Exam Content Category #4 by Destiny Moore

Exam Content Category #4 by Destiny Moore https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh Procedures of the Head en-us 2022-04-19 02:25:08 UTC 2022-04-20 01:19:47 UTC hello@padlet.com open mouth parietoacanthial (Waters), horizontal beam destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147894450 Clinical Indications: Inflammatory conditions (sinusitis, secondary osteomyelitis) and sinus polyps and cysts

Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, placing their chin and nose against the IR
Adjust the patient's head until the OML forms a 37 degree angle with the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt
Instruct the patient to open their mouth by instructing them to "drop their jaw without moving their head"

Central Ray

Align the horizontal CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to exit at the acanthion
Collimate to the outer margins of the sinuses

Anatomy Demonstrated

Maxillary sinuses with the inferior aspect visualized, free from superimposing alveolar processes and petrous ridges, the inferior orbital rim, an oblique view of the frontal sinuses, and the sphenoid sinuses visualized through the open mouth

]]> 2022-04-19 02:50:19 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147894450 submentovertex (full basal), horizontal beam destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147895611 Clinical Indications: Inflammatory conditions (sinusitis, secondary osteomyelitis) and sinus polyps and cysts

Positioning:

Raise the patient's chin and hyperextend the neck, if possible for the patient to do, until the IOML is parallel to the IR
Rest patient's head on vertex of the skull
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

CR is directed perpendicular to the IOML
CR is centered midway between angles of the mandible
Center CR 1.5 to 2 inches inferior to the mandibular symphysis
Center the IR to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Sphenoid sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, nasal fossae, and maxillary sinuses are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 02:51:13 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147895611 parietoacanthial (Waters), horizontal beam destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147898321 Clinical Indications: Inflammatory conditions (sinusitis, secondary osteomyelitis) and sinus polyps and cysts
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck placing the chin and nose against the IR
Adjust the head until the MML is perpendicular to the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt
Center the IR to the CR

Central Ray

Align horizontal CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to exit at the acanthion
Collimate to include the entirety of the sinuses

Anatomy Demonstrated

Maxillary sinuses with the inferior aspect visualized free from superimposing alveolar processes and petrous ridges, the inferior orbital rim, and an oblique view of the frontal sinuses
Petrous ridges are demonstrated just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 02:53:30 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147898321 PA axial (Caldwell), horizontal beam destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147898843 Clinical Indications: Inflammatory conditions (sinusitis, secondary osteomyelitis) and sinus polyps or cysts
Positioning:

Place the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Extend neck to elevate OML 15 degrees from horizontal
CR remains horizontal
Align the MSP perpendicular to midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR horizontal/parallel with the floor
Center the CR to exit at the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entirety of the sinuses within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Frontal sinuses projected above the frontonasal suture are demonstrated
Petrous pyramids are projected into the lower 1/3 of the orbits

]]> 2022-04-19 02:54:00 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147898843 lateral, horizontal beam destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147899332 Clinical Indications: Inflammatory conditions (sinusitis, secondary osteomyelitis) and sinus polyps or cysts
Positioning:

Rest the lateral aspect of the patient's head against the table or upright wall bucky
- The side of interest should be closest to the IR
Adjust the head into a true lateral position and oblique the patient's body as needed for their comfort
Align the MSP parallel to the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt
Align the IPL perpendicular to the IR

Central Ray

Align horizontal CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to a point midway between the outer canthus and the EAM
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the sinuses

Anatomy Demonstrated

All four paranasal sinus groups are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 02:54:25 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147899332 PARANASAL SINUSES destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147899482 2022-04-19 02:54:33 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147899482 modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147900346 Clinical Indications: Orbital fractures (ex: blowout), neoplastic or inflammatory processes, and foreign bodies in the eye
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin and nose against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the lips meatal line (LML) is perpendicular to the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

Orbital floors (plates) are perpendicular to the IR which provides a less distorted view of the orbital rims than the Waters projection
Petrous ridges are demonstrated in the lower half of the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 02:55:19 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147900346 PA axial (Caldwell) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147900602 Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck as needed to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP perpendicular to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees caudal
Center the CR to exit at the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the orbits within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Petrous pyramids are projected into the lower 1/3 of the orbits
Supraorbital margin is visualized without superimposition

]]> 2022-04-19 02:55:31 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147900602 parietoacanthial (Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901012 Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the MML is perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

Petrous ridges are demonstrated just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 02:55:50 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901012 ORBITS destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901140 2022-04-19 02:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901140 PA axial (Caldwell) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901476 Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck as needed to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP perpendicular to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees caudal
Center the CR to exit at the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Frontal bone, greater and lesser sphenoid wings, superior orbital fissures, frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses, supraorbital margins, and crista galli are all demonstrated
Petrous pyramids are projected into the lower 1/3 of the orbits
Supraorbital margin is visualized without superimposition

]]> 2022-04-19 02:56:18 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901476 lateral destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901878 Clinical Indications: Nasal bone fractures
Positioning:

Rest the lateral aspect of the patient's head against the IR
Position the nasal bones to the center of the IR
Adjust the patient's head into a true lateral position and oblique the patient's body as needed for their comfort
Align the MSP parallel with the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt
Align the IPL perpendicular to the IR
Position the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR 1/2 inch inferior to the nasion

Anatomy Demonstrated

Nasal bones with soft tissue nasal structures, the frontonasal suture, and the anterior nasal spine are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 02:56:40 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147901878 parietoacanthial (Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902327 Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the MML is perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

IOMs, maxillae, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, zygomatic arches, and anterior nasal spine are demonstrated
Petrous ridges are demonstrated just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 02:57:05 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902327 NASAL BONES destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902625 2022-04-19 02:57:24 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902625 AP axial (modified Towne) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902993 Clinical Indications: Abnormal relationship or range of motion between the condyle and TM fossa
Positioning:

Rest the patient's skull against hte IR
Tuck the patient's chin until the OML is perpendicular to the IR (or IOML)
Align the MSP to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 35 degrees caudal from the OML or 42 degrees caudal for the IOML
Center the CR 3 inches superior to the nasion
Center the IR to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Condyloid processes of the mandible and TM fossae are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 02:57:47 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147902993 axiolateral (modified Schuller) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903299 Clinical Indications: Abnormal relationship or range of motion between the condyle and TM fossa
Positioning:

Adjust the patient's head into a true lateral position and move the patient's body in an oblique direction as needed for the patient's comfort
Align the IPL perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP parallel with the IR
Position the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR
- Closed and open mouth projections are often taken to demonstrate the range of motion of the TMJ

Central Ray

Angle the CR 25 to 30 degrees caudal
Center the CR 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to the upside of the EAM
Center the IR to the projected TMJ

Anatomy Demonstrated

TMJ nearest to the IR is visible
Closed mouth image demonstrates the condyle within the mandibular fossa
The condyle moves to the anterior margin of the fossa in the open mouth position

]]> 2022-04-19 02:58:05 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903299 axiolateral oblique (modified Law) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903743 Clinical Indications: Abnormal relationship or range of motion between the condyle and TM fossa
Positioning:

Prevent tilt by maintaining the IPL perpendicular to the IR
The MSP is parallel to the IR to start
Align the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR
From the lateral position, rotate the patient's face 15 degrees toward the IR
Closed and open mouth projections are often taken to demonstrate range of motion of the TMJ

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees caudal
Center 1.5 inches superior to the upside of the EAM
Center the IR to the CR
Include entire TMJ in collimation

Anatomy Demonstrated

TMJ nearest the IR is visible
Closed mouth image demonstrates the condyle within the mandibular fossa
- The condyle moves to the anterior margin of the mandibular fossa in the open mouth position

]]> 2022-04-19 02:58:28 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903743 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903930 2022-04-19 02:58:38 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147903930 oblique inferosuperior (tangential) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905490 Clinical Indications: Fractures of the zygomatic arch, depressed zygomatic arches caused by trauma or skull morphology

Positioning:

Raise the patient's chin, hyperextending the neck until the IOML is parallel to the IR
Rest the patient's head on the vertex of the skull
Rotate the patient's head 15 degrees toward the side to be examined
Tilt the chin 15 degrees toward the side of interest

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR and IOML
Center the CR to the zygomatic arch of interest
Adjust the IR so it is parallel to the IOML and perpendicular to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

The single zygomatic arch, free of superimposition, is demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905490 AP axial (modified Towne) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905708 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the zygomatic arch
Positioning:

Rest the patient's posterior skull against the IR
Tuck the patient's chin until the OML (or IOML) is perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP so it is perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 30 degrees caudal to the OML or 37 degrees caudal to the IOML
Center the CR 1 inch superior to the nasion at the level of the gonion
Center the IR to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Bilateral zygomatic arches, free of superimposition, are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:00:14 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905708 parietoacanthial (Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905961 Clinical Indications: Fractures(particularly tripod and Le Fort fractures), neoplastic or inflammatory processes, and foreign bodies in the eye
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the MML is perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

IOMs, maxillae, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, zygomatic arches, and anterior nasal spine are demonstrated
Petrous ridges are demonstrated just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 03:00:29 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147905961 submentovertex (full basal) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906362 Clinical Indications: Fractures of the zygomatic arch and neoplastic or inflammatory processes

Positioning:

Raise the patient's chin and hyperextend the neck, if possible for the patient to do, until the IOML is parallel to the IR
Rest patient's head on vertex of the skull
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR midway between the zygomatic arches, at the level 1.5 iches inferior to the mandibular symphysis
Center the IR to the CR
IOML is parallel to the IR
Collimate to the outer margins of the zygomatic arches

Anatomy Demonstrated

Zygomatic arches are demonstrated laterally from each mandibular ramus
The mandibular ramus is superimposed on the frontal bone

]]> 2022-04-19 03:00:46 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906362 ZYGOMATIC ARCH destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906495 2022-04-19 03:00:54 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906495 submentovertex (full basal) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906790 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the mandible
Positioning:

Raise the patient's chin and hyperextend the neck, if possible for the patient to do, until the IOML is parallel to the IR
Rest patient's head on vertex of the skull
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IOML and IR
Center the CR to a point midway between angles of the mandible or at a level 1.5 inches inferior to mandibular symphysis
Center the CR to the IR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Entire mandible and coronoid and condyloid processes are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:01:12 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147906790 PA (modified Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907076 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the mandible
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin and nose against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the lips meatal line (LML) is perpendicular to the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entire mandible

]]> 2022-04-19 03:01:27 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907076 PA axial destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907273 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the mandible
Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP is perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 20 to 25 degrees cephalic
Center the CR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire mandible within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Mandibular rami and lateral portion of the body are visible

]]> 2022-04-19 03:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907273 PA axial (Towne) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907513 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the condyloid processes of the mandible
Positioning:

Rest the patient's posterior skull against the IR
Tuck the patient's chin until the OML is perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
Ensure there is no rotation or tilt of the head
Include the entire mandible within the collimation field

Central Ray

Angle the CR 35 to 42 degrees caudal
Center the CR 1 inch superior to the glabella
Center the IR to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Condyloid processes of the mandible and TOM fossae

]]> 2022-04-19 03:01:50 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907513 PA destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907970 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the mandible
Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP is perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center at the junction of the lips
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire mandible within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Mandibular rami and lateral portion of the body are visible

]]> 2022-04-19 03:02:14 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147907970 axiolateral oblique destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908219 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the mandible

Positioning:

Place the patient's head in a true lateral position
The side of interest should be closest to the IR
Have the patient close their mouth and bring their teeth together
Extend the patient's neck slightly to prevent superimposition of the gonion over the cervical spine
Rotate the patient's head toward the IR to place the mandibular area of interest parallel to the IR
- The degree of rotation depends on which section of the mandible is of interest
  - The head in a true lateral best demonstrates the ramus
  - A 10 to 15 rotation best provides a general survey of the mandible
  - 30 degree rotation toward the IR best demonstrates the body of the mandible
  - 45 rotation best demonstrates the mentum

Central Ray

Direct the CR to exit mandibular region of interest
Center the IR to the CR

Anatomy Demonstrated

Remus, condyloid, and coronoid processes, body, and mentum of the mandible nearest the IR are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:02:29 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908219 MANDIBLE destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908367 2022-04-19 03:02:36 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908367 trauma acanthioparietal (reverse Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908991 Cervical spine fractures and subluxations or dislocations must be ruled out before attempting to move the patient's head or neck.
Clinical Indications: Fractures, penetrating injuries, and radiopaque foreign bodies
Positioning:
Patient will be lying supine

Place IR in table bucky
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR/grid
Center the IR to the CR

Central Ray

Angle the CR cephalic as needed to be parallel to the mentomeatal line (MML)
Center the CR to the acanthion

Anatomy Demonstrated:

Facial bone structures and the maxillary region by projecting the maxilla and maxillary sinuses above the petrous ridges

]]> 2022-04-19 03:03:11 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147908991 modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147909379 Clinical Indications: Orbital fractures (ex: blowout), neoplastic or inflammatory processes, and foreign bodies in the eye
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin and nose against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the lips meatal line (LML) is perpendicular to the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

Orbital floors (plates) are perpendicular to the IR which provides a less distorted view of the orbital rims than the Waters projection
Petrous ridges are demonstrated in the lower half of the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 03:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147909379 PA axial (Caldwell) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147909793 Clinical Indications: Fractures, neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the facial bones
Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Tuck the patient's chin bringing the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP perpendicular to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees caudal
Center the CR to exit at the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entirety of the facial bones within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Orbital rim, maxillae, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, and anterior nasal spine are demonstrated
Petrous pyramids are projected into the lower 1/3 of the orbits

]]> 2022-04-19 03:03:52 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147909793 parietoacanthial (Waters) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910051 Clinical Indications: Fractures(particularly tripod and Le Fort fractures), neoplastic or inflammatory processes, and foreign bodies in the eye
Positioning:

Extend the patient's neck, resting their chin against the IR/grid
Adjust the patient's head until the MML is perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Position the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR to exit at the acanthion
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones and orbits

Anatomy Demonstrated

IOMs, maxillae, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, zygomatic arches, and anterior nasal spine are demonstrated
Petrous ridges are demonstrated just inferior to the maxillary sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 03:04:08 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910051 lateral destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910175 Clinical Indications: Fractures and neoplastic or inflammatory processes of the facial bones, orbits, and mandible
Positioning:

Rest the lateral aspect of the patient's head against the table or upright wall bucky
- The side of interest should be closest to the IR
Adjust the head into a true lateral position and oblique the patient's body as needed for their comfort
Align the MSP parallel to the IR
- Ensure no rotation or tilt
Align the IPL perpendicular to the IR
Adjust the patient's chin to bring the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to the zygoma (prominence of the cheek)
- This is about midway between the outer canthus and the EAM
Center the IR to the CR
Collimate to include the entirety of the facial bones

Anatomy Demonstrated

The facial bones should be superimposed
The greater wings of the sphenoid, orbital roofs, sella turcica, zygoma, and mandible are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:04:16 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910175 FACIAL BONES destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910627 2022-04-19 03:04:42 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147910627 trauma AP axial (Towne) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911087 Cervical spine fractures and subluxations or dislocations must be ruled out before attempting to move the patient's head or neck.
Clinical Indications: Calvarial fractures, penetrating injuries, and radiopaque foreign bodies.
Positioning:
Patient will be lying supine

Place IR in table bucky
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR/grid
Center the IR to the CR

Central Ray

Angle the CR 30 degrees caudal to the OML or 37 degrees caudal to the IOML
Center the CR to pass midway between the EAMs and exiting the foramen magnum

]]> 2022-04-19 03:05:09 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911087 trauma AP destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911171 Cervical spine fractures and subluxations or dislocations must be ruled out before attempting to move the patient's head or neck.
Clinical Indications: Calvarial fractures, penetrating injuries, and radiopaque foreign bodies.
Positioning:
Patient will be lying supine

Place IR in table bucky
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR/grid
Center the IR to the CR

Central Ray

Angle the CR so it is parallel to the OML
- If the patient is in a cervical collar, the CR is usually angled about 10 to 15 degrees caudal
Center the CR to the glabella

]]> 2022-04-19 03:05:14 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911171 trauma AP axial (reverse Caldwell) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911472 Cervical spine fractures and subluxations or dislocations must be ruled out before attempting to move the patient's head or neck.
Clinical Indications: Calvarial fractures, penetrating injuries, and radiopaque foreign bodies.
Positioning:
Patient will be lying supine

Place IR in table bucky
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR/grid
Center the IR to the CR

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees cephalic to the OML
Center the CR to the nasion

]]> 2022-04-19 03:05:31 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911472 trauma cross table (horizontal beam) lateral destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911843 Cervical spine fractures and subluxations or dislocations must be ruled out before attempting to move the patient's head or neck.
Clinical Indications: Calvarial fractures, penetrating injuries, and radiopaque foreign bodies.
Positioning:
Patient will be lying supine

If the patient's head can be manipulated, carefully elevate skull onto a radiolucent sponge.
- If you cannot manipulate the patient's head, move the patient to the edge of the table and place the IR at least 1 inch below the tabletop and occipital bone
Place the side of interest closest to the IR
Place the patient's head in a true lateral position by ensuring the MSP is parallel to the IR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Central Ray

A horizontal beam is directed perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to a point 2 inches superior to the EAM

]]> 2022-04-19 03:05:51 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147911843 PA axial (Haas) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912065 This is an alternative position for patients who can't flex their neck sufficiently for the AP axial (Towne).
Clinical Indications:

Skull fractures (medial and lateral displacement), neoplastic processes, and Paget's disease

Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck until the OML is perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP to the CR and to the midline of the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 25 degrees cephalic to the OML
Center the CR to the MSP and 1.5 inches inferior to the inion and exit 1.5 inches superior to the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Occipital bone, petrous pyramids, and the foramen magnum are demonstrated, with the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visualized in the shadow of the foramen magnum

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:02 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912065 submentovertex (full basal) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912285 Clinical Indications:

Advanced bony pathology of the inner temporal bone structures (skull base)
Possible basal skull fracture

Positioning:

Raise the patient's chin and hyperextend the neck, if possible for the patient to do, until the IOML is parallel to the IR
Rest patient's head on vertex
Align the MSP perpendicular to the midline of the IR

Central Ray

The CR is perpendicular to the IOML
Center the CR 1.5 inch inferior to the mandibular symphysis or midway between the gonions
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Foramen ovale and spinosum, mandible, sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses, mastoid processes, petrous ridges, hard palate, foramen magnum, and occipital bone are demonstrated

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:16 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912285 PA destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912389 Clinical Indications: Skull fractures (medial and lateral displacement), neoplastic processes, and Paget's disease
Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP is perpendicular to the midline of the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

The CR is perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR to exit at the glabella
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Frontal bone, crista galli, internal auditory canals, frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses, petrous ridges, greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid, and dorsum sellae are demonstrated
The petrous portion of the temporal bone fills the orbits with the petrous ridges at the level supraorbital margin
Posterior and anterior clinoid processes are visualized just superior to the ethmoid sinuses

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:21 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912389 PA axial (Caldwell) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912554 Clinical Indications: Skull fractures, neoplastic processes, and Paget's disease
Positioning:

Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR
Flex the patient's neck as needed to align the OML perpendicular to the IR
Align the MSP perpendicular to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt

Central Ray

Angle the CR 15 degrees caudal
Center the CR to exit at the nasion
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Frontal bone, greater and lesser sphenoid wings, superior orbital fissures, frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses, supraorbital margins, and crista galli are all demonstrated
Petrous pyramids are projected into the lower 1/3 of the orbits
Supraorbital margin is visualized without superimposition

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:30 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912554 lateral destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912650 Clinical Indications: Skull fractures, neoplastic processes, and Paget's disease
Positioning:

Place the head in a true lateral position, with the side of interest closes to the IR
The patient should be in a semiprone or erect position as needed for the comfort of the patient
Align the MSP parallel to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt of the head
Align the interpupillary line (IPL) perpendicular to the IR
Adjust the flexion of the patient's neck to align the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR 2 inches superior to the external acoustic meatus (EAM) or halfway between the glabella and the inion for other types of skull morphologies
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Anatomy Demonstrated

Entire cranium visualized and superimposed parietal bones of the cranium
The entire sella turcica, including the anterior and posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sellae, are also demonstrated
The sella turcica and clivus are demonstrated in profile

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:35 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912650 AP axial (Towne) destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912916 Clinical Indications: Skull fractures (medial and lateral displacement), neoplastic processes, and Paget's disease (a disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue)
Positioning:

Depress the chin until the orbitomeatal line (OML) is perpendicular to the IR
- The infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) may be used instead of the OML for patients who are unable to flex the neck very well
Align the midsagittal plane (MSP) to the CR and to the midline of the grid
Ensure there is no rotation or tilt of the head
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Central Ray

For the OML, angle the CR 30 degrees caudal
For the IOML, angle the CR 37 degrees caudal
The CR should be centered 2.5 inches above the glabella to pass through the foramen magnum

Anatomy Demonstrated

Occipital bone, petrous pyramids, and foramen magnum are demonstrated with the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visualized in the shadow of the foramen magnum

]]> 2022-04-19 03:06:50 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147912916 SKULL destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147913074 2022-04-19 03:06:58 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147913074 REFERENCES destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147917516 Lampignano, J., & Kendrick, L. (2020). Bontrager's textbook of Radiographic positioning and related anatomy (9th ed.). Elsevier. ]]> 2022-04-19 03:10:52 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2147917516 lateral destinymoore627 https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2149436549 Positioning:

Place the head in a true lateral position, with the side of interest closes to the IR
The patient should be in a semiprone or erect position as needed for the comfort of the patient
Align the MSP parallel to the IR
- Ensure there is no rotation or tilt of the head
Align the interpupillary line (IPL) perpendicular to the IR
Adjust the flexion of the patient's neck to align the IOML perpendicular to the front edge of the IR
Include the entire skull within the collimation field

Central Ray

Align the CR perpendicular to the IR
Center the CR 2 inches superior to the external acoustic meatus (EAM) or halfway between the glabella and the inion for other types of skull morphologies
Center the IR to the CR
Include the entire orbits within the collimation field

]]> 2022-04-20 00:03:59 UTC https://padlet.com/destinymoore627/4hndpi3tynwmdfhh/wish/2149436549