Vertebrate Zoology Project by https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1 Vertebrate Groups en-us 2017-11-20 20:08:58 UTC 2017-11-27 19:30:24 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Beartoy.png Media About the Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/208881953 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynSwEBABkgk]]> 2017-11-20 20:08:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/208881953 mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/208883002 Cartilaginous Fish 
Boney Fish 
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

]]> 2017-11-20 20:12:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/208883002 Important Life Cycles Within Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210538412 In addition to the difference in their skeletons, cartilaginous fish have gills that open to the ocean through slits, rather than the bony covering that is present in bony fish.
Different shark species may have different numbers of gill slits.
Cartilaginous fish may also breathe through spiracles, rather than gills. Spiracles are found on top of the heads of all rays and skates, and some sharks. These openings allow the fish to rest on the ocean bottom and draw oxygenated water in through the top of their head, allowing them to breathe without breathing in sand.  A cartilaginous fish's skin is covered in placoid scales, or dermal denticles, tooth-like scales different from the flat scales (called ganoid, ctenoid or cycloid) found on bony fish.

]]> 2017-11-27 17:29:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210538412 Important Anatomical Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210572892 Early vertebrates were jaw-less fishes, with bony scales, cartilaginous skeletons, and no paired fins. Describe two major changes in fish anatomy over millions of years. The development of jaws and paired fins allowed fish to seize and manipulate rapidly moving prey, becoming efficient predators.]]> 2017-11-27 18:24:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210572892 Distinction of How Groups are Different mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210573348 Elasmobranchii:  Sharks, skates, and rays, which together form a group of about 900-1150 species of ocean-dwelling and freshwater-dwelling fish called elasmobranchs. First of all, their skeletons are made up of a strong, flexible, and light material called cartilage, rather than bone, making them (along with another fish group called chimaeras) fundamentally different from other fish. Other important characteristics include their rows of replaceable teeth and the 5-7 gill slits on each side of their body. 

Holocephali:  The subclass Holocephali  is a taxon of cartilaginous fish in the class Chondrichthyes. The earliest fossils are of teeth and come from the Devonian period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the order Chimaeriformes. This group includes the rat fishes in the genusChimaera, and the elephant fishes in the genus Callorhynchus. These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large pectoral fins. They have long slender tails and live close to the seabed feeding on benthic invertebrates. They lack a stomach, food moving directly into the intestine.

Infraphylum Gnathostomata:  are the jawed vertebrates. The term derives from Greek: γνάθος (gnathos) "jaw" + "mouth". Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes have teeth, paired appendages, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheathes of neurons. ]]> 2017-11-27 18:25:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210573348 Major Groups Within Class mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210578248 Elasmobranchii 
Holocephali
Infraphylum Gnathostomata]]> 2017-11-27 18:33:17 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210578248 Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210579296 Other features that distinguish the cartilaginous fish from the bony fish are multiple gill slits, tiny tooth like scales, nostrils on the side of the head, teeth that are not fused to the jaw, and internal fertilization . Internal fertilization also occurs in some bony fish such as sea horses, guppies, and mollies.]]> 2017-11-27 18:34:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210579296 Media About the Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210580582 https://www.today.com/video/meet-the-largest-bony-fish-in-the-world-629003331546]]> 2017-11-27 18:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210580582 Important Life Cycles Within Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210581377 In most species of bony fishes, sperm and eggs develop in separate male and female individuals. Males and females may look similar, or they may look very different. Male/female differences may include size, coloration, external reproductive organs, head characteristics, and body shape. Some bony fishes are hermaphrodites: a single individual produces both sperm and eggs. Sequential hermaphrodites are born one sex and change sex sometime during the course of life. For example: Some damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) begin life as males and change into females. In some, females can revert back to males. Some seabasses (family Serranidae) change from female to male, and are capable of reverting back to female. Most wrasses (family Labridae) are born female, grow into sexually mature females, and have the potential to transform into functional males later in life. In many of the wrasses, sex change correlates with social hierarchy and social behavior: social structure includes a large dominant male and many smaller, subordinate females. Removing the male from the group triggers the largest female to begin transforming into a male. Synchronous hermaphrodites have both sperm- and egg-producing organs at the same time. In a few species, self-fertilization is possible.

]]> 2017-11-27 18:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210581377 Important Anatomical Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210582512 The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout.]]> 2017-11-27 18:40:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210582512 Distinction of How Groups are Different mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210583217 Actinopterygii:  or the ray-finned fishes, constitute a class or subclass of the bony fishes. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish). These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). Numerically, actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish.

Ray-finned Fish:  Characteristics: The fins are supported by rays, as the name indicates. In contrast to the cartilaginous fish they have a rigid skeleton. The swim bladder is also a unique feature of most ray-finned fish, enabling them to maintain buoyancy as they move up or down in the water. 
]]> 2017-11-27 18:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210583217 Major Groups Within Class mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210587427 Actinopterygii
Ray-finned Fish ]]> 2017-11-27 18:47:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210587427 Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210587843 Bony fish, any member of the superclass Osteichthyes, a group made up of the classes Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) in the subphylum Vertebrata, including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all the world’s sport and commercial fishes. The scientific term Pisces has also been used to identify this group of fishes. Osteichthyes excludes the jawless fishes of the class Agnatha (hagfishes and lampreys) and the cartilaginous fishes constituting the class Chondrichthyes ]]> 2017-11-27 18:48:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210587843 Media About the Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210588538 https://www.brainpop.com/science/paleontologyandanthropology/reptiles/]]> 2017-11-27 18:49:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210588538 Important Life Cycles Within Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210589438 Reptiles and amphibians can achieve remarkable densities and biomass and have high metabolic efficiencies. As a result, reptiles and amphibians may be important in the uptake and retention of nutrients. Species with complex life cycles may also be important vectors for nutrient fluxes between systems.]]> 2017-11-27 18:51:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210589438 Important Anatomical Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210589898 Both scales and scutes provide physical protection and help prevent water loss through the skin. Reptiles are ectothermic or cold-blooded, which means they cannot control their own body temperature. They must work with their environment to increase or decrease their body temperature.]]> 2017-11-27 18:51:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210589898 Distinction of How Groups are Different mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210590808 Crocodilia:  The Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 83.5 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) and are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria. Members of the order's total group, the cladePseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the Early Triassic period, and diversified during the Mesozoic era. 

Sphenodontia:  
The Sphenodontia is an order of lizard-like reptiles. It includes only one living genus, the tuatara (Sphenodon). An alternative name for the order is the Rhynchocephalia. They are an offshoot from the evolutionary line leading to the true lizards and snakes. They had many families during the late Triassic and Jurassic periods but then declined, and are the least successful of the lepidosaurs. The only surviving member today is the New Zealand tuatara.

Squamata: The Squamata, or the scaled reptiles, are the largest recent order of reptiles, comprising all lizards and snakes. With over 10,000 species, it is also the second-largest order of extant vertebrates, after the perciform fish, and roughly equal in number to the Saurischia (one of the two major groups of dinosaurs). Members of the order are distinguished by their skins, which bear horny scales or shields. They also possess movable quadrate bones, making it possible to move the upper jaw relative to the neurocranium. This is particularly visible in snakes, which are able to open their mouths very wide to accommodate comparatively large prey.

Testudines:  Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines(or Chelonii characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. "Turtle" may refer to the order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British English). The order Testudines includes both extant (living) and extinct species. The earliest known members of this group date from 157 million years ago, making turtles one of the oldest reptile groups and a more ancient group than snakes or crocodilians. Of the 327 known species alive today, some are highly endangered. Turtles are ectotherms—animals commonly called cold-blooded—meaning that their internal temperature varies according to the ambient environment. However, because of their high metabolic rate, leatherback sea turtles have a body temperature that is noticeably higher than that of the surrounding water.
]]> 2017-11-27 18:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210590808 Major Groups Within Class mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210595471 Crocodilia
Sphenodontia
Squamata
Testudines]]> 2017-11-27 18:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210595471 Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210595897 The first and foremost characteristic of the reptiles is that are cold blooded. They are able to regulate their inner body temperature to the temperature of the environment. They have scaly skins but absence of hair or fur. The scales of the reptiles develop as a surface cells filled with Keratin.]]> 2017-11-27 18:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210595897 Media About the Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210597327 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MviIV9t4zU]]> 2017-11-27 19:01:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210597327 Important Life Cycles Within Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210598170
  • They are born (either alive from their mother or hatched from eggs)
  • They grow up.

    • ]]>     2017-11-27 19:03:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210598170     Important Anatomical Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210598910 Most birds have approximately 175 different muscles, mainly controlling the wings, skin, and legs. The largest muscles in the bird are the pectorals, or the breast muscles, which control the wings and make up about 15 - 25% of a flighted bird's body weight. They provide the powerful wing stroke essential for flight.]]> 2017-11-27 19:04:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210598910 Distinction of How Groups are Different mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210599741 Waders:  Are birds commonly found along shorelines and mudflats that wade in order to forage for food (such as insects or crustaceans) in the mud or sand. They are called shorebirds in North America (where wader is used to refer to long-legged wading birds such as storks and herons). Waders are members of the order Charadriiformes, which includes gulls, auks and their allies.

    Sandpipers:  
    They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of bills enable different species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Sandpipers have long bodies and legs, and narrow wings. Most species have a narrow bill, but otherwise the form and length are quite variable. They are small to medium-sized birds, measuring 12 to  66 cm. ]]>     2017-11-27 19:05:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210599741     Major Groups Within Class mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210601704 Waders
    Sandpiper ]]>     2017-11-27 19:08:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210601704     Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210602136 Birds compose a diverse class (Aves) of species, as dissimilar as tiny darting hummingbirds and 8-foot flightless ostriches, with about 9,000 living species known. Generally accepted to have evolved from reptilian dinosaurs, birds share several characteristics with other classes of animals, including a skeletal backbone housing a spinal cord, a four-chambered heart and warmblooded. Other of birds' characteristics are unique or essentially unique.]]> 2017-11-27 19:09:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210602136 Media About the Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210602666 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGonwMTPV6g]]> 2017-11-27 19:10:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210602666 Important Life Cycles Within Groups mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210603398 Mammals are a class of vertebrates characterised by warm-blood, hairy bodies, a four-chambered heart, a single jaw bone, sweat glands and - in females - mammary glands for suckling young. Some mammals, such as naked mole rats and whales have lost some or all of their hair. Almost all mammals give birth to live young, but there are a few that lay eggs. These are known as monotremes, and include the platypus.]]> 2017-11-27 19:11:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210603398 Important Anatomical Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210603880 All mammals have hair growing from some parts of their bodies during at least some stages of their life cycles. Mammalian hair can take on several different forms, including thick fur, long whiskers, defensive quills and even horns. Hair serves a variety of functions: insulation against the cold, protection for delicate skin, camouflage against predators (as in zebras and giraffes), and sensory feedback (as witness the sensitive whiskers of your everyday house cat). Generally speaking, the presence of hair goes hand-in-hand with a warm-blooded metabolism.]]> 2017-11-27 19:12:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210603880 Distinction of How Groups are Different mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210604860 Marsupial:  Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, possums, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Some lesser known marsupials are the potoroo and the quokka.

    Bat:  Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. Other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances.

    Monotreme:  are one of the three main groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria) and marsupials (Metatheria). The monotremes are typified by laying eggs rather than bearing live young, and by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive and reproductive tracts, and other body parts compared to the more common mammalian types. However, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.]]>     2017-11-27 19:13:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210604860     Major Groups Within Class mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210614607 Marsupial 
    Bat
    Monotreme]]>     2017-11-27 19:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210614607     Characteristics mmdawson8 https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210614831
  • Are vertebrates (which means they have a backbone or spine).
  • Are endothermic. Also known as “warm-blooded,” endothermic animals regulate their own body temperate which allows them to live in almost every climate on Earth.
  • Have hair on their bodies.
  • Produce milk to feed their babies.

    • ]]>     2017-11-27 19:29:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mmdawson8/483jjwzjmpm1/wish/210614831