https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk Made with love en-us 2016-10-07 15:13:27 UTC 2026-03-10 17:11:07 UTC hello@padlet.com laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/129850663 Understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception.

-Sensory adaptation
 Think about having a wallet in one pocket vs the other
-sensation is bottom-up
 collect sensory data to build a puzzle
-perception is top-down
takes information from senses
-bottom up always more accurate
-in attentional blindness]]> 2016-10-11 15:25:51 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/129850663 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130153680 Understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds.

Absolute: minimum stimuli necessary to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time.
Difference: amount something must be changed in order ti detect it 50% of the time 
- varies among senses: 8% light 2% weight 3% tone

We all perceive food differently- eat with our mouth and our eyes]]> 2016-10-12 14:58:58 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130153680 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130474339 Understand the parts and path of vision

Cornea: transparent protector where light enters eye first
Pupil adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter
-contracts to bright light
Iris: colored part of the eye protecting from damage
Lens: transparent part of eye focusing light onto retina upside down by changing curvature
Accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance (round is close, flat is far)
Retina: inner lining of posterior eye containing receptors of light

Blind sight: Ability to respond to something not consciously perceived 

Blind spot where optic nerve leaves the eye
Fovea: line of central focus, contains cones

Optic Nerve carries signals to thalamus then occiptial lobe.

Optic Chiasm: where left and right optic nerves cross paths.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Area in thalamus interpreting vision.

Layers of Retina:
1.Ganglion Cells: Magnocellur cells detect motion, and parvocellur cells detect colors and identity.
- Acuity is ability to distinguish fine details.
2. Bipolar cells: neurons connecting to rods and cones
3. Rods and Cones ]]> 2016-10-13 15:10:02 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130474339 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130754777 Learn color theories and visual cues

Transduction: process of light going through retina.

Parallel Processing: Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happening at the same time)
-Hubel and Weisel theory

Electromagnetic  Spectrum:  Short wavelengths are bluish colors and high pitched sounds. Long wavelengths are reddish colors or low pitched sounds. High amplitude: bright colors, loud sounds. Low amplitude: dull colors, soft sounds.

Color Theories:
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory- each cone is responsible for a certain hue.
This theory cannot explain afterimage (cones become saturated after staring at one or two colors, on a white surface the opposite hue). Or color blindness.

Opponent Process Theory: If one color in the pair is stimulated, the other is impaired. The pairs are: red and green, blue and yellow, black and white. Explains colorblindness and the afterimage.

Surrounding context: If an item is viewed with the other colors then the color of the object changes.]]> 2016-10-14 14:27:12 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/130754777 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/131177966 Differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

Gestalt perspective: we see things as a "whole"
Proximity: Grouping nearby figures together
Similarity: Grouping similar figures together
Continuity: see smooth continuous pattern
Muller- Lyer Illusion: line lengths
Connectedness: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit.
Depth Perception: 2 dimensions fall in retina; perceive as 3D we estimate distance: visual cliff experiment, at 6 months we can understand depth.
Visual constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images. 5 types: color shape size location brightness
Color: an apple is "red" but not always perfectly red
size: despite distance, objects don't change size. 
shape: we see the same shape despite the angle it is viewed at

Monocular cues: one eye  / Binocular cues: both eyes
Monocular
interposition: one object blocking the view of the other
relative size: the one closer has larger retinal image
Relative clarity/aerial perspective: perception that Hazy objects are farther away than sharp ones
texture gradient: coarse, distinct texture that is clearer closer up and less farther away
relative height: objects higher in field of vision appear farther away
relative motion: movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest objects to move even faster. (Motion parallex)
Binocular
linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance
light and shadow: nearby objects reflect more light into eyes, dimmer appear farther away
Retinal disparity: difference between sight/ views of 2 eyes
convergence: cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward toward object
stereoscopic vision: combining 2 retinal images to get 3D perception 
Motion perception
Phi phenomenon: illusion of lights blinking on and off
stroboscopic movement: motion pictures (blinking on and off)
autokinetic:

Sound Localization:
Monaural cue: louder sound means closer sound
Binaural cues: (stereophonic) multidirectional audio perspective]]> 2016-10-17 15:17:04 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/131177966 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/131507863 Ear Day 1
 Everything based on vibrations
Organ of corti
Theory of Hearing:
1. place theory: ability to hear different pitches due to location of neuron activity on basilar membrane in cochlea
- does not explain low tones
2. Frequency theory: low freq. fewer neural impulses, high freq. is more neural impulses
-does not descrobe above 1000 hertz
Volley Principle
neural cells alternate firing thereby achieving combined frequency for very average pitch
Conductive Deafness
Sensorineural hearing loss:
nerve deafness, caused by loud noises, age and genetics
McGurk Effect: what you hear depends on what you see (lip movement)
Tritone paradox
Shepard Tone illusion: thinking that a tone is continually increasing when ]]> 2016-10-18 15:14:57 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/131507863 laurenjou5100 https://padlet.com/laurenjou5100/3vbcw2nz5rfk/wish/132728296 Understanding other senses
Olfactory: sense of smell. goes to epithelium
Smell strongly correlates with memory as part of the limbic system.
Gustation: taste. different from flavor. receptors are called papillae. 5 tastes are salty sour bitter sweet and umami
Skin senses: pressure temperature and pain.
some parts of the body have more sensory receptors than others. Most are fingertips and lips.
Kinesthesis: knowing where body is. Vestibular sense/balance: cestibular sacs, connects canals with cochlea (dizziness)
Pain is affected by athleticism, cultures, cognition, physiological.
Gate control theory: neurological gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain. (Neurotransmitter: endorphines)
Phantom Limb: misinterpretation pain in part of limb that isn't there due to amputation.
Touch: pressure (only skin sensation with identifiable receptors)

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