2-Be full of questions when reading, so that you can understand the content better, and it will also make reading more fun

3-Ask yourself to investigate the writer’s background and the writer’s intentions in the question of reading. These are the training of the mind and the effective improvement of reading and writing skills.

2-writing in high school has many restrictions that restrict students' thinking. Writing in college will let you give full play to all your thoughts and ideas

3 College writing will be opinions on their own ideas, research on things they don't know and their own views

2-Writing is to express your creative thinking and understanding of things. Don't affect your ideas because of external reasons

3-Writing is not only used in college, it will be involved in your future life. Writing well in college is to lay a good foundation in the future.

2The essence of reading is to understand the article, analyze the writing in it, and learn knowledge through your own thinking after reading,

3 reading can learn to use methods and learn the author's writing techniques. Writing is the expression of ideas.

Writing and reading together will improve us more quickly

2-Revision is a good thing. Only when you find your own shortcomings can you get help, and then you can think more about your topic in the revision.

3-Revision is like an exercise in your own writing. Constant revision in your essay can consolidate your knowledge

2-The middle class in the United States wanted the same thinking and writing. At that time, different cultures and lower classes carried out cultural suppression.

3-The author writes that the essence of writing is through your own experience and emotions, not to be assimilated, to be yourself

2-Many people understand that a gifted writer does not need contact with the outside world or experience. When he is born, he has creativity. This is wrong. Any writing needs experience and ideas, and all writing needs inspiration.

3-Many people regard seeking inspiration and reference as plagiarism. In fact, writing needs to find inspiration in life or reference  from other people's works after find inspiration and write your own ideas and articles

2-Before writing, you must clearly know the audience of your article

3-Writing is in different emotions and environments, which will affect your writing style. Remember the feeling at the time so that you can use it in subsequent articles to make your article more vivid.

2-The native language of immigrants is a gift. Learning English is to help you communicate better. The native language is the culture of your own country. The United States is a multicultural country and hopes to get the culture of more countries. Learning English is not to give up your mother tongue and culture.

3-Don't limit your thoughts in learning English. English is used to express your ideas. Learning English can better share your country's culture with others

2-The invention of computers in the 21st century has a great impact on writing, can better communicate children and ideas, young people have new social methods, and have made great progress in teaching.

3-In the real progress, the innovation of teaching methods, writing tests, AP, these are constantly improving

-lower-working class minorities suffer the most from this educational debt

-The educational deficit in minorities isn’t from lack of opportunities rather than how they are treated.

-writing has context, audience, purpose, medium, history, and values of community.

-writing in general is a false narrative that makes writers believe the writing is easier.

-writing with a "general" approach hurts writers  and employers.

-Official english is actually a front for nationalist conceptions in regards to immigration and assimilation.

-Embrace all languages in the U.S. as gifts.

-In the 20th century writing typically was influenced by science and progressives.

-In the 60s-80s a writing process appeared.

-21st century digital technology has created writers everywhere.

-New composing is used more for participation (age of composition:social writing).

*It is beneficial to read to understand concepts, but more beneficial to analyze the decisions, techniques, and skills applied by authors in their writing to then apply to your own in order to strengthen it

*Reading like a writer allows you to see how a text was put together so that you may use those strategies and abilities to put together your own writing, this type of reading is beneficial to college students and should get in the habit of reading like this.  

*Claims writing is thinking 

*Bring up expectations that are expected in college 

* Brings up that in college you do not write about what you know but instead “uncover what students don’t know”

*Take risks in college writing 

*Assignments are a rich source of creating critical thinking 

*In a study, most assignments lacked initiative also Professors focus too much on grammatical correctness rather than getting back responses rich of critical thinking  

* Institutions with WAC programs had a drastic improvement than those who didn't

*Reading and writing make students engage in critical thinking and strengthens skills like comprehension and communication

*College institutions must stop prioritizing writing before reading and professors must understand that just because a student reads a text does not mean they fully understand it and need to teach essential skills to read challenging texts.

*Revision isn't only editing or correcting grammar mistakes; it's also not a step you take after you've finished, it is deeper and can’t be skipped

*If you don't have anything to modify, don't revise; if you do, revising will only strengthen your writing

*The most highly regarded literature is found in white middle- and upper-class culture, which is based on accuracy

*Students from all ethnic backgrounds are getting greater access to quality education, but they're experiencing difficulty breaking through barriers due to the sort of writing that's praised

*Sticking to one way to speak and write has an emphasis on accuracy, which fosters inequality and influences our own perceptions of others

*Genius writers such as; Shakespeare, Emerson, Orwell have set these unrealistic expectations that we must be original and amazing writers on our own 

* Reality is these writers are just like us, confused, frustrated, tried etc 

*Writing should be a collaborative effort that involves a continuous and profound interaction with the words and thoughts of others.

*Because applied writers cannot acquire what they need to know in new writing circumstances, the concept of general writing must perish

*A better understanding of writing is using memory based methods.  

*To excel in writing, you must have an open mind to learn and embrace challenges.

*Immigrants are urged to relinquish a major component of their identity (language) in order to participate in the democratic process, therefore harming how the US sees linguistic gifts,  English-only activists regard immigrants as burdens in public systems.

*Students are limited when they are cut off from their plurilingual potential that brings upon so many gifts 

*disprove the claim that English is the sole standard for literacy education

*Plurilingual learning is supported by research, which indicates that bilinguals have a variety of vocabulary, good translating, speaking, and interpreting skills, and remarkable imaginative/critical thinking skills.

* report addresses five historical viewpoints of writing and composition education before the 20th century, along with two developments that affected the education and research of the writing process all throughout 20th century

*explains the significance of the twenty-first century's developments and differences

*3 tasks teachers must take, describe the new composing models that are emerging directly before our eyes, create a new writing curricula for kindergarten throughout graduate school, plus establish new teaching methods.

2) Reading like a writer means to take each choice a writer makes into consideration so you can learn how to use those choices for yourself.

3) Context is an important factor in both reading and writing.

4) You must ask yourself questions and take your own purpose for reading into consideration as you read like a writer.

2) In high school, students write to demonstrate what they already know, while in college, students write to learn. 

3) College students start to take more responsibility for their problems and their schoolwork.

2) Instructors prioritize technicalities in writing assignments, such as grammar, over the content that students have written.

3) Journaling assignments help students write to learn.

2) Reading and writing are inherently connected, students learn to recognize patterns from their reading when they write.

3) Students struggle to comprehend and analyze what they read.

Reading is equally as creative and active as writing.

2) The number of revisions doesn’t matter, what matters is the effectiveness of your revision.

3) Revision is something that people do all time, and all writers revise.

2) Currently, what society views as the “correct” way of writing and speaking is the way of speaking typical for white middle class culture.

3) The idea that there is only one “correct” way of communicating spreads the idea that the ways people from different cultural backgrounds communicate are “wrong” or inferior in some way.

4) Writing is taught in a way that frames what has been thought of as the socially acceptable way of writing as “good”.

2) This image of writers that people have been taught is harming them by giving people unrealistic expectations of authorship along with their own writing.

3) People are led to believe that great writers get their ideas without any influence, but the truth is that writing is a collaborative and social process.

2) As writers transition from one environment to the next, initially they will struggle because they have to take time to adjust to the new standards expected of them.

3) One does not stop learning about writing, writers will be able to write better if they accept the fact that they are always learning and need to give themselves permission to struggle from time to time.

2) Diversity in language is a gift, not something that needs to be fixed.

3) Learning English is seen as an economic benefit and a survival tactic, even if it means losing their home language.

4) Embracing the idea that monolingual English is sufficient detriments everybody.

2) In the past, writing required a lot more effort, but now technology makes writing easier than ever.

3) Self sponsored writing is writing that belongs to the writer, students and other people engage in this type of writing all the time.

4) Different forms of literacy are learned alongside each other, not in a sequential order.

-reading like a writer can take a while but as you ask yourself questions, you can soon formulate your own question and then possible elevate your writing like Bishop

-Marking up the text as you learn seems to be effective in understanding the text to figure out techniques used in the author's work.

-”Be willing to take thinking risks” as well as “writing risks” when writing (basically saying to explore your writing style)

-unlearn your previous writing habits that can affect your college writing and  relearn what you might already know but more efficiently to mature in your writing

-you should be responsible for what you are learning and your success.

-teachers for some reason put a big emphasis on grammar when doing writing (which can be a good or bad thing)

-WAC’s program which consists of giving assignments to students to reflect on their writing and to make them do unique prompts allows students to progress further in their writing. 

-student’s writing audience is usually for the instructor, not to multiple kinds of people which shows a bit on the limits of the writing since the assignments were kind of made for only one person to read.

-Reading and Writing is seemingly crucial to create meaning and to learn how to write better through the examples of the readings.

-Teachers should give strategies to make students get used to the university writing styles and possibly help with their communication skills

-writing is meant to be responded/read to

-Revision isn’t a weakness as people think, it’s part of the writing (a big part too).

- education seems to also be a problem which can lead to the belief since the education system only suits the middle class and their ideas.

-We have been using “Standard English” for so long even after getting independence from Britain (US)

-author brings up code-switching as a tactic to combat this perception.

-writers are not as clear cut and perfect as we see, but it was probably influenced by the authors we were taught about in class like Shakespeare etc.

-Writing is a social activity, a collaborative activity  not a secluded one (since many people tend to think that writers usually write alone and generate these crazy ideas)

-expresses the importance of learning how to write better by writing in various situations as well as reapply what writing concepts you have learned previously

-Writing has to be specific, meaning that different situations have to have writings that may be somewhat different than what one may have been used to.

- Making English the official language has made the bilingual curriculum nonexistent and to make bilingual students focus on English (can be seen as a good or bad thing).

- tells readers to embrace our writing/writing styles

-technology advancements like google docs, myspace changing the way of how people research, compose drafts, write and collaborate with others

-audience seems to be very relevant in the 21st century, wherever platform you use, it’s important to the writing and the reader for their engagement in one's work

  Teachers may expect you to RLW but would often not teach you how as they are too busy focusing more on your writing skills

  Knowing what you will be writing will help you prioritize what to analyze as you read texts and RLW

  Asking yourself questions before and as you read will make you more experienced in RLW as you try to understand the author’s motives

  College students will turn their thoughts into their writing, and turn their writing into further thoughts, exploring meanings and attitudes of their work.

  Students are in charge of their education, not their teachers.

  Melzer’s research has him state how most writing assignments were limited to the writer merely being asked to answer a simple question, leading to the only audience becoming the professor in students’ eyes, leading to simpler writing.

  Writing should not be held so strictly on grammar errors, but rather solely on the content of the paper

  Colleges should lean towards using Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) methods of teaching writing.

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  “It is a bad idea to continue privileging writing at the expense of reading” 

  If students are not given opportunities to continue on their reading in college, they may struggle with analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating everything surrounding them as comprehension is “crucial” in these “advanced interpretive practices.”

 Revision is the writing. Intertwined with what the writer is doing whilst writing--revision is what great writers naturally do during their work.

  Even MLK used revision in order to turn his speech into what we remember today, where “I Have a Dream” was multiple speeches, not just the one he delivered at the Lincoln Memorial.

  Revising is bound to writing, as many people revise their work every day naturally.

  “By continuing to propagate the notion of correct and incorrect ways of speaking, we effectively devalue the intelligence and character of students, employees, and colleagues, who, for whatever reasons, don’t speak or write what in historical terms has been called the King’s English [...] We use the perception of improper communication as evidence of others’ lesser character or ability.”

  “We need a more nuanced view of writing in society that encourages everyone to adapt to their audiences and contexts rather than placing an undue burden on those who do not fit the mold of standard English.”

  Edward Young invented the idea of being a “true author” in that authors invent their own original ideas rather than imitate others’ ideas

  Writing is inherently collaborative and should not be looked down upon for being so.

  Everything a writer does is impacted by the situation in which they are writing

  If everyone stops thinking they can write in general in order to accept that they can fail in their writings and apply these experiences to better their writings in the future.

  “I propose instead that we learn how our writing repertoires move beyond and between languages. Instead of standardized monolingual writing in Official English terms, we can instead turn to how writing grounded in social justice and democratic pluralism connects local, national, and global struggles that challenge language nationalism”

  “The narrow-minded view that English-only is the only model for literacy learning should be put to rest. English-only does not contribute to meaningful education on any grounds. Decades of research into bilingual learning strongly advocates for all students' plurilingual learning.”

  We should want everyone to write

  We have seen enough opportunities given to us and be used that a new curriculum and model for learning writing should be made.