https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp By Zachary Sinodis en-us 2022-06-14 19:14:17 UTC 2022-06-29 02:11:55 UTC hello@padlet.com zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221130686 The geography of the lands in which they reside is crucial to comprehending Spain, its people, and its history. ​

Spain is a country in the extreme southwest of Europe. It shares around 85 percent of the Iberian Peninsula with its smaller neighbor Portugal. It also includes the Balearic and Canary islands (Britannica, 2022). 

Spain is bordered on the west by Portugal, and on the east by France, from which it is separated by the tiny principality of Andorra and the Pyrenees Mountains' vast wall. Spain's sole other land border is with Gibraltar, an enclave that was part of Spain until 1713, when it was given to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-14 19:19:01 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221130686 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221134902 The Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest, and the Bay of Biscay (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north all border the country (Britannica, 2022). 

The Canary (Canarias) Islands, which are located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of northwest Africa, and the Balearic (Baleares) Islands, which are located in the Mediterranean, are also part of Spain, as are Ceuta and Melilla, two small enclaves in northern Morocco that Spain has ruled for centuries (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-14 19:25:55 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221134902 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221142421 Since the dawn of time, people have come to Spain from Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean. The peninsula was given the name "Span" by the Phoenicians, who arrived in the 8th century B.C. The Romans had conquered Spain by the first century B.C. (NationalGeographicKids, n.d).

The Romans, who were followed by the Vandals and Visigoths, Germanic peoples from Europe, converted most of Spain to Christianity. The Visigoth kings fought amongst themselves, and Muslims from Africa entered Spain in 711 A.D. (NationalGeographicKids, n.d).]]> 2022-06-14 19:37:57 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221142421 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221142520
The Spanish Civil War of the 1930s claimed the lives of almost 500,000 people. Gen. Francisco Franco, the winning general, ruled as a cruel tyrant until his death in 1975. Spain began its transformation into a modern, industrial, and democratic European nation soon after (NationalGeographicKids, n.d).]]> 2022-06-14 19:38:06 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221142520 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221147433 Muslim monarchs introduced new crops and irrigation methods, and trade grew, spreading Islamic culture throughout Spain. Mathematics, medicine, and philosophy advanced to their pinnacle in the tenth century, Spain's golden age of Islamic dominion (NationalGeographicKids, n.d).

Northern Spanish Christian kingdoms vanquished Muslims in 1492 and spread the Catholic faith. Spain became more powerful as a result of the silver it received from the Americas. During the Napoleonic Wars, which ended in 1815, it lost land and authority (NationalGeographicKids, n.d).]]> 2022-06-14 19:46:44 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221147433 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221157795 Many diverse peoples have invaded and settled in Spain. The Iberians, Celts, and Basques were among the first peoples to settle on the peninsula, which came from North Africa and Western Europe. It was a continual centre of attraction for the civilizations of the eastern Mediterranean throughout antiquity (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-14 20:04:12 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221157795 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221228893 Castilian is Spain's official language. It is the most widely spoken language in the country, and it is usually referred to as Spanish outside of Spain (Britannica, 2022). 

Along with Castilian, Spain's constitution permits autonomous communities to declare their main regional languages and dialects as having official status. The following "co-official" languages are specified in the statutes of six of the seventeen autonomous communities: Catalan in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, Valencian in Valencia, Galician (Gallego) in Galicia, and Euskera (Basque) in the Basque Country and some Euskera-speaking territories of Navarra (Britannica, 2022). 

In addition, Aranese, which is spoken in the Aran Valley, is protected by a provision in the region's government, Catalonia's autonomy. Except for Euskera, all of these languages are Romance languages (i.e., they evolved from Latin) (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-14 22:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221228893 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221236188 Spanish is an Indo-European language that borrows many of its grammar and syntactic principles from Latin; around 75% of Spanish vocabulary have Latin roots (Gonzalez, 2020).

Other influences on Spanish include Celtiberian, Basque, Gothic, Arabic, and several aboriginal languages from the Americas (Gonzalez, 2020).

Years of conquest and colonisation of different cultures in the Iberian Peninsula resulted in the emergence of Spanish and its distinct dialects: the Moors from Northern Africa, the Visigoths from Central Europe, and the Christians from the Roman Empire (Gonzalez, 2020).

In the northern and central parts of Spain, Castillan Spanish developed as a continuation of spoken Latin (Vulgar Latin). The northern dialect then migrated south, absorbing local Romance dialects like Judaeo-Spanish or Ladino, as well as borrowing many words from Andalusian Arabic (Gonzalez, 2020).]]> 2022-06-14 22:40:12 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221236188 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221238488 In today's world, Spanish is the official language of 20 countries (Gonzalez, 2020).

It is spoken by around 500 million people worldwide, making it the most widely spoken Romance language in terms of both speakers and countries (Gonzalez, 2020).

Today, you can hear changes in vocabulary, dialects, and even grammar depending on where you travel (Gonzalez, 2020).]]> 2022-06-14 22:45:16 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221238488 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221240775 Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Spain are the countries having the most native Spanish speakers worldwide (Gonzalez, 2020).

On the Internet, Spanish is the third most popular language, and it ranks second on social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook (Gonzalez, 2020).

It also plays a vital part in the current cultural and artistic business, with a plethora of Spanish-language films, series, books, songs, and conferences. By 2060, it is estimated that 754 million people will speak the language worldwide (Gonzalez, 2020).]]> 2022-06-14 22:50:53 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221240775 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221251261 Since 589, when Roman Catholicism became the official religion of Spain, it has been strongly associated with the country. The rise of political liberalism at the turn of the nineteenth century sparked a series of disputes between church and state, particularly over property ownership and educational governance (Britannica, 2022). 

Despite this, Catholicism remained the state's official religion until the Second Republic (1931–36). General Francisco Franco reestablished it as the state religion after the Spanish Civil War, and it remained so until the constitution was promulgated in 1978. Spain has had no official religion since then, but the Roman Catholic Church continues to receive public funding (Britannica, 2022). 

In the 1980s, the legalization of divorce and abortion, as well as educational reforms, brought the church and the government back into confrontation, albeit with less ferocity than before (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-14 23:16:19 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221251261 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221252552 In Spain, there are hundreds of thousands of non-Catholic Christians. Since the 1970s, American-based denominations such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have had a presence in the country (Britannica, 2022). 

There are also hundreds of thousands of Muslims, whose numbers have risen significantly as a result of immigration. During the Spanish Inquisition in the late 15th century, when inquisitor general Tomás de Torquemada urged the country's authorities to exile every Jew who refused to be baptised, around 100,000 Jews fled Spain (Britannica, 2022). 

Many Jews converted to Christianity (becoming known as conversos) in order to stay in the nation; those known as Marranos converted to Christianity but continued to practise Judaism secretly (Britannica, 2022). 

Only in the twentieth century were restrictions on Judaism loosened, and by the early twenty-first century, there were about 15,000 Jews in Spain (Vigeura, 2022).​]]> 2022-06-14 23:19:01 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221252552 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221301200 Spain had a parliamentary system with a written constitution virtually continuously from 1833 until 1939. Spain has always been a monarchy, with the exception of the First Republic (1873–74), the Second Republic (1931–36), and the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) (Britannica, 2022). 

Gen. Francisco Franco controlled Spain from the end of the Spanish Civil War in April 1939 to November 1975. His regime's ideas were enshrined in a series of Fundamental Laws (issued between 1942 and 1967) that declared Spain a monarchy and formed the Cortes, a legislative body. Franco's regime, however, was very different from Spain's contemporary constitutional traditions (Britannica, 2022). 

Members of the Cortes, known as procuradores, were elected under Franco using a system known as "organic democracy," which did not follow the democratic premise of one person, one vote. Rather than representing ordinary residents, the procuradores represented what were seen as the foundational institutions of Spanish society: families, communities, colleges, and professional associations. Furthermore, the government was not accountable to the Cortes, which lacked power over government spending and was selected and dismissed by the head of state alone (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 00:27:23 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221301200 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221310121 Franco chose Juan Carlos de Borbón, King Alfonso XIII's grandson, to succeed him as head of state in 1969. Juan Carlos ascended to the throne as King Juan Carlos I after Franco's death in 1975. The king began a democratic transition process almost immediately, and within three years, the Francoist government had been replaced by a democratic constitution (Britannica, 2022). 

The Spanish constitution was nearly unanimously accepted by both chambers of the legislature (it passed 551–11 with 22 abstentions) in October 1978, the result of protracted and heated talks among the major political parties. The draught constitution was then approved by nearly 90% of voters in a referendum in December. Spain is a constitutional monarchy, according to the constitution, and it upholds the fundamental ideals of liberty, justice, equality, and political pluralism (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 00:35:58 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221310121 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221330189 The Franco government attempted to uphold what it saw as Spain's long-standing traditions while also imposing a stringent Roman Catholic morality on the country. However, the 1960s economic policies that opened Spain up to foreign investment and tourists, as well as encouraging Spaniards to work in other European countries, also opened the door to other influences, undermining the government's goal to safeguard or isolate Spanish culture (Britannica, 2022). 

Since the 1960s, Spanish culture, particularly youth culture, has become progressively integrated into a globalised, mainly American-influenced culture (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 00:56:59 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221330189 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221330465 Rock and modern dance music, which make up a substantial amount of the music aired on Spain's radio stations, are the most important aspects of worldwide culture for young people. Many notable foreign rock groups have performed in Spain's major cities, beginning with the Beatles in the 1960s (Britannica, 2022). 

Dance clubs frequented by young British holidaymakers on the island of Ibiza were a hub for techno music in the 1990s, which was first dubbed Balearic Beat by some. There are also a lot of rock musicians in Spain, but only a handful of them are well-known outside of the nation. Julio Iglesias, whose music appealed to an older audience, is without a doubt the most successful of Spain's popular artists (Britannica, 2022). 
Culture's globalisation manifests itself in a multitude of ways. All of the larger cities have franchises of American fast-food chains, and much of the television programming and many of the popular films are foreign, with the majority of the programmes and films coming from the United States (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 00:57:15 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221330465 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221365953 The majority of Spanish holidays have traditionally been religious in nature. Holy (or Maundy) Thursday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Corpus Christi, the Feast of Saint James (July 25), and All Saints' Day are the most important at the national level (November 1). The Day of the Three Kings, or Epiphany, is the most important day of the Christmas season and the day on which children receive gifts (January 6) (Britannica, 2022). 

Nonreligious civic holidays, on the other hand, have been rather unimportant. The Franco dictatorship named July 18, the start of the Spanish Civil War, a national holiday, although this was dropped once the regime fell apart. Constitution Day has been the official national holiday since 1978. (December 6). Catalonia and the Basque Country each have their own official "national" holidays, while each autonomous community has a regional holiday (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 01:30:25 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2221365953 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222299411 Every hamlet and town has its own annual holiday fiesta, and they are the most important festivals in the life of Spaniards. Although these celebrations are religious in nature, honouring the local patron saint or the Virgin Mary, the religious aspect is sometimes overshadowed by the dancing and bullfighting that take place (Britannica, 2022). 

Some of these festivals, such as Pamplona's Fiesta de San Fermn (renowned for its bull runs), Sevilla's fair, and Valencia's Fallas, have become worldwide famous and major tourist attractions (Britannica, 2022). 

Every August, thousands of inhabitants and visitors assemble in the little town of Buol, near Valencia, for a completely secular, one-of-a-kind celebration where they throw tomatoes at each other. The festival, known as La Tomatina, began as a symbolic rejection of Franco's harsh reign. It currently commemorates the summer tomato crop, but it's also a great opportunity to drink red wine, eat paella, and socialise (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 19:52:50 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222299411 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222302336 Spain has a rich, diverse, and illustrious artistic heritage that includes some of the most influential figures in Western culture (Britannica, 2022). 

The Golden Age, which lasted roughly from 1500 to 1681, is regarded the most brilliant time in Spanish creative history, with lasting achievements in the disciplines of literature, theatre, architecture, and painting. Nonetheless, Spain has never ceased to be a culturally important country, with the twentieth century in particular proving to be a highly productive and creative period; fact, the first few decades of the century were dubbed the Silver Age (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 19:57:42 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222302336 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222306510 Antoni Gaud was the most recognised Spanish architect of the early twentieth century, as well as one of the most peculiar. He produced a distinctive style reminiscent of the Mudéjar, an architectural style that combines Muslim and Christian design, using an eclectic approach (Britannica, 2022). 

Despite his posthumous fame, Gaud had no effect outside of Spain and less influence within it during his lifetime. The majority of Gaud's work was completed in Barcelona. The incomplete Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family is his most famous structure. Josep Llus Sert, Eduardo Torroja, Sanz de Oiza, Ricardo Bofill, José Rafael Moneo, and Santiago Calatrava were among Spain's outstanding architects of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, several of whom achieved international acclaim (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 20:05:37 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222306510 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222312653 Bars that are open all day usually serve food in addition to drinks, and it is common practise to have a snack before meals, particularly on non-working days. 

Tapas, the most popular bar food, is made up of prepared dishes, many of which are fairly intricate and are frequently smaller versions of main-course entrees. There are hundreds of various tapas to choose from, but mushrooms in garlic sauce, marinated shellfish, Spanish omelette, lamb brochettes, and octopus in paprika sauce are some of the most popular (Britannica, 2022). 

Spaniards enjoy wine and beer with their meals on a regular basis. They also drink bottled mineral water, despite the fact that tap water is completely safe in most regions of the country. Strong coffee is nearly universally consumed during breakfast and after meals. Although few people drink tea, herbal infusions like chamomile are very popular. Soft drinks are extensively available, both domestically and internationally (Britannica, 2022). ]]> 2022-06-15 20:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222312653 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222316010 Cooking in Spain differs widely from place to region, and is influenced by local products and traditions. For example, Galicia is known for its seafood, including as baby eels and Vizcayan-style codfish; Catalonia is known for meat and vegetable casseroles; and Valencia is known for paella, a rice dish cooked with seafood, meats, and vegetables. 

Gazpacho, a delightful cold soup made with tomatoes, garlic, and cucumber, is from Andalusia, while Castile's cattle-producing region produces sumptuous roasts and air-dried hams. Apart from a few dishes that contain small amounts of a mild chilli pepper, paprika is the most fiery ingredient in regular usage in Spanish cuisine. Otherwise, spices like tarragon and saffron are likely to be used to flavour foods (Britannica, 2022).

Pork, chicken, and beef are the most popular meats, while lamb is served on special occasions in many parts of the country. Spaniards are among the world's largest seafood consumers, enjoying both fish and shellfish. Legumes, particularly lentils and chickpeas, are also a staple in the Spanish diet (Britannica, 2022).]]> 2022-06-15 20:23:47 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222316010 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222384751 Spain has been conquered by many different cultures and people over the years. Many various cultures controlled over the years, and it was subjected to a lot of cultural changes. Typically, one culture dominates, with the other cultures devolving into subcultures. These cultures would eventually blend into mainstream culture, and the cycle would continue as more powerful people took control.

Spain has seen cultural diffusion over the years, which has and continues to influence and shape all parts of their unique society and history.]]> 2022-06-15 22:46:07 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2222384751 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223408053 People, politics, and cultures dominated and shaped Spain up until the late twentieth century. People and cultures are now accepted and welcomed more readily. They do, however, encounter some power relations challenges in politics, governance, and finance.

There are many examples and evident instances of power relations throughout my "padlet," where a group or particular people have a significant effect over the less dominant people or group. When it comes to Spain's government and society, languages, and religion, this is especially true.]]> 2022-06-16 21:38:02 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223408053 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223416235 The culture of Spain as a whole focuses on all aspects coming together to form one large group and community. Spain's culture adheres to a specific structure that is required for the country's overall success. 

Holidays and fesitvals, food, languages, religions, governance, and history all come together in Spain to form standards and a functioning society. 

All cultures are mixed or have been mixed in Spain, and each individual contributes to the society as a whole while maintaining part of their own values or beliefs.]]> 2022-06-16 21:58:20 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223416235 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223424167 The negative aspect of Spain's culture and history is that there are or have been too many powerful individuals who oppress the poor and less powerful. 

People in government or with more resources tended to have more power and influence, causing the less powerful to adapt and pick up what they were doing. The less dominating people, on the other hand, have a tougher time contributing to society and succeeding since cultural change is more difficult for them to adjust to.

There are disputes and segregation between the mainstream culture and minorities in Spain since there are so many different languages, religions, and cultural distinctions.]]> 2022-06-16 22:19:14 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223424167 zacharysinodis https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223482740 The materialism of Spanish culture pervades many facets of the country's culture. Their materialism culture has an impact on their non-materialistic culture, resulting in the formation of a true identity. 

The main goal of Spain's concrete manifestations is to support and promote production and reproduction. Government, religion, law, and kinship are all essential and beneficial systems for generating material possessions.

Culture shifts are triggered by actual changes and adjustments. When new trends or better resources emerge, Spain adapts and builds culture around them.]]> 2022-06-17 00:19:31 UTC https://padlet.com/zacharysinodis/4hivps64zukkwexp/wish/2223482740