With these two elements, there is a lot of changes in the administrative, demographic and of course in culture of America Latina

 

They copied the French cultural model. And they tried to copy also the director (André Malraux).

 

They based the culture aspect under three axes:

            - Promotion of arts

            - Preservation of arts

            - diffusion of arts

2./ The second step take place in the early eighties. This is the development model that they will choose, regarding and analysing what failed. They call this step “the lost decade”. 

 

There is at this time a lot of problems, notably a big economic crisis and a separation between the north (US, Canada, ...) and the south.

 

The fact that the model didn’t work, was that they don’t take into account the culture in the development model/plan.

 

The highlight of this step is the 1982 declaration of Mexico. They conceptualized the model around two axes:

-       Cultural identity

-       Development’s cultural dimension

 

3./ The third step is the changing of conception. They started by thinking that they are one entity. They are one country or continent with the same history. And this step (1984, with constitution of Canada) is the change between a homogenous state to the diversity.

 

Between 1984 and 2009, there is a reconfiguration of Latin America states into diversity.

 

This event completely changed the picture, and how culture is no longer seen as a singular part of this continent.

 

4./ The analysis. The started by seeing Culture as an act of charity, and now this aspect is primordial and essential to shape the new American’s countries.

With the urbanization of countries in the 60s, the economic model changed, and the government had to adapt its administration. Therefore, a cultural organisation appeared, constructed on the French model, based on 3 functions: promotion of arts, heritage preservation and cultural promotion. The main idea was to bring culture to uneducated people and cultural diffusion was planned on cheap books, music… which has destroyed heritage. It was not planned, and it was an improvised policy.

 

Second step:

In the 80s, reflexions called the actual model into question as it failed on many aspects. The main reason of failure was to apply models made and implemented by other countries, in the latin America countries, without taking into account the cultural specificities of the country.

The turning point was to create a bridge between development and culture: culture is incorporated in development. External investment support programme with a cultural aspect.

Therefore, the cultural policy was expected to strengthen the cultural identity of the country.

 

Third step:

Then, another problem was faced because culture was thought as a single culture. But in fact, the culture is shaped by diversity. Between 1983 and 2009, Latin America countries changed the concept of culture around diversity. This is the process of diversity recognition.

 

Fourth step:

This project find trouble in application as the 90s is a neoliberal period, where the market law and less state intervention is predominant. The paradigm is that to build cultural institutions, the state needs to be strong. However, thanks to studies, cultural sector is finally seen as important, notably on economic part to convince some opposition ideas.

They copied the French model of culture. Characteristics of this management: improvisation. First stage: Culture was considered as an obstacle to development.

2) the 80’s: crisis of the economic model. Culture and diversity were seen as obstacle to development. Second stage: culture was considered as an instrument for development. 2 axes: culture for development and cultural identity --> they became the axis of all policies. But, when they formulated the policies, they talked about cultural identity, but it did not exist. They turned into diversity. Between 1983 and 2009, there has been a reconfiguration of Latin American states around diversity. Tension at this moment à recognized diversity (Colombia: recognized 64 languages for instance) but tension because coincidence with a new shift of the economic paradigms. 

3) 90’s: neoliberal. However, institutions and the state weakens whereas they needed strength. New phenomenon: IDB, courses and specializations in cultural management. Catalonia = a place for culture, where we educate the new generation. Cultural intelligentsia had emerged in Latin America who spoke as equals to other latitudes. 

To conclude: now complexity of understanding culture from diversity AND new elements that imply a new cultural manger begins to appear. Latin America is experiencing a phenomenon that is very interesting = the emergence of multilatinas. Diversity: element fundamental for management.