The Moroccan Crisis of 1905 began when the German Emperor Wilhelm II visited Tangier to support Morocco’s independence, in opposition to France’s plans to control the country. This triggered a diplomatic crisis among the major powers. To resolve it, the Algeciras Conference was held in 1906, where Morocco's independence was recognized, but French influence was reinforced. Germany was left isolated, and the crisis strengthened the alliance between France and the United Kingdom, increasing tensions that eventually led to World War I.

In 1914, Germany attacked Belgium to reach France, even though Belgium was a neutral country. This caused Britain to declare war on Germany.

In 1940, Germany invaded again using blitzkrieg tactics fast and strong attacks. Belgium was defeated and surrendered after 18 days.

These invasions were important events in both world wars.

The Ottoman government believed that the Armenian people were a threat. As a result, it started a mass killing and deportation of Armenians. Around 1.5 million Armenians died from executions, forced marches, and starvation.

Many historians and countries recognize this as a genocide, but the Turkish government still denies that it was planned or that it was genocide.

The Armenian Genocide is remembered as one of the first modern genocides.

At first, the U.S. stayed neutral, but several events changed that. One major reason was Germany’s use of submarines to sink ships, including those with American passengers, like the Lusitania. Another reason was the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany asked Mexico to join the war against the U.S.

As a result, the U.S. declared war on Germany and helped the Allies win the war.

Later, in October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, took control of Russia and started a communist government.

In 1918, Nicholas II and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks. This ended the Russian royal family and confirmed the rise of the Soviet Union.

To gain peace, the new Bolshevik government gave up huge territories, including Ukraine, the Baltic States, and parts of Poland. These lands were meant to become German-controlled regions.

The treaty was very unpopular in Russia, but it allowed the Bolsheviks to focus on their revolution and civil war. Although the treaty was cancelled later in 1918, it showed how much Russia had to sacrifice to leave the war.

Hitler and his men stormed a beer hall to force the Bavarian authorities to support the coup. The next day, they marched through the streets, but the police stopped them, and a shootout broke out, causing deaths.

Hitler was imprisoned and, during his time in jail, he wrote Mein Kampf. Despite the failure, the coup made him well known across Germany.

The plan made it easier for Germany to make payments by providing loans from the United States, which helped improve the economic situation for a time.

Hitler's emergence as chancellor on January 30, 1933, marked a crucial turning point for Germany and, ultimately, for the world. His plan, embraced by much of the German population, was to do away with politics and make Germany a powerful, unified one-party state.

They defined who was Jewish based on family ancestry and became the legal basis for Nazi persecution.

It supported territorial expansion to include all Germanic groups, as seen in the Anschluss (annexation of Austria in 1938). It also justified the occupation of territories with German minorities in Eastern Europe.

Pan-Germanism opposed Pan-Slavism, which sought to unite Slavic peoples.

The invasion showed Italy’s imperial ambitions and happened shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It also strengthened the alliance between Mussolini and Hitler, as both countries were pursuing aggressive expansion in Europe.

The war became a proxy battle for international powers: the Soviet Union and international volunteers supported the Republicans, while Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy backed the Nationalists with weapons, troops, and air support.

After three years of brutal fighting, the Nationalists won in 1939, and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. The war caused huge destruction, repression, and deep divisions in Spanish society. It was also seen as a prelude to World War II, showing the rise of fascism in Europe.

In March 1939, Germany took full control by invading and occupying the remaining Czech lands, establishing the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Slovakia became a separate, pro-German puppet state. This occupation was a significant step toward the outbreak of World War II.

On June 14, 1940, German troops entered and occupied Paris without facing major resistance, as the French government had already fled the city. This marked a key moment in World War II, as France was soon forced to sign an armistice and was divided into an occupied zone and a nominally independent Vichy regime.

From 1933, Jews were gradually excluded from public life, stripped of their rights, and subjected to discrimination, violence, and forced emigration. However, the systematic mass extermination—including mass shootings, ghettos, and extermination camps like Auschwitz—began in 1941 with the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).

The Holocaust also targeted Roma people, disabled individuals, political opponents, and others deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi regime. It remains one of the darkest chapters in human history.

The invasion broke the non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. Despite initial rapid advances, the German army was eventually stopped by fierce Soviet resistance and the harsh Russian winter. Operation Barbarossa marked a crucial turning point in World War II.

This alliance was crucial for the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.

The attack caused significant damage and many casualties. As a result, the United States declared war on Japan the following day, officially entering World War II.

• The Battle of Stalingrad, where Soviet forces defeated the German army after months of brutal fighting.

• The Allied invasion of Italy, which led to the downfall of Mussolini’s regime.

• The Battle of El Alamein in North Africa, where British forces stopped the Axis advance.

These successes weakened the Axis powers and paved the way for the eventual Allied victory.

On August 24, the first French troops of the 2nd Armored Division, led by General Leclerc, entered Paris, supported by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division. The next day, on August 25, German commander Dietrich von Choltitz surrendered, disobeying Hitler’s orders to destroy the city.

With the arrival of Charles de Gaulle, the authority of the French Provisional Government was restored. The liberation had great symbolic and political value: it reinforced national unity and prevented the Allies from taking control of French administration.

Meanwhile, the Germans supported Benito Mussolini, who led the Italian Social Republic (a Nazi puppet state) from the north. Resistance fighters (partisans) also launched guerrilla attacks against German and Fascist forces.

It wasn’t until April 1945 that Allied forces finally broke through and liberated Northern Italy. Mussolini was captured and executed by partisans shortly after.

The bombings forced Japan to surrender on August 15, 1945, officially ending World War II. These were the only times nuclear weapons have been used in war. The attacks remain highly controversial due to the civilian casualties and long-term effects of radiation.

By May 2, 1945, Soviet forces had fully occupied the city. Adolf Hitler had committed suicide on April 30 in his bunker as defeat became inevitable. The German forces in Berlin surrendered shortly after.

The Soviet occupation of Berlin marked the fall of Nazi Germany and led to the German surrender on May 8, 1945. After the war, the city was divided among the Allies, with the eastern part controlled by the USSR.

Hitler's death marked the collapse of the Nazi regime. His body was quickly burned by his staff, following his instructions. A few days later, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, ending the war in Europe.

Both Mussolini and Petacci were shot, and their bodies were taken to Milan, where they were publicly displayed in a square. His death marked the final collapse of fascism in Italy and came just two days before Hitler’s suicide.

Celebrations broke out across Europe and North America. Although the war in Europe was over, the conflict in the Pacific continued until Japan surrendered in August 1945.

Key Nazi officials, including Hermann Göring and Rudolf Hess, were charged with planning and executing the war and the Holocaust. The trials established important precedents in international law, including the principle that individuals can be held accountable for such crimes, even if following orders.

Many defendants were convicted and sentenced to death or prison. The Nuremberg Trials marked a milestone in the pursuit of justice after the war.

After the war, Poland’s borders were redrawn. The eastern part of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union, while Germany lost territories that were given to Poland as compensation. This marked the end of German rule over Polish lands.

The pact effectively ended in 1943 when Italy surrendered to the Allies on September 8, 1943, during World War II. After this, Italy switched sides, and the alliance with Germany collapsed.

The treaty strengthened the alliance between Britain and the USSR, ensuring cooperation on military fronts and political support during the war.

The protocol agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones, controlled by the US, UK, USSR, and France. It also established the Allied Control Council to govern Germany jointly and planned the demilitarization and denazification of the country.

He was also a writer and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. Churchill’s determination and refusal to surrender made him a symbol of British resilience during the war.

The agreement aimed to avoid war but is often seen as a policy of appeasement toward Hitler. It failed to prevent World War II, as Germany continued its aggression after the deal.

They discussed the demilitarization, denazification, and division of Germany, as well as the terms for Japan’s surrender. The conference marked the start of tensions that led to the Cold War.

The conference aimed to rebuild Europe and establish a stable post-war order, but tensions between the Soviet Union and Western powers began to grow.

Famous examples include the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), where Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agreed to divide Eastern Europe before World War II.

This conference marked the formal decision to carry out the Holocaust on an industrial scale.

Prisoners faced extremely harsh conditions, forced labor, starvation, and mass executions. Tens of thousands died there during the Holocaust.

Auschwitz is now a museum and memorial to remember the victims of Nazi atrocities.