Lean manufacturing - eliminate the wasting waste and focus more on value adding activities and continuous improvement.

Automation - enhances efficiency, reduce errors and free up human workers for more strategic tasks.

Process reengineering - involve rethinking and redesign process to achieve an improvements in performances. Like change the whole process which is called as radical changes.

Manufacturing Technology

• CAD, CAM and 3D Printing

Service Technology

• Using Internet and technology to provide services that create deliver time, place, information, entertainment and exchange value to customers and support the sales of goods.

Strategic Level

• define vision, mission and core values

• set up long term goals

• identify competitive advantage and responds towards market trends

• allocate resources for expansion, mergers, acquisition or entry into new markets

Tactical Level

• aligning departmental goals with strategic objectives

• monitor performance to ensure progress

• develop specific plans such as marketing campaigns, product launches or cost cutting programs

Operational Level

• ensure the production, customer service and sales run smoothly

• managing inventories, quality control and workflow to meet immediate demands

• monitor day to day performance

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• handle a day to day transactions such as sales, purchases and payroll

• example: a retail store's point of sale (POS) system that records daily sales

  
  

Management Information Systems (MIS)

• provide regular reports about the operational and performance

• example: monthly sales reports or inventory tracking reports

  
  

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

• help in making decision by analyzing large volumes of data and present various solutions

• example: financial forecasting tools for investment decisions

  
  

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)

• integrate all aspects business operations into a single system from finance to supply chain management

• example: SAP or Oracle ERP systems used by large company for end to end business management

  
  

Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM)

• track and manage customer interactions, help companies enhances customer relationships and loyalty

• example: salesforce CRM system for managing customer contacts, sales opportunities and marketing efforts

Cost and investment

• involve high upfront costs for software, hardware and personnel training

Integration with legacy systems

• face challenges when integrated new information systems with outdated or might be not compatible

Security and data privacy

• vulnerable to cyber threats. Data breaches, hacking and unauthorized access can disrupt business operations and damage reputation

User resistance and change management

• employees may resist adopting new systems especially if they unfamiliar of the job displacement due to automation

Wi-Fi Networks

• fast, reliable connections in offices, public spaces and homes, supporting high speed data transmission without physical cables

Cellular Networks (4G and 5G)

• enable data transmission across large distances, with 5G offering ultra - low latency and high speeds for real - time applications

Internet of Things (IoT)

• supports billions of connected devices, transforming applications in smart cities, manufacturing, logistics and healthcare

Mobile Workforce and AR/VR

• enables remote work and advances augmented and virtual reality applications across various sectors

Local Area Network (LAN)

• connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, like a home, office, or building. LAN are managed locally, allowing shared access to resources such as printers, files, and applications.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

• it connects multiple LAN, often using telecommunications lines, satellite links, or other long-distance communication technologies. Examples include the internet, which is a large WAN, and corporate networks that connect branch offices.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• a secure tunnel that allows remote users to connect to a private network over the internet, protecting data with encryption. VPN are commonly used to provide secure access to corporate networks for remote employees, enabling safe data transmission and masking user IP addresses for privacy.

Software - Defined Networking (SDN)

• decouples the control and forwarding functions of a network. By separating the management layer (software) from the physical hardware, SDN allows for centralized network management and more flexible, efficient network configurations.

Network Protocols

• define how data is transmitted across networks, specifying aspects like data formatting, addressing, error checking, and flow control. Common protocols include TCP/IP (for internet communication), HTTP/HTTPS (for web access), and FTP (for file transfer).

Process Planning

• Creating a detailed roadmap for production from the raw materials to finished products

Process Analysis

• Studying current processes to identify and address inefficiencies

Process Innovation

• Creating new or improved processes that enhance efficiency and quality

Technological Decision

• Choosing appropriate technology for current and future production needs

High initial costs

Resistance to change

Integration complexities

Risk of failure

Reliability - deliver services on time or followed the scheduled.

Responsiveness - willing to help like when customers report having a problem the customer service would solve fastly.

Assurance - build trust and confidence like a doctor would prepare a medicine to the patient and the patient would trust the doctor because of his/her background.

Empathy - treating customers as individual like provides service according to the customer preferences.

Tangible - represent the service physically such as provide a clean room for the customer to stay.

Gap Analysis

Expectation

Perception

To eliminate waste which overproduces, process, cut waiting time, inventory and motion

increase speed and respond towards customers request and changes in environment

improve quality by throw away waste

reduced cost and improve efficiency

Identify the Customers/stakeholders

Determine Customer Requirements/Constraints

Prioritize each requirement

Competitive Benchmarking

Translate Customer Requirements into measurable engineering specifications

Set target values for each engineering specification

Phase 1, Product Planning: It is building the House of Quality which is initiated by the marketing team, Phase 1 is also called The House of Quality. This phase documents customer requirements, warranty data, competitive opportunities, product measurements, competition for product measures, and the technical ability of the organization to meet each customer requirement. Getting good data from the customer in this phase is critical to the success of the entire QFD process.

Phase 2, Product Design: This phase is initiated by the engineering department. Product design requires creativity and innovative team ideas. Product concepts (goals and objectives) are created during this phase and part of the specifications are documented. Parts that are determined to be most important to meet customer needs are then transferred into process planning or the next Phase

Phase 3, Process Planning: Process planning comes next and is owned by manufacturing engineering. During that, process planning, manufacturing processes, flowcharts and process parameters (Target Values) are documented.

Phase 4, Process Control: finally, in production planning, performance indicators are created to monitor the production process, maintenance schedules, and skills training for operators. Also, in this phase decisions are made as to which process poses the most risk and controls are put in place to prevent   The quality assurance department in concert with manufacturing leads Phase 4.