Self-Determination Theory explains how motivation is driven by the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In sport and exercise, fulfilling these needs promotes lasting participation and well-being.

Gould et al. (2023) analyzed home-based digital fitness systems using SDT. They found that apps and platforms designed with autonomy (user choice), competence (progressive levels), and relatedness (community features) improved overall motivation and adherence. This shows SDT principles effectively translate into virtual/at-home exercise settings.

Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of self-efficacy, observational learning, and reinforcement. People model the behavior of others and gain confidence through success.

Shin et al. (2022) – “The Effect of Observational Learning on Self‑Efficacy in Sport Contexts” showed that simply watching others perform well significantly boosts your belief in your own ability (self-efficacy). This occurred in both competitive and lower-stakes situations, suggesting observational learning plays a central role in how athletes learn and stick to difficult training routines.

Theory of Planned Behavior proposes that behavior is influenced by intentions, which are shaped by attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Xu (2023) studied 430 adults and found that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control strongly predicted intentions to exercise at home. People who saw fitness content on social media felt more positive, supported, and capable — leading to a higher likelihood of following through with exercise. This supports TPB as a reliable model in fitness behavior.

Gould, S. J., Andrey, L., & Harper, M. (2023).
Designing with Self-Determination Theory: Home-based digital exercise interventions creating positive change.
Journal of Digital Health and Behavior, 5(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdih.2023.01.004

Shin, H., Lee, J. M., & Lim, S. Y. (2022).
The effect of observational learning on self-efficacy and performance in sport: A study of university athletes.
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2047890

Xu, X. (2023).
What predicts the intention to engage in home-based exercise? An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 20(3), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0387

All three theories emphasize social support and internal belief systems

TPB’s focus on social norms may conflict with SDT’s need for autonomy

SCT’s emphasis on modeling could reduce user autonomy if not guided properly

TPB explains intention but not ongoing behavior; SDT and SCT fill that gap