CHOLERA VS COVID: A narrative analysis by ANGELA MARGARETH RELLON

Cholera vs COVID

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Legends:

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COVID-19 PANDEMIC

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CHOLERA EPIDEMIC

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Initial Outbreak

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Impact on Society

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1820-1902

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Government response and public health measures

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First case

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The first case was reported in a barrio called Farola near the entry point of the Pasig river.

Initial Response

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General Bell ordered to build “Protection zones” which forced the affected filipino people to live in close quarters without access to their livelihood or even their resources. When Cholera has plagued this zones, Approximately 11,000 filipino people had died. It is known that this sickness came from the chinese cabbages which they should be avoiding but the due to the war ongoing, Filipinos still did not listen and continue to eat the contaminated contraband anyways.

Origins

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The cholera outbreak started from a ship from Hong Kong arrived in Manila on March 14, 1902, not long after, the first case was reported. Cholera cases were recorded in the barrio of Farola, which is close to the Pasig River's mouth, where a large number of fishermen, and smugglers live

Origins

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Traveling as a couple, the patients were both Chinese nationals on vacation in the Philippines. On January 18, 2020, Patient 2, a 44-year-old man, complained of a fever when the couple was living in Wuhan, China. It was said that he had close contact with a sick person in Wuhan. They traveled from Wuhan via Hong Kong to a number of destinations in the Philippines from January 20 to January 25. On January 21, the 39-year-old female patient 1 experienced a sore throat and cough. They were transferred to San Lazaro Hospitals.

Symptoms

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Watery Stool/ diarrhea
Vomiting
Dehydration
Leg cramps

Mode of transmission

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ingestion of contaminated water or food

First Case

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January 2020, the first recorded cases of covid-19 are 2-Chinese nationals who visited the Philippines for a vacation. The first case is a 39 year old woman,and the second case is a 44 year old man. Both show symptoms, the female has recovered from the symptoms and later discharged. However the male died due to cardiac arrest.

Symptoms

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Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Fever
Cough
Muscle aches
Fatigue

Mode of Transmission

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Droplet and airborne transmission

2020-2022

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1820: The First Recorded Cholera Epidemic

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The first cholera epidemic in the Philippines, part of the global pandemic originating from India, devastatingly arrived in 1820. This initial outbreak marked a significant public health crisis, leading to a reevaluation of sanitation practices and public health initiatives within the country.

1902: American Occupation and Cholera

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During the American occupation in 1902, another cholera epidemic hit, resulting in over 200,000 reported cases and a staggering death toll. This crisis spurred the American colonial government to invest heavily in the country's sanitary conditions, leading to significant improvements in public health and the establishment of the Philippine Health Service.

1882: The 1882 Cholera Outbreak

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Key Events

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Initial Response

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During March, the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in the Philippines with it’s index case coming from Manila. The president had declared a health emergency and the start of the implementations of local lockdowns across metro manila. This lockdown went on from March 12- April 14, 2020 and was extended. The lockdown limits the people from going out of their homes unless really needed and prevents any form of international transportation (aircrafts, ships, etc.) from entering and leaving the country.

Public Health Measures

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Since it is scientifically proven and was advised by the CDC to halt the spread of the virus, wearing of face masks and face shield, as well as social distancing was implemented.

March 2021

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COVID-19 Vaccine Implementation of COVID-19 vaccines to be disseminated around the Philippines in March 1, 2021. Health workers are the first one to be immunized followed by senior citizens and the general public.

2008: The Return of Cholera

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In 2008, after decades of relative calm, cholera cases resurfaced in the Philippines. This resurgence prompted a renewed focus on public health education, water sanitation, and the importance of swift response to contain infectious diseases.

2010-2013: Combating Cholera in the Modern Time

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Between 2010 and 2013, the Philippines experienced 77 suspected cholera outbreaks, impacting 4,335 individuals. The largest outbreak unfolded in June 2012 in Catanduanes province and neighboring regions, leading to a state of calamity with 3,390 possible cases and 19 deaths. The resurgence of cholera was attributed to sanitation and hygiene issues. Virac, the capital, recorded the highest case count from 2009–2011. Another notable outbreak struck Palawan in 2011, affecting 1,226 individuals.

Public Health Measures

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The government pursued health promotion and education as a course against disease. Health circulars and bulletins, to include simple directions for avoiding cholera, were published and circulated. Filipino health officers were trained in controlling epidemics and implementing hygiene and sanitary work in the community. The Board of Health prolifically issued resolutions and bulletins that guided the community on how to prevent the disease from spreading through proper hygiene and cleanliness (Heiser, 1907). The Bureau of Health and Bureau of Education hired a medical inspector for the city schools while local health officers scheduled periodic visits to the schools in the different municipalities (Heiser, 1907). Health and hygiene became part of the curriculum. Intermediate science instruction involved the teaching of physiology and hygiene. Studies of epidemic diseases were taught using the bulletins of the Board of Health.

Government Implementations

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Based on the readings, the solutions that were implemented by the Americans are anti-poor. Especially their quarantine protocols and how they bury the victims of the endemic.

2020

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The Philippines confirmed its first case of COVID-19 in January 2020. This marked the beginning of a nationwide health crisis that stressed healthcare systems, prompted lockdowns, and impacted millions.

March 2020

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To curb the spread of the virus, the Philippine government imposed an enhanced community quarantine across Luzon, including Metro Manila, in March 2020. This drastic measure affected the livelihoods of millions, disrupted education, and caused a significant economic downturn.

2020-2021

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With schools closed nationwide, the Department of Education implemented a distance learning program. This shift from traditional face-to-face instruction to online and modular learning methods presented challenges for students, teachers, and parents, impacting the quality of education.

May 2020

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The pandemic put immense pressure on healthcare workers, who faced increased risks of infection, workload, and psychological stress. Their dedication and resilience became a testament to their commitment to saving lives in the midst of a global crisis.

March 2020

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As physical stores faced lockdown restrictions, many Filipinos turned to online platforms to sell goods and services. This digital shift not only kept businesses afloat but also highlighted the growing importance of e-commerce in the country's economy.

October 2021

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To mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic on the most vulnerable populations, the government implemented cash assistance and social amelioration programs. These efforts aimed to provide immediate financial relief to affected families and individuals.

March 2021

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The Philippines began its COVID-19 vaccination campaign in 2021, targeting healthcare workers, senior citizens, and other priority groups. This crucial step marked the beginning of the country's journey towards pandemic recovery and the hope of returning to normalcy.

Cholera vs COVID-19 (Societal Impacts)

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Both the cholera epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant societal impacts, including disruptions to daily life, economic instability, and strains on healthcare systems. However, the cholera epidemic primarily affected public health infrastructure and sanitation practices, whereas the COVID-19 pandemic also led to widespread travel restrictions, remote work arrangements, and educational disruptions. Both crises underscored the importance of effective disease prevention measures and highlighted existing socioeconomic disparities in accessing healthcare resources.

Analysis

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Cholera vs COVID-19 (Government responses)

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in terms of the government responses, they have showed the same strategies of isolating and using quarantine guidelines to minimize the effect of the pandemic/epidemic. However, there are times during the occupation of the Americans where they had anti-poor solutions that could minimize and stop the local resistant. Nevertheless the current government have steered away from implementing anti-poor solutions, by providing financial aid during the pandemic.

Google DOCS

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Google DOCS