https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k Type 3 Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity en-us 2023-10-09 22:54:44 UTC 2023-10-15 20:59:24 UTC hello@padlet.com bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855756 Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease in which your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in your body, producing inflammation (painful swelling) in the afflicted areas. Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the joints, often attacking multiple joints at once.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, July 27). Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | Arthritis | CDC. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid-arthritis.html#:~:text=Rheumatoid%20arthritis%2C%20or%20RA%2C%20is

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? | RA Awareness Day 2017. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://youtu.be/RauJmjLH-hQ?si=-vWvOasL_vDFdjaf

]]> 2023-10-09 22:56:44 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855756 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855847 Risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis include:
1. Age:  Rheumatoid arthritis can strike at any age, although it is more likely to occur as people get older.
2. Gender:  Women have rheumatoid arthritis more frequently than males. Researchers believe that for certain women, reproductive and hormonal variables may contribute to the disease's development.
3. Smoking:  Individuals who smoke regularly run a higher chance of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Smokers may experience a more severe case of the illness.
4. Family history and genetics: There is a higher risk of developing RA if a family member has the condition. The chance of developing RA is slightly increased by a number of hereditary variables.
5. Obesity: Being obese may both raise the likelihood of developing the condition and restrict how much it can be treated.

NIAMS. (2017). Rheumatoid Arthritis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/rheumatoid-arthritis

Risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis. (n.d.). InviTRA. Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://www.invitra.com/en/can-i-get-pregnant-if-i-am-diagnosed-with-rheumatoid-arthritis/rheumatoid-arthritis-risk-factors/


]]> 2023-10-09 22:56:56 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855847 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855991 In Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), immune cells mistakenly attack tissues lining the joints, leading to stiffness, pain, and disability.  RA involves complex interactions between immune cells in the joints responsible for normal tissue maintenance. It is a chronic autoimmune disease initiated by CD4+ helper T cells that promote inflammation. A type of immune cell called macrophages cues fibroblasts to destroy joint tissue through a growth factor called HB-EGF and blocking the receptor for the growth factor called EGFR. This leads to osteoclast generation resulting in bone deconstruction which is the hallmark of RA (Rogers, pp 1457).

NIH Research Matters (2019). Understanding rheumatoid arthritis at the cellular level, NIH.gov. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-rheumatoid-arthritis-cellular-level#:~:text=In%20rheumatoid%20arthritis%20(RA)%2C,the%20disease%20in%20some%20people.

Rogers, J. (2024). McCance & Huether’s pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children. p.1457 (9th ed). Elsevier
 ]]> 2023-10-09 22:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738855991 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856244 Inflammation (in this case, swelling and pain manifestations, less so redness and heat) surrounds the affected tissue, which results in an initial thickening of the synovial membrane. Angiogenesis occurs to compensate for the injured synovium and to bring more proinflammatory cytokines to the area. The massive release of cytokines, chemokines, and other immune cells may also lead to an invasive phenotype of RA. The result is bone erosions and loss of cartilage at the joint site. Rheumatoid nodules are common in peri-articular areas, due to the necrosis of the collagen. Joint movement becomes limited with progression.

Chauhan K, Jandu JS, Brent LH, et al. (2023) Rheumatoid Arthritis. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441999/]]> 2023-10-09 22:57:44 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856244 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856779 In type III hypersensitivity reaction antibodies bind to circulating antigens leading immune complexes to be deposited into vascular tissue. RA causes inflammation of the joints. 70 % of patients with RA make rheumatoid factor, which is an IgM anti-IgG antibody. RA does conform to the traditional definition of a type III hypersensitivity reaction since it involves inflammation of body tissue in the joints causing arthritis.

Rogers, J. L. (2022). McCance & Heuther’s Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. (9th ed., pp. 259-260). Elsevier.

University of Hawaii (n.d.). Immunopathology - The Hypersensitivities. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micro161/immunopath_chap15and16/Chapter15,16-Ab,%20cell%20hyp.htm


]]> 2023-10-09 22:58:41 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856779 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856940 Rheumatoid arthritis affects various joints in different persons, and the symptoms varies as well. They will be determined by the severity of the inflammation and the extent of the rheumatoid arthritis. 
Rheumatoid arthritis frequently manifests as:
1. Painful, swollen, and warm joints
2. Stiff joints
3. Weakness: Because painful, stiff joints are frequently not used as much, the muscles might gradually get weaker.
4. Exhaustion: Because rheumatoid arthritis affects the entire body, it frequently results in generalized physical weakness and fatigue.
5. Rheumatoid nodules: As the condition worsens, little, hard lumps beneath the skin known as rheumatoid nodules might appear. Typically, they are not responsive to touch or pressure.

Commonly, the same joints on both sides of the body are affected by the inflammation.

Rheumatoid arthritis: Overview. (2016, August 11). Nih.gov; Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK384455/]]> 2023-10-09 22:58:54 UTC https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738856940 bayanabdeljalil1_ https://padlet.com/bayanabdeljalil1_/415zuqj348pv778k/wish/2738857067 There is no cure for RA. Thus, the key to treating RA is treating it early, so that lighter medications and lower dosages may be used. The more late-stage the disease is, the more aggressive the treatment and medications are to reduce the inflammation, which comes with serious side effects.
For medication, treatment typically begins with NSAIDs and keeping an active lifestyle. Walking and yoga can greatly reduce inflammation while keeping joints flexible.
Corticosteroids are the next plan of action as they work to suppress the immune system but come with greater risks. Longer term drugs, speficially antirheumatic drugs, work by stopping the immune system, but with side effects of liver damage and risk for increased infection. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be needed.

Ezerioha, M, MD. (2018). RA Treatment: What is the Safest Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network. RA Treatment: What is the Safest Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis? - RheumatoidArthritis.org

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