https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11 By: Madhu Gunasena en-us 2017-02-14 23:23:24 UTC 2026-01-04 04:07:18 UTC hello@padlet.com madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153891744 2017-02-14 23:26:46 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153891744 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153891822 The Congress wanted to create executive departments. When Washington had feared, arguments broke out at once over what those departments should be and what powers they should have. Then, eventually approved three departments. The Department of State was set up to handle relations with other countries. The Department of War was established to defend the nation. The Treasury Department was set up to oversee the nation's finances. Washington chooses men he trusted, such as Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox- to fill the departments' position. Eventually, the heads of the executive departments came to known as the president's cabinet. Then,  the two terms that Washington served as president were peaceful times. George stepped down from the presidency after 8 years or two terms. He felt it was important that the president not becomes powerful or rule too long, like a king. ]]> 2017-02-14 23:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153891822 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153895890 The war between France and Great Britain presented President Washington with the difficult problem of deciding which side to take. During its own revolution, the United States had signed a treaty of alliance with France in 1788. Then, Washington knew that the United States was not prepared for war. Instead, he announced a policy of neutrality. This meant, the United States would do nothing to aid either France or Great Britain in the war. Then a few years passed, when Washington was leaving office. The United States said we could gain nothing by becoming involved in other nation's affairs. Then, Washington made a policy of avoiding alliances with other countries became known as isolationism.]]> 2017-02-15 00:17:55 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/153895890 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154179718

ducksters

Chapter 11 

Chapter 12

Chapter 15

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]]> 2017-02-15 22:10:38 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154179718 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154180175 Federalists believed that the country should be ruled by "best people"- educated, wealthy, public-spirited men. However, the Democratic-Republicans had no patience with the Federalists' view. To Democratic-Republicans, this view came close to monarchy, or rule by a king. Also, Federalists favored a strong national government, they believed in loose construction- broad or flexible interpretation- of the Constitution. While Democratic-Republicans believe in leaving the people alone to enjoy the blessings of liberty. To keep the national government small, they insisted on a strict construction, or interpretation, of the Constitution. Finally, the Federalists wanted to expand the economy and increase the nation's wealthy by using the power of the federal government to promote business, manufacturing, and trade. Yet, Democratic- Republicans favored an economy based on agriculture. They opposed any measures designed to encourage the growth of business and manufacturing. ]]> 2017-02-15 22:13:39 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154180175 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154185381 2017-02-15 22:54:43 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154185381 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154185457 President Adams sent three representatives, to France to ask the French to end the attacks. But, the French foreign minister(Talleyrand) refused to speak to the American. Instead, they met by secrets agents, later identified only as X, Y, and Z. The agents said that no peace talks would be held unless Talleyrand received a large sum of money as a tribute. But, shocked by the request, the Americans envoys refused. Meanwhile, Congress authorized U.S privateers, to launch a "half way" on the seas. During this undeclared war, Americans ships captured more than 80 armed French vessels.]]> 2017-02-15 22:55:22 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154185457 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154188056 Federalists in Congress passed four controversial laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The real purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to make life difficult for the Federalists' rivals, the Republics. The first law lengthened the time it took for an immigrant to become a citizen with the right to vote from 5 to 14 years. The other two Alien Acts allowed the president to either jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government. Although these laws were never enforced, they did frighten a number of French spices and troublemakers, who then left the country. The fourth law, known as the Sedition Act, made sedition-encourage rebellion against the government in a crime. Instead, the Sedition Act was used to punish Republican newspaper editors who insulted President Adams in print.]]> 2017-02-15 23:19:10 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154188056 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154193084 Republican leaders supported Thomas Jefferson for president, and they choose a New York politician named Aaron Burr to run for vice president. The Federalists choose John Adams to run for reelection as president. Charles Pinckney of South Carolina was selected to run for vice president. Hamilton and his followers refused to support Adams because of disagreements over the president's foreign policy. With Pinckney as president, Hamilton believed that he would be able to personally guide the United States into the new century. All of the Republican electors voted for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The result was a tie between them. Then the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution to prevent ties. The amendment calls for the Electoral College to cast separate ballots for president and vice president. ]]> 2017-02-16 00:05:43 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154193084 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154196392 2017-02-16 00:39:20 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154196392 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154197844 Marbury v. Madison was the most important case in Supreme Court history and was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of Judicial Review. The Judicial Review is the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government on part with Congress and the executive.  Marbury v. Madison is important because it was the first time a law of Congress was ever declared unconstitutional or in conflict with the Constitution. If the Constitution is the law of the land and something is a conflict with that law of the land, then that something is illegal.

]]> 2017-02-16 00:51:39 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154197844 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154476140 The Mississippi River formed the western boundary of the United States. To the west of the United States was the Louisiana Territory. After, losing the French and Indian War, France gave its territory in Louisiana to Spain. The Mississippi River was a very important waterway used by farmers to transport crops to the Gulf of Mexico. Soon after, Thomas Jefferson learned that Spain had returned the Louisiana Territory to France. The Spain government closed the city of New Orleans. The only thing the United States could declare war and fight for the land, or it could purchase the land from France. Then, President Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe to France. Congress allowed spending no more than 2 million dollars. When they got there Napoleon Bonaparte offered the land for 15 million dollars. Livingston and Monroe had not gotten permission to spend 15 million dollars. It would take months to sail back. On April 30, 1803, Livingston and Monroe agreed to purchase the entire Louisiana Territory for 15 million dollars. The Louisiana Purchase was one of Thomas Jefferson's greatest contributions to the United States. Doubling the size of the United States without losing any Americans lives paved the way for purchasing another territory. ]]> 2017-02-16 21:58:48 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154476140 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154486778 American merchants took advantage of the war to trade with both sides. Then, Britain and France each tried to cut off a trade to the other country and they began to seize American ships. In addition, Britain kidnapped American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. This is called impressment. Using diplomacy, Jefferson tried to end this problem with the Embargo Act of 1807. This act forbade Americans to import or export any goods.
Britain and France were hurt by the embargo, but the Americans suffered even more. American sailors lost their jobs, farmers were hurt because they could not ship wheat abroad, and ordinary citizens were unable to receive imports such as sugar and tea. 
By the time Madison took office in 1809, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Nonintercourse Act. Under this act, Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France. However,  if either Britain or France agreed to stop seizing American ships and sailors, the president could restore trade with that country. ]]> 2017-02-16 23:12:43 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154486778 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154492129 2017-02-17 00:15:55 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154492129 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154492408 Napoleon promptly agreed to Madison's offer. Meanwhile, the British continued seizing ships and impressing American sailors. Madison saw only one way to force Great Britain to respect American rights. He began to think about abandoning George Washington's policy of isolationism and going to war with Great Britain.
Trouble with the Indians was growing as settlers moved into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and pushed Indians off their lands. A chief named Tecumseh and his brother tried to fight back by uniting Indians along the Mississippi River into one great Indian nation. Shawnee warriors fought against a militia force, but Harrison defeated the Indians forces. However, Harrison's men discovered that the Indians were armed with British guns.  ]]> 2017-02-17 00:18:20 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154492408 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154497792 Although both sides claimed victory, neither Great Britain nor the United States really won the War of 1812. The problem of impressment and ship seizures faded away as peace settled over Europe. 
First, Indians resistance in the North-west Territory weakened after Tecumseh's death. 
Second, national pride in the United States surged and had become truly a sovereign nation. 
Third, the war had political effects. The Federalists were badly damaged by their opposition to the war, and their party never recovered.    ]]> 2017-02-17 01:05:25 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154497792 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154713565 2017-02-17 22:58:16 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154713565 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154713605 President James Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. The doctrine established the foreign policy of the United States regarding the Western Hemisphere for many years to come. With the defeat of Napoleon in Europe, Madison was afraid that European nations would once again try to establish power in the Americans. Madison wanted to support independence in these Latin Americans nations so he decided to send a warning to European nations to stay away. The Monroe Doctrine would not allow European colonies to start new colonies or to interfere with independent countries in the continents of North America or South America. However Europeans denounced Monroe's message as arrogant. In years ahead, the Monroe Doctrine joined isolationism as a basic principle of U.S. foreign policy.  ]]> 2017-02-17 22:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154713605 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154714845 In 1818, President James Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to Georgia with orders to end the raids. Despite his orders, Jackson marched into Florida with a force of 1,700 troops. Over the next few weeks, he captured Spanish military posts and arrested, tried, and executed two British subjects for stirring up Indian attacks. He also replaced the Spanish governor with an American. Spain demanded that Jackson is called back to Washington and punished for his illegal invasion. 
Fearing war, President Monroe cabinet members advised him to remove Jackson and apologize.
Equally fearful of war, Spain decided to get out. In 1819, the Spanish government agreed to yield Florida to the United States. In exchange, the United States agreed to pay off $5 million in settlers' claim against Spain. ]]> 2017-02-17 23:41:15 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154714845 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154746063 Henry Clay believed that a strong national economy would promote national feeling and reduce regional conflicts. He developed a plan that came to be as the American System- a series of measures intended to make the United States economically self-sufficient. Clay wanted the money from a protective tariff to be used to improve roads and canals.  To build the economy, he pushed for a national bank that would provide a single currency making interstate trade easier.Meanwhile, Americans tried to make water transportation easier by building canals. Construction of the canal began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. Using shovels, British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand. The canal cost millions of dollars, but it proved to be worth the expense. The Erie Canal allowed goods and people to move between towns.]]> 2017-02-18 15:38:09 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154746063 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154747674 In the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Congress banned slavery north of the Ohio River and permitted slavery in the states south of the Ohio River. When Missouri applied to become a state, in 1819, the Union had 22 states, 11 allowing slavery and 11 outlawing it. Missouri wanted to become a slave state. Part of Missouri was above the Ohio River and anti-slavery leaders were afraid that allowing another slave state would upset what was then a delicate balance between slave states and free states and open the door for slavery to spread to the west. 
It just so happened that by 1820, Maine had also applied for statehood. Adding Maine as a free state while at the same time adding Missouri as a slave state would maintain the balance of free and slave states. Both were eventually admitted to the Union, Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. ]]> 2017-02-18 16:07:57 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154747674 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154749054 2017-02-18 16:36:51 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154749054 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154750420 Jackson's approach to governing was to listen to others but then do what he thought was right. Instead of just getting advice from his cabinet, he made decisions with his trusted friends. Jackson favored his friends and supporters so much, he kicked out many Republicans who worked in the executive branch and replacing them with people from his party, the Democrats. The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs is known as the spoils system. Although the Republicans were greatly against this-this, in reality only about 10 percent of the executive branch were replaced ]]> 2017-02-18 16:58:28 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154750420 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154751628 American's view of Andrew Jackson's policies was based on where they lived and the economy of those regions. The North had an economy based on trade and on manufacturing. Northern factories supported tariffs because tariffs made American-made goods cheaper and protected them from foreign competitors. Southerners sold a large portion of their crops to other countries and imported most of their manufactured goods from other countries.  Southerners did not like tariffs because it made their imported goods more expensive. While Jackson was president in 1828 Congress passed a law that raised tariffs on imported goods like cloth and glass. Southerners felt as though this tariff law favored the North and should be illegal, so southern states refused to follow the law. When states refused to follow a federal law it is called nullification. Jackson tried to make southerners happy by signing a law in 1832 that would lower the tariffs, but southern states refused to follow that tariff law as well. This angered Jackson so much that he got permission from Congress to use the federal army to force southern states to pay the tariff. Then, southern states eventually backed down. ]]> 2017-02-18 17:20:15 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154751628 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154762340 Andrew Jackson saw himself as the champion of the people, and never more so than in his war with the National Bank of the United States. Jackson thought the bank benefited rich eastern businessmen at the expense of farmers, workers, and smaller state banks. He felt the bank stood in the way of farmers in the west and he distrusted the bank's president, Nicholas Biddle, who was everything Jackson was not. When Henry Clay decided to introduce a bill to congress about the National Bank. Jackson saw an opportunity and decided to veto use his veto power to reject the bill. Then, Jackson removed all money from the national bank and put it in state banks. Although business owners asked Jackson not to kill the bank, he refused and the national bank was abolished. Though the Supreme Court had held that the bank was constitutional, Jackson called the bank an unconstitutional monopoly that existed mainly to make the rich the rich even richer.  ]]> 2017-02-18 21:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154762340 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154763005 White Americans, partially those who lived on the western frontier often feared and resented the Native Americans they encountered: to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted. They wanted that land and they would do almost anything to get it. They stole livestock, burned and looted houses and towns, and squatted on that did not belong to them. In 1830, Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which was a law that gave the federal government the power to make treaties with the Native Americans where they would voluntarily give up their land in the east in exchange for land west of the Mississippi River in the Louisiana Territory. However, President Jackson and his government frequently ignored this part of the law and forced Native Americans to leave lands they had lived on for generations. General Scott and his troops forced the Cherokee into pens at guns point while whites robbed their homes and belongings. Then, they marched the Indians from Georgia more than 1,200 miles to Indian territory in the west in what became known as "The Trail of Tears".]]> 2017-02-18 21:38:40 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154763005 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797412 2017-02-19 14:32:34 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797412 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797454 2017-02-19 14:33:18 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797454 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797584 2017-02-19 14:35:20 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797584 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797716 2017-02-19 14:37:14 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154797716 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798142 2017-02-19 14:43:26 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798142 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798694 2017-02-19 14:52:15 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798694 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798844 2017-02-19 14:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154798844 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799407 2017-02-19 15:04:15 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799407 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799492 2017-02-19 15:05:48 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799492 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799521 2017-02-19 15:06:13 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799521 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799574 2017-02-19 15:07:10 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799574 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799647 2017-02-19 15:08:14 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799647 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799772 2017-02-19 15:09:42 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799772 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799808 2017-02-19 15:10:08 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799808 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799860 2017-02-19 15:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799860 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799895 2017-02-19 15:11:22 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154799895 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800321 2017-02-19 15:17:41 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800321 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800747 2017-02-19 15:24:46 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800747 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800880 2017-02-19 15:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800880 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800913 2017-02-19 15:27:14 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800913 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800987 2017-02-19 15:28:10 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154800987 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154802100 2017-02-19 15:44:39 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154802100 madhugunasena https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154802353 2017-02-19 15:48:33 UTC https://padlet.com/madhugunasena/4hmzt9084a11/wish/154802353