Black American Context Timeline by Charan Morris

Black American Context Timeline by Charan Morris https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal Each student contributes something important! en-us 2022-05-06 02:27:34 UTC 2025-09-29 14:10:23 UTC hello@padlet.com 1945-1992 Marsha P. Johnson (Adrianna Soto) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173037047 Marsha P. Johnson was born on August 24, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. She then moved to New York City from her hometown with nothing but $15 in her pocket. She was a black transgender woman, she became a central figure in the gay liberation movement. Johnson played a key role in the uprising that began on June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in New York’s Greenwich Village after police raided the gay bar and patrons fought back. Protests followed over the next six days. The first anniversary of the protests prompted the first gay pride parade in 1970. Marsha and one of her friends Sylvia helped found the group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), which offered housing to homeless and transgender youth. They created the first LGBT youth shelter in North America and the first organization in the United States led by trans women of color. She was center of New York City’s gay liberation movement for nearly 25 years, but that wasn't her only cause she was supporting. She was also on the front lines of protests against oppressive policing. She helped found one of the country’s first safe spaces for transgender and homeless youth. And she advocated tirelessly on behalf of sex workers, prisoners and people with HIV/AIDS until she died.

https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/us/marsha-p-johnson-biography/index.html ]]> 2022-05-06 15:12:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173037047 May 31, 1921 - June 1st, 1921 Black Wall Street (Sofia Maza) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173155038 The Historical even, The Black Wall Street also known as the Tulsa Race Massacre which took place in Tulsa, Oklahoma, US. The Tulsa Race Massacre took place on May 31st to June 1st in where mobs of white residents attacked Black residents and destroyed homes and businesses. Some of these white residents were even given weapons by city officials which just show how they were supporting this actions and even going out of their way to make it more violent. All of this started because Dick Rowland who was a black man was reported attempting to rape a white woman Sarah Page. Due to this white people in the area refused to wait for the trial and proceeded to start this 2 day violence towards Black people in the neighborhood. This lead to 35 city blocks going up in flames, 300 people died, and 800 were injured. The aftermath of all this was extremely bad especially for Black people, the economic status of the area went down terribly since almost everything was damaged. As for punishments, Black people were left broke and having to build all of their homes and businesses again. And not a single white person was arrested for this event. ]]> 2022-05-06 16:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173155038 May 4, 1961 – Dec 10, 1961, Freedom Riders (Gisel Procopio) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173538090 The freedom riders were a civil rights action between white and African American people they were both segregated from being close to one another in public places like restaurants, public transportation, bathrooms, etc. African Americans began a protest by fighting over their rights in bus transportation in 1961 they took action in the supreme court but the judge was against this law and didn’t manage to pass this law over. The 13 original groups of freedom riders had made a plan to travel around the country and change the way African Americans and whites were being segregated but they didn’t achieve success and got violently attacked.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-rides ]]> 2022-05-06 23:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173538090 Black Panther Breakfast Program - 1969 (Hiram Gonzalez) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173955690 Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1cRiogMUNA

The Black Panther Party in 1969 were providing free meals at school to children because the government wasn't. The goal of this breakfast program was to promote the survival of black people and end police brutality. It led to free breakfast programs that are available today. The BPP have been seen as dangerous and radical because of the drastic steps they took in their movements. At first many were in fear of the group because of how they were portrayed in the media and on the news but when the Black Panther Party started serving free meals, people started focusing on their helpfulness to the community. But the FBI did not agree with the BPP's methods, and they started lying to parents about the organization, telling them that the food the BPP served was infected and that the party would teach children racism. One female Panther said, "...the Chicago police broke into the church and mashed up all the food and urinated on it." The FBI dismantled the BPP and the USDA made their own breakfast program in the 1970's and now helps to feed over 14.57 million children before school. The BPP is what allowed those programs to be created.

Article Link:
https://www.history.com/news/free-school-breakfast-black-panther-party]]> 2022-05-07 16:43:17 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2173955690 The Orangeburg Massacre - February 8, 1968 (Melanie Azpeitia) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2174154940 The Orangeburg Massacre occurred on Feb. 8, 1968, when multiple South Carolina Highway Patrol officers opened fire at 200 unarmed black students on South Carolina State University. The students had been involved in protests over segregation of black patrons at a nearby bowling alley. Three students were killed; Samuel Hammond, Delano Middleton and Henry Smith. 27 other students were injured. Several students milled around a bonfire on the S.C state's campus when a officer tried to put it out, but failed when a student from the crowd had thrown an object at him; The officer shot his gun up into the air in attempt to calm the students but other officers assumed that the officer was being harmed. They then opened fire into the crowd killing and injuring these unarmed students. The nine officers were charged who admitted shooting that night, being held responsible, as well as Cleveland Sellers, being charged and sent to prison for "inciting the riot" that led to the massacre.

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDzoZDNZGnw]]> 2022-05-08 01:55:31 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2174154940 Black Arts Movements - 1960s - 1970s (Araseli Crespo) araselic201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2174155002 Black Arts Movement was given the name to a group of politically motivated black poets, artists, dramatists, musicians, and writers who emerged in the wake of the Black Power Movement. The Black Arts Movement was officially formed in 1965 when Baraka opened the Black Arts Repertory Theater in Harlem. The movement had its greatest impact in theater and poetry. It began in the New York/Newark area, it soon spread to Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, Michigan, and San Francisco, California. In Chicago, Hoyt Fuller and John Johnson edited and published Negro Digest (later Black World, which promoted the work of new black literary artists. In Chicago, Third World Press published black writers and poets. In Detroit, Lotus Press and Broadside Press republished older works of black poetry. These Midwestern publishing houses brought recognition to edgy, experimental poets. New black theater groups were also established. In 1969, Robert Chrisman and Nathan Hare established The black Scholar, which was the first scholarly journal to promote black studies within academia. The Black Arts Movement helped lay the foundation for modern-day spoken word and Hip Hop.

Article Link: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/black-arts-movement-1965-1975/

]]> 2022-05-08 01:55:48 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2174155002 Black Student Movement 1960-1970 (Brayan Delmonte) brayand20 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175804383 In 1960 the students of UW-Madison University band together after the death of Martin Luther King. These Black students fought for black power and for these schools to actually teach them about African American history. These Universities barely taught about African American history barely representing the major population of black kids and badly representing these black students heritage and community. In 1967 to stop these riots police started to use tear gas to stop the College Students and the many strikes the students had orchestrated. 94 students who followed these protests were expelled by the school and that only enraged the students/protesters. Thirteen demands were demanded by these students, most of these demands ask for black teachers to teach the students.

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgmieHf3gzg]]> 2022-05-09 14:22:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175804383 Freedom Riders -1961(Jorge Blue Adamson) jorgeb20 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175814899
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina and other Southern states. The groups were confronted by arresting police officers as well as horrific violence from white protestors—along their routes, but also drew international attention to the civil rights movement. They were fearless and persevered through the harassment of both police and racist angry pedestrians and customers when stopping at restaurants.
On May 14, 1961, the Greyhound bus was the first to arrive in Anniston, Alabama. There, an angry mob of about 200 white people surrounded the bus, causing the driver to continue past the bus station.

On May 14, 1961, the Greyhound bus was the first to arrive in Anniston,Alabama. There, an angry mob of about 200 white people surrounded the bus, causing the driver to continue past the bus station.
The mob followed the bus in automobiles, and when the tires on the bus blew out, someone threw a bomb into the bus. The Freedom Riders escaped the bus as it burst into flames, only to be brutally beaten by members of the surrounding mob. The second bus, a Trail-ways vehicle, traveled to Birmingham, Alabama, and those riders were also beaten by an angry white mob, many of whom brandished metal pipes.

Photographs of the burning Greyhound bus and the bloodied riders appeared on the front pages of newspapers throughout the country and around the world the next day, drawing international attention to the Freedom Riders’ cause and the state of race relations in the United States.

]]> 2022-05-09 14:28:44 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175814899 1966 Black Panther Party 12 Point Platform (Jeniah Williams) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175846730 On October 15th 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale wrote the Black panther 10 point program. It described the goals of the black panther party for stopping police brutality in black communities and teaching them self defense. They also listed what needs to be done in order to ensure that black people are seen as equal as well not only to society but to the government as well. ]]> 2022-05-09 14:45:22 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2175846730 Jane Matilda Bolin ( 1908 - 2007 ) - Jessanny Roman https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176009209 Jane Matilda Bolin was born on April 11th 1908 in Poughkeepsie, New York. From the start, she wanted to be an attorney, inspired by her fathers law firm. She was the first black women graduate of Yale Law School and the first black judge in the U.S. In 1928 she graduated from Wellesley College and received her law degree from Yale Law School. In 1934 she married attorney Ralph E. Moseley and together contributed to opening up there own practice in New York City. Bolin was named Assistant Corporation Counsel for the City Of New York, working for the Domestic Relation Court and in 1939, Mayor Fiorello Laguardia Made her Judge of the Domestic Relations Court where she served for about 40 years. During her time, she made many achievements. One being the assignment of probation officers to cases without regard for race and religion and a obligation that publicly funded private child care agencies accept children without regard to ethnic background. In 1979, Jane retired after reaching age for retirement. In 2007, in New York City, She passed. ]]> 2022-05-09 16:11:01 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176009209 Freedom House Ambulance Service - 1967 (Nancy) hebae201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176015857 The Freedom House Ambulance was a form of prehospital care that was staffed with black women and men from the inner city of Pittsburgh. The program drafted unemployed individuals and trained them as paramedics to deliver better emergency medical care to their unresourced community. Due to institutional racism that was very rampant, when black residents of Pittsburgh made emergency calls they were either unanswered or there were delays. Phillip Hallen—a former ambulance driver who headed the Pittsburgh-based Maurice Falk Medical Fund—acknowledged that Pittsburgh’s primarily Black neighborhoods weren’t getting adequate emergency transportation. Hallen had the idea to combine the ambulance survice and a program to train unemployed black men and women in medicine. That brought him to Freedom House Enterprises, a social service agency in the Hill District that did everything from organizing voter registration drives and holding NAACP. Dr. Peter Safar, an anesthesiologist and distinguished professor of resuscitation medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, heard about the effort and offered his expertise. Along side with Dr. Nancy Caroline.

]]> 2022-05-09 16:14:43 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176015857 bell hooks - 1980s - 2000s (Sincere Coffer Banks) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176017550 Bell Hooks was born September 25, 1952 in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and was known for her writings on race, feminism, and class. When Bell turned 19 she starting writing her first full-length book, I Ain't I a Woman: Black women and Feminism, which was published in 1981. She developed her writing skills at Stanford University, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of California where she studied English Literature. Bell preferred to to spell her name in all lowercase letters to focus attention on her message rather than herself. In the 1980s hooks established a support group for Black women called the Sisters of the Yam, which she later used as the title of a book, published in 1993, celebrating Black sisterhood. Her other writings included Feminist Theory from Margin to Center (1984), Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (1989), Black Looks: Race and Representation (1992), Killing Rage: Ending Racism (1995), Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies (1996), Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work (1999), Where We Stand: Class Matters (2000), Communion: The Female Search for Love (2002), and the companion books We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (2003) and The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love (2004).

Website Link: https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Wisconsin]]> 2022-05-09 16:15:42 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176017550 William Julius Wilson -1935 (Gisel procopio) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176533634 William Julius Wilson is an american sociologist and a professor at Harvard university he was born in December 20,1935.He studied in two different universities which were Wilberforce University and Bowling green state university.He also attended the university of Chicago in 1972 he became a professor and led the center of the study of urban inequality.While being a professor he maintained class divisions and global economic changes in which he created a large African american underclass.He addressed urban poverty towards African Americans his view was to help the U.S public policy and their academic speech and wanted this to become a success and reality.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Julius-Wilson

]]> 2022-05-09 22:52:51 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176533634 August 21, 1831 - October 1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion (Amy Gonzalez) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176715462 Nat Turner (1800-1831) was an enslaved man who was born in Virginia. He lived in the plantation of Benjamin Turner, there he was able to advance and start reading, writing and religion. Throughout his childhood he was sold 3 times and was hired out to John Travis in his mid 20's. In Benjamin Turner's plantation and his Southampton County neighborhood he would preach about him being chosen by god to free them from slavery and by so he became the leader of enslaved Africans. In 1831, there was an eclipse that Nat believed was the sign to start the rebellion because he believed in signs and hearing divine voices. In August 21, 1831 Nat and 6 others killed John Travis and his family. They got in hold of weapons, horses and influenced 75 other enslaves to join them. There was around 55 white people dead. Shortly after Nat fled and stood hidden for 6 weeks before getting captured. Mean while 56 Black people were accused of participating in Nat's rebellion and executed, more than 200 were beaten by angry mobs and white militias( they were armed paramilitary groups with an anti-government ). Nat Turner and 16 of his followers were executed by being hanged at Jerusalem, Virginia. In result of the rebellion, it ended organized emancipation movement in that region, put more fear in the heart of Southerners, the government made harsher laws towards enslaved people and made the racial conflict even worst.
Source link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/nat-turner]]> 2022-05-10 01:42:34 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176715462 Sojourner Truth (1797-1883) - B4 gabrielap201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176853923 Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in 1797 in Swartekill NY. After she escaped in 1826 with her infant daughter, she recruited soldiers to fight for the union. Also, after going to court to recover her son in from being illegally sold into slavery in 1828, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. She was an outspoken advocate for abolition, temperance, and civil and women's rights. Leading her to earn an invitation to meet President Lincoln in 1864. She died of old age in 1883 in Battle Creek, Michigan.
Source: https://www.womenshistory.org/exhibits/sojourner-truth ]]> 2022-05-10 03:30:25 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176853923 Bayard Rustin (1912-1987) Carl Clarke https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176868016 Bayard Rustin was a civil rights activist who was born in west Pennsylvania on march 17 1912, 1 of 12 children raised by his grandparent's. Rustin was a well known adviser of Martin Luther king and was a main organizer of the march on Washington. The Washington was a march that more than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in the nation's capital. Rustin was openly gay at a young age because he believed in being his authentic self. Rustin held odd jobs, traveled widely, and obtained five years of university schooling at the City College of New York and other institutions without taking a degree. Rustin also worked for the Fellowship of Reconciliation, a nondenominational religious organization. He was an intelligent and creative person who played a big role in all of the movements he participated in. Rustin was arrested after he was caught having sex with another man and was sentenced to up to 50 days in jail. Even though he was less likely to hold a political job because of his sexual orientation Bayard still influential in the civil rights movement. Then later he was declared chief architect during the march on Washington. When Bayard was discovered as homosexual he would try and limit how often he spoke to try and avoid the negativity against him. After Rustin served as president of the A. Philip Randolph Institute, a civil rights organization in New York City he became involved in the gay rights movement. He was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Source:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bayard-Rustin
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/rustin-bayard

]]> 2022-05-10 03:44:16 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176868016 Karine Jean-Pierre 1974-Present Day kathleenek20 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176879611 Karine Jean-Pierre is the current Press Secretary for the White House and an activist for reproductive freedom. She is the first Black person and openly lesbian to be in this position in the White House. Born on August 13, 1974 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, Karine studied at the New York Institute of Technology, School of International and Public Affairs, and Columbia University. Before being appointed to the role of Press Secretary, Karine taught a course at the School of International and Public Affairs. Due to institutional racism, there has never been a person of color as the Press Secretary before Karine received that role. Despite what she may have faced as a Black and lesbian woman going into politics, she persevered since her days learning at Columbia University to get the role she received today.

Sources:
http://www.karinejean-pierre.com/
https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/karine-jean-pierre-white-house-press-secretary-from-long-island/

]]> 2022-05-10 03:56:39 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176879611 Stono Rebellion - September 9 1739 valerym201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176889649 A slave revolt took place on September 9th 1739, in the colony of South Carolina . It was the largest slave rebellion in the Southern Colonies , with 25 colonists and 35 to 50 Africans killed. The uprising was led by native Africans who were likely from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo , as the rebels were Catholic and some spoke Portuguese. The immediate factors that sparked the uprising remain in doubt. A malaria epidemic in Charlestown, which caused general confusion throughout Carolina, may have influenced the timing of the Rebellion. The recent (August 1739) passage of the Security Act by the South Carolina Colonial Assembly may also have played a role. The act required all white men to carry firearms to church on Sunday. Thus the enslaved leaders of the rebellion knew their best chance for success would be during the time of the church services when armed white males were away from the plantations.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pND-9KhM1Xw

]]> 2022-05-10 04:07:03 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176889649 Otis Boykin 1920-1982 Ashley Martinez https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176901468 Boykin was an inventor and an engineer. He was interested in resistors. His mother died from heart failure (which is also how he dies) when he was 1 year old. He contributed in the invention called the pacemaker. His inventions opened ideas for more technology used in the medical field and specifically to help the heart. He went and graduated from Fisk University in 1941. His achievements led him to work as a consultant in the United States. He died because of heart failure in 1982.

Sources:
https://www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/black-history-month-this-inventor-laid-the-foundation-for-todays-pacemakers/
https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/otis-boykin]]> 2022-05-10 04:16:45 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2176901468 Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948 - December 4, 1969)-Nicholas P- https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177454877 Fred Hampton was an active leader in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), leading their Youth Council of the organization’s West but later joined the black panthers in November 1969. Within the organization, Fred climbed the ranks at a fast pace and became a leader who brought peace between rival gangs, started a breakfast program, and Organized rallies. As a rising leader in the BPP, Hampton became the focus of an FBI investigation. On December 4, 1969, Hampton, along with fellow Black Panther Mark Clark, was murdered. William O’Neal, an FBI agent infiltrated the BPP and put a very powerful sleeping drug into Fred's drink then left to later call officers to raid Fred Hampton's apartment. The rest of the seven Panthers who were not killed were all arrested and indicted by a grand jury on charges of attempted murder, armed violence, and a variety of weapons charges. These charges were eventually dropped when during a later investigation, it was discovered that Chicago Police fired ninety-nine shots while the Panthers only shot once.

source: Fred Hampton]]> 2022-05-10 11:57:03 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177454877 Black Feminist Movement ( Sidney Valentin ) alisonv201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177571580 The black feminist movement is about being black and a women, so there's many ways you can view it from both perspective, but at its core it's about being both and having both be equal. A few foundational principles include:

Black women’s experience of racism, sexism, and classism are inseparable.
Their needs and worldviews are distinct from those of black men and white women.
There is no contradiction between the struggle against racism, sexism, and all other-isms. All must be addressed simultaneously.

]]> 2022-05-10 13:13:25 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177571580 John lewis (february 21, 1940-july 17, 2020) Elijah m. https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177595318 John Robert Lewis was an american politician and Civil rights activist who served in the United States house of representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the "Big Six " leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the Civil Rights Movement and its actions to end legalized Racial segregation in the United States. Also A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to Congress in 1986 and served 17 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. The district he represented included most of Atlanta

Source:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Lewis-American-civil-rights-leader-and-politician

]]> 2022-05-10 13:26:21 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177595318 Buffalo Soldiers (1866 - 1951) - carla clarke https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177601881 On September 21, 1866, Buffalo shoulders were formed. They were originally members of the 10th Cavalry regiment of the United States Army. During the Indian wars in the western United States, this regiment served and trained as a combat unit. In relation to this, the Native American tribes who fought in the Indian war gave the colored Calvary the nickname Buffalo soldiers. The Indians admired and avoided African-American cavalrymen, referring to them as "Buffalo Soldiers" for their toughness and fighting capabilities. They also admired their dark, curly hair, which resembled a buffalo's coat, and their fierce fighting nature. The primary mission of the Buffalo Soldiers was to aid the nation's westward expansion by protecting settlers, constructing roads and other infrastructure, and guarding the US mail. The African-American infantry divisions fought in the American-Indian Wars, apprehended cattle rustlers, and even worked as park rangers. The Buffalo Soldiers faced indescribable hardships while working in these locations. This can range from the scorching heat of the desert to the bitter cold of the plains in the winter. Many black soldiers were killed by disease as a result of unsanitary conditions and inadequate provisions.

source: https://www.history.com/news/who-were-the-buffalo-soldiers

]]> 2022-05-10 13:30:02 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177601881 Maya S - Elaine Massacre - 1919 mayas202 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177631942 On September 30th, 1919, black sharecroppers gathered late at night to discuss the racial disparities of their unfair low wages in a local black church. Under the cover of the night, a group of local white men opened fire into the church, shots were returned and one white man died. The black farmers were suspected of organizing an insurrection to kill the white residents, and as a result, white locals, vigilantes, and law enforcement banded together and murdered up to 200 black people. 5 white men died in the midst of this mass murder and someone had to be held responsible, for years the supreme court would sanction injustices against African Americans. White residents also saw black soldiers returning from WW1 as a threat to emphasizing their rights. The media also portrayed the narrative that African Americans were plotting against whites which caused even more violence against African Americans in Elaine.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/death-hundreds-elaine-massacre-led-supreme-court-take-major-step-toward-equal-justice-african-americans-180969863/]]> 2022-05-10 13:46:12 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177631942 medgar evers (1925-1963) kelisl201 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177637486 Medgar Evers was a civil rights activist , Medgar Evers bravely stood out against racism. He campaigned against Jim Crow legislation, protested segregation in schools, and began an investigation into the lynching of Emmett Till. He was the NAACP's first field officer in Mississippi, in addition to having a part in the civil rights movement. When him and five friends were turned away from a municipal poll at gunpoint, he became a civil rights activist. He had recently returned from World War II's Battle of Normandy and found that fighting for his nation did not protect him from racism or provide him with equal rights. He attended college at the historically black Alcorn State University in Mississippi, Evers became president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) after taking a job selling life insurance in the mostly Black town of Mound Bayou. After being rejected from the University of Mississippi Law School due to his skin color, Evers focused his attention on desegregation. Brown v. Board of Education, a 1954 Supreme Court decision, declared school segregation unlawful. Evers founded new local chapters, conducted voter registration drives, and helped lead protests to desegregate public primary schools, parks, and Mississippi Gold Coast beaches as the NAACP's first field officer in Mississippi. After becoming involved in two high-profile Mississippi trials, Evers garnered recognition among white supremacists. White supremacists attempted to kill Evers many years before getting him June 12, 1963. Evers was shot in the back after coming into his driveway and exiting his car, and died less than an hour later at the hospital. He was murdered just hours after President John F. Kennedy presented a civil rights speech on national television.

source: https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/medgar-evers]]> 2022-05-10 13:49:04 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177637486 Birmingham Children's crusade (May 2-3 1963)-Adrianna V https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177640146 The "Children's Crusade were non-violent demonstration. this is their way of doing something about these inequities that they were experiencing, they were basically protesting in a less violent way. They called it D-Day. Most children who participated in the protest were kind of already use to it by seeing their parents involvement. Most parents and civil rights leaders were cautious about involving young people in the protests, and in the end it turned out that the brave actions of these children helped make lasting change in Birmingham at a key turning point in the movement. the goal of the protest was to talk to the mayor of Birmingham about segregation in their city.
https://www.biography.com/news/black-history-birmingham-childrens-crusade-1963]]> 2022-05-10 13:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177640146 Dorothy I Height (1912-2010) K'shaun H https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177648639 Dorothy I Height was a civil rights leader born on March 24th, 1912 in Richmond, Virginia she excelled in school and eventually received a scholarship to Barnard College but wasn't allowed to go to the school because no African Americans were admitted there. She, later on graduated from NYU where she got her bachelor's degree in education and master in psychology. Height got her first job in New York and joined the staff of the YWCA, she became the leader of this group and created diverse programs that pushed the organization to integrate YWCA facilities nationwide. Eventually Height became inspired by this African American leader Mary McLeod Bethune and she began working for the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). In this group Height focused on ending the lynching of African Americans and restructuring the criminal justice system. In 1957 she became the president of the (NCNW) where she stayed for 40 years.

www.womenshistory.org]]> 2022-05-10 13:55:06 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177648639 Clinton Desegregation Crisis, 1956 - 1957 shannnon https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177673558 Brown v. Board of Education called for all public schools to be desegregated. On August 26th, 1956, 12 African-American students attended Clinton High School in Tennessee, there were originally no issues when they were at school for the first day. Later on, the 12 students were threatened and white people were protesting due to the fact that they were against desegregation. From September 1st to the 2nd of 1956, white people were violent and breaking windows, telling the Mayor that they'd blow up their house. White people kept trying to taunt civil leaders and teachers, the Clinton 12 homes were constantly being attacked and dynamite was thrown at their homes. Eventually, the 12 students were taken out of Clinton High School because of the amount of threats and violence that they encountered. December 4th, 1956, a white baptist, Rev. Paul and two black men, Sidney David and Leo Burnett helped take the 12 students back to Clinton High School. After they were escorted, Paul Turner ended up beaten up by a group of white people. Clinton High School had shut down after the attack on Paul Turner, but the Clinton 12 remained learning. Bobby Cain graduated, becoming the first African-American man to graduate from a desegregated school. On October 5th, 1958, Clinton High School was bombed but was rebuilt without any other incidents after.

Source: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/the-clinton-desegregation-crisis-1956/

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvOJRQPKmE4]]> 2022-05-10 14:08:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177673558 Rainbow Coalition (Rosemeri) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177765099 Rev. Jesse Jackson was the second black presidential candidate to compete at the national level. During his candidacy, he lay claim to fighting for the rights of a “Rainbow Coalition” of diverse Americans. This included many groups of people such as Blacks, whites, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans; men and women; straight and LGBTQ. While he failed to win the election, he gained a historic level of support.
When he was a teenager he had gotten involved in the civil rights movement and even marched with Martin Luther King and others at Selma to demand Black voting rights.
what pushed him to run for president was Harold Washington, who became the first black mayor of Chicago, and how leaders in the Democratic Party began to argue that the time was right for a Black presidential candidate.
The National Rainbow Coalition, which grew out of Jackson's first presidential campaign, drew inspiration from King’s Poor People’s Campaign.
Overall, Jackson's vision helped pave the way for more POC and female political figures to make a stand.
How Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition Championed Diversity - HISTORY

]]> 2022-05-10 14:56:48 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2177765099 Henrietta Lacks (1920-1951) , Juleini Martinez https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179473152 Henrietta Lacks was born on August 1, 1920, and died in 1951 at The Johns Hopkins University after being diagnosed with fatal cervical cancer. They had collected her cancer cells and kept them without her permission and consent before she died. They experimented with them and created the world's first cloned human cells. Researchers have utilized them in a variety of "treatments," including the Covid-19 vaccination.The Hernitta Lacks Estate, on the other hand, is attempting to sue the corporation for stealing Hernitta's cells.]]> 2022-05-11 13:59:17 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179473152 Vivien Thomas August 29, 1910- November 10, 1985 -Jennifer Gonzalez https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179536377 Vivien Thomas was a inspiring african american that lead the world to new heart surgery techniques. What makes him so remarkable is how he had no formal medical training before working in a private infermity to raise money for collage. He ended up losing all his money due to a bank crash making him have to drop out as a premedical student at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial College. This did not stop him from pursuing his medical carrer. A year after the crash he decided to work at Vanderbilt University as a laboratory assistant with Alfred Blalock. This later helped him gain reconisioin for how skilled he skilled he was in surgery and he was moved to john hopkins where he developed the prosedure used for "blue baby" symdrome. He tought many at john hompkins nessasary presedues for heart and lung operations. His legacy lives on through his impact
Article link-https://www.msm.edu/Prospective_Students/admissions/PipelinePrograms/VivienThomas/commhealth_trainingprograms_vivien_bio.php]]> 2022-05-11 14:33:37 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179536377 Mississippi Black Codes 1865-1866 (Kevin Aguilera) kevina20 https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179683541 The Mississippi black codes was to recognize certain rights for former slaves during 1865-1866 after the official passing of the 13th Amendment to officially abolish slavery. Although almost instantly government officials opposed these new rights to reinstate white supremacy. Freedmen (Former Black Slaves) were given access to the legal system, marriage, own property and seek and gain employment but were restricted heavily to these rights. Freemen were still exploited with improper pay within the states, they were limited as witnesses within the judicial system, cross racial marriage was prohibited between whites and nonwhites and punishable by life imprisonment, owning property was only allowed outside the cities and Freedmen were to engage in their own farming and land ownership. If a Freeman was to not gain employment within 2 weeks of 'the new year' in 1866 they are to be fined, if this fine was not payed they would be forced into jail and given unpaid labor. Although in 1868 and 1870 Congress passed the 14th and 15th Amendments which guaranteed Freedmen equal protection under the law and the right to vote.
https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/events-african-american-history/mississippi-black-codes-1865-1866/]]> 2022-05-11 15:54:42 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179683541 Black liberation army (BLA) (Cristal) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179822276 BLA was a low profile black revolutoonary group. This organization was operated in 1970-1981. The reason for this organization was because they wanted to stand up for liberty. This organization was made up of members from the black panters (BPP) and the republic new afrika (RNA). In this group they carried out with mass robberies, killings, prison breaks and even bombings. The reason for this is because they wanted justice for themselves and self determination of black people. They were anti-racist anti- sexist, they wanted everyone to be equal but before anyone else could be equal they wanted their liberation. They wanted black people to have their own control over their lives and their destiny.They wanted to show the struggle since that is what the people seen them as the "armed struggle".

https://militaryhistory.fandom.com/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army ]]> 2022-05-11 17:19:27 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179822276 National Action Network 1991 (Isaiah Planas) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179824134 The National Action Network, or NAN for short, was initially created to engage and confront the social vices of police misconduct and abuse, gun violence, official assaults on voting rights, workers’ rights, affirmative action, inequities in education and employment opportunities, access to capital, health care and discrimination motivated by race, class, gender, sexual orientation or status, religion and national origin. It was even supported by and had the help of government officials such as, Board Chairman Reverend Dr. W. Franklyn Richardson. This network was a large step towards having black voices heard in America. They also work to financially aid anyone who is a victim of any of those
Source: https://nationalactionnetwork.net/about/history/#:~:text=Founded%20in%20New%20York%20City,a%20champion%20for%20the%20dispossessed.]]> 2022-05-11 17:20:39 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2179824134 Paul Robeson(1898-1976)- Isaiah Zayas https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2183015603 Paul Robeson was born in 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey. He was an actor, singer, athlete, and political activist whose father was a freed slave while his mother was from a successful Philadelphia family.At a young age he was given a scholarship to Rutgers University, where he received an uncommon twelve major letters in four years and was his class valedictorian. After graduating Robeson went on to Columbia University Law School and later took a job with a New York law firm. Many racial issues ended his career as a lawyer early so he then went to find work as an actor with his love of public speaking.As an actor, Robeson become a good singer and was one of the first black men to play serious roles in a primarily white American theater.At the height of Robeson's popularity, Robeson was a nationwide symbol and a cultural leader in the war against fascism abroad and racism at home. While his several talents and his outspoken defense of civil liberties brought him many friends it also made him enemies. Even with his contributions as an entertainer to the Allied forces during World War II, Robeson was singled out as a major threat to American democracy. Every attempt was made to silence and discredit Robeson him, and in 1950 the persecution reached its max when his passport was revoked. He could no longer travel abroad to perform, and his career was at a weak point. After 8 years when his passport was reinstated he tried to progress but the years of hardship took their toll. When Robeson returned to the U.S.in 1963, he was misdiagnosed several times and treated for several physical and psychological problems. Realizing that he was no longer the powerful singer or powerful public speaker of his prime days he decided to step out of the public eye. He then retired to Philadelphia and lived in seclusion until his death in 1976.]]> 2022-05-13 14:58:14 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2183015603 Doris 'Dorie' Miller WWII (Sherlyn Soriano) sherlynsoinkfactory https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2188432468 Doris Miller was born on December 12, 1919 in Waco, Texas. He attended Moore High school and worked on his father's farm in Waco before joining the U.S Navy at Dallas, Texas, on September 16, 1939. During an attack, Japanese aircraft left battleship West Virginia (BB-48) heavily damaged leaving 130 killed and 52 wounded out of the 1,541 men. During the battle however, as an effort to fight back, Miller was described firing a machine gun and shooting down a Japanese aircraft heading for the ship without being trained to operate one. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the commander in chief, awarded Miller with the Navy Cross and went on to say Miller was the first of his race to achieve such accomplishment from his tribute. Which was a huge honor at the time. By the end of his career at the Navy he was awarded many medals such as the Navy Cross; Purple Heart Medal; the American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp; the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal; and the World War II Victory Medal. In addition, on 30 June 1973, USS Miller (FF-1091) was named after Miller in his honor.

Source: Navel History and Heritage Command/Miller Doris https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html]]> 2022-05-17 23:22:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2188432468 Billie Holiday-1915-1959 Strange Fruit (Gael Morales) https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2196117605 Billie Holiday infamous strange fruit song was so constoversial for those who never knew the pain and injustice that color people went through.This brought so much light to the injustice and even physical pain.She was able to bring her people together with this song and was even sung at protest and rallies.This suppressed song show how her people where just as suppressed as her people shinning light on the neglect they faced “Southern trees bear a strange fruit/ Blood on the leaves and blood at the root/ Black bodies swingin’ in the Southern breeze/ Strange fruit hangin’ from the poplar trees…”.This was f the police by NWA before f the police was it show that pashine of these people to stand up against neglect and injustice.
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/the-story-behind-billie-holidays-strange-fruit/17738/]]> 2022-05-23 15:51:30 UTC https://padlet.com/cmorris73/4su3jvbaplelaaal/wish/2196117605