Johns. Three Flags. 1958

Installation Art
Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961

Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirrors, 2017

Performance Art
Joseph Beuys, How to Explain Paintings to a Dead Hare, Nov. 26, 1965

Pop Art
Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963

Andy Warhol. Campbell’s Soup Cans. 1961–64

Minimalism
Ellsworth Kelly. Red Blue Green. 1963

Frank Stella. Empress of India. 1965

Donald Judd, Untitled. 1969

Earthworks
Robert Smithson. Spiral Jetty, Great Salt Lake, Utah. 1970

Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Running Fence Sonoma and Marin counties, California. 1972–76

Activist Art
Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972

Feminist Art
Judy Chicago. The Dinner Party. 1979

Video Art
Nam June Paik. Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S. 1995

Installation Art
Yayoi Kusama, A Dream I Dreamed, 2014

Ideas to Know:
- Breaking Rules!
Abstract Expressionism (two branches—Action Painting and Color Field Painting):

- Influenced by Surrealism
- Art about emotion, myth, universal forces
- Brought attention to the paint on the canvas (rather than hiding)
- Brought NYC to the center of the art world

- Installation Art
- Art as experience
- Not collectable

Performance Art
- Art as life
- Improvisation; unpredictable

Pop Art:
- Reaction to elitism of Abstract Expressionism; unemotional
- Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects
- Sought a mass-produced look—accessible
- Interested in mass media and pop culture

Minimalism:
- Unemotional
- Reduced to most basic parts
- “What you see is what you see”—denial of meaning

Earthworks:
- The earth is the canvas
- Interactive
- Out of the gallery—less elitist
- Not collectable

Activist Art:
- Art as political statement