·    Originated in England because of its natural resources (e.g., coal, iron ore) and the invention and improvement of the steam engine

·    Spread to Europe and the United States

·    Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries

·    Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement

·    Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries

·    Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

·    Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves

·    Steam engine: James Watt

·    Cotton gin: Eli Whitney

·    Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer

 

Advancements in science and medicine

·    Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner

·    Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur

 

·    Development of smallpox vaccination: Edward Jenner

·    Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur

 

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries

·    Population increase

·    Increased standards of living for many but not all

·    Improved transportation

·    Urbanization

·    Environmental pollution

·    Increased education

·    Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions

Growth of the middle class

·    Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

·    Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities

·    Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class

·    Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

·    Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital

·    Response to the injustices of capitalism

Importance to communists of redistribution of wealth

·    Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system

·    Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

·    Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

·    Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

·    The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

·    The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

 

Social effects of the Industrial Revolution

·    Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor

·    Introduction of reforms to end child labor

·    Expansion of education

·    Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions

·    Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management