G14: SLAVERY AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by

The Abolitionist Sentiment

maimuli99 — 2020-10-20 14:02:37 UTC

As the cotton industry grows and slavery proliferates across the south, an opposition to slavery begins. The first detractors of slavery held religious ideas.
The first solution for slavery in 1820 was COLONIZATION.
- The idea was to bring the slaves back to Africa. Slaves were forced to migrate to the US so it was a way to reverse this.
- Funds were raised and Liberia was created for the former slaves.

maimuli99 — 2020-10-20 14:29:42 UTC

African Americans were against the idea.

Most had never been to Africa
They believed their labour helped building the country and thus, deserved to be free citizens of it.

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maimuli99 — 2020-10-20 14:48:29 UTC

By the end of the 1820s a new abolitionist movement was born.

Much more radical than the previous anti-slavery societies.
Wanted an immediate end to slavery.
Against compensation to slave owners.
Wanted institutional power: sent petitions to Congress, campaigned for office...
Wrote inflammatory literature (anti-slavery) and spread it on the south.

Frederick Douglass

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arrateupv — 2020-10-24 15:38:23 UTC

North and South (2004)

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12 years a slave (2013)

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Gone with the wind (1939)

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 15:41:29 UTC

Roots (1976) by Alex Haley

The Peculiar Institution

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 15:45:33 UTC

Slavery in America; since the very beginning of European settlements (British Jamestown colony) until the Civil War.
Both North and South equally participated in slave economy BUT the balance changed:

- North: Industrial development
- South: depended on the cotton plantations

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 15:51:15 UTC

Uncle Tom's cabin (1852) by Harriet Breecher

Gag rule

maimuli99 — 2020-10-24 15:54:56 UTC

Anti-slavery literature was banned in the south and discussing slavery-related bills was forbidden in congress.
Abolitionist were physically attacked

--> The abolitionist movement caused increasing friction between states in the North and the slave-owning South. Critics of abolition argued that it contradicted the U.S. Constitution, which left the option of slavery up to individual states. Each side became more radical through the years which finally lead to secession

Who were the abolitionists?

maimuli99 — 2020-10-24 16:07:41 UTC

A minority of Americans who wanted immediate eradication of slavery. Most of them were deeply religious women and men, who were convinced that slavery was sinful and immoral. African-Americans were at the forefront of the cause.

An useasy peace

maimuli99 — 2020-10-24 16:29:57 UTC

After the Mexican war was over the US gained a lot of new territory. This territory brought rivalry between North and South.

Abolitionists did not want cotton fields in the new land since it would benefit the spread of slavery
Southern slaveholder states feared that if slavery was prohibited in the new territoy they would loose power in Congress.

The Slave Trade

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 16:30:57 UTC

Around 600,000 Africans were brought to America through the triangular trade Europe, Africa, America in the 17th and 18th century.

The Underground Railroad

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 16:31:17 UTC

TIMELINE

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 17:03:25 UTC

(1619 – 1865)

Lincoln's House Divided Speech

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-24 18:34:29 UTC

- Lincoln gave it on June 16, 1858
- It was part of his 1860 Presidential campaign
- Lincoln addresses the danger of slavery-based disunion
- This speech is one of the best knowns of his career
- It begins with "A house divided against itself, cannot stand"

The Old South

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 22:03:37 UTC

2 different but attached worlds arose:

Slaveholders (masters or owners).
Slaves.

AMERICAN ART AND THE CIVIL WAR

arrateupv — 2020-10-24 22:45:34 UTC

Looking at the Civil War(1861-1865) between lines

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-24 23:17:32 UTC

- In the North as well as in the South, both candidates (Lincoln and Davis) had struggles to be in power.

- Both the North and the South suffered economically, but the situation was worse in the South, being left in utter poverty.

- In the war, women started to work at things that were meant to be for men, thus earning the respect of generals, politicians and husbands.

Abraham Lincoln

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-24 23:26:51 UTC

FILMS, SERIES, BOOKS AND COMICS

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Empire of cotton (2014) by Sven Beckert

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Many thousands gone (1998) by Ira Berlin

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Out of the house of bondage (2008) by Thavolia Glymph

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Epic battles of the Civil War (1998)

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maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 09:08:34 UTC

1619

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The first African slaves arrive in Virginia

1787

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The Constitutional Convention meets. Slavery illegal in the Northwest Territory.

1776

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The Declaration of Independence is signed.

1820

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The Missouri Compromise is passed.
Abolitionist Movement

1846

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Mexican-American War

1850

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Compromise of 1850

1854

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act

1857

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dec 20, 1860

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South Carolina secedes from Union.
The confederation is formed.

Nov 6, 1860

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Abraham Lincoln elected president

1861

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Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter
Civil War begins
First Battle of Bull Run

1862

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Battle of Antietam

1863

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Abraham Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation.
Battle of Gettysburg

1864

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Sherman invades Atlanta

1865

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Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders.
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Booth.

1852

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Influential anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.

1793

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The invention of cotton gin calls for more slave labour.

The compromise of 1850

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 10:31:56 UTC

The spoils of war caused another reason for secession.
The Constitution did not specify a solution for slavery, so to avoid a crisis between North and South a compromise was established.

3 new territories
- California became a free state and entered the Union
- Utah and New Mexico became slave states by popular sovereignty.
Stronger Fugitive slave law (Polarized North and South)--> Uncle Tom's cabin

This Compromise helped to avoid immediate conflict and postponed the war but the tension remained.

1831

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Nat Turner leads the biggest slave revolt in U.S. history.

1849

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Harriet Tubman escapes slavery and becomes a celebrated leader.

The United States Senate A.D 1850 by P.F Rothermel

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 10:58:56 UTC

The lost cause of the Confederacy

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 11:02:22 UTC

A negationist ideology:

The Confederate states' cause during the Civil War was a just and heroic one supported by state rights.
Romanticized view of the Old South (Chivalry, The southern Belle...)
Confederates were trying to defend the Southern way of life and culture.
Provided a sense of relief to White Southerns and helped reconcile white people from North and South.
White supremacist ideas and racism.
Still believed in the modern South (public display of Confederate flags, Sons of Confederate Veterans, memorials...)

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 11:19:11 UTC

Flag of the state of Georgia until 2001

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 11:29:08 UTC

Sojourner Truth

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 11:38:55 UTC

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Timothy H. O'Sullivan)

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 13:16:13 UTC

Battlefield photography which documents the carnage and destruction.

Oil painting by Winslow Homer

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It is shown a group of confederates surrendered to a Unionist official.

Execution Lincoln Assassins (Alexander Gardner)

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 13:23:38 UTC

Execution of the four people condemned as conspirators (Mary E. Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold and George A. Atzerodt).

The Girl I Left Behind Me (Eastman Johnson, 1872)

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 13:28:17 UTC

An allegory.
Represents the hope and need for a change in the country.

The Scourged Back of "Gordon" (McPherson & Oliver, 1863)

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 13:28:59 UTC

Photography by Alexander Gardner at the battle of Antietam

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 13:29:31 UTC

These kind of images had a visceral and immediate impact on the American's deepening awareness of emancipation and the need for reconciliation.

American Art during the Civil War

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 14:10:50 UTC

The bloody results of the civil war had a tremendous influence on the artists of the country.
The photos of the war disasters reached homes immediately.
The old romantic ideals of painting were removed and a feeling of anxiety emerged.
Marina and landscape themed paintings were left apart. The new works were related to destruction: fighting, poverty and hunger.
Dark tones are used to describe and deepen the feeling of anxiety.
Other more abstract and humanistic themes such as emancipation and reconciliation.
All this generated a national crisis: the ideals of the founders of the nation were reinvented.

Alexander Gardner

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 14:35:56 UTC

War Photographers

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 14:41:10 UTC

The American Civil War was the first war to be reported.
Real and dreadful images were taken by war photographers, such as Timothy H. O'Sullivan, Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson and Alexander Gardner.

Invention of the camera

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 14:52:08 UTC

The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by Nicéphore Niépce.

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 15:03:50 UTC

The Underground Railroad was a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to fugitive slaves from the South.
It operated only at night from the late 18th century to the Civil War.
Slaves were moved from "station" to "station" by abolitionists –homes and churches–.
Different clandestine efforts converged on this issue.

Quaker Abolitionists

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Train activists

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Harriet Tubman

Henry "Box" Brown

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White Gold

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In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
Consequently, huge increase in production.
New Orleans became the world's leading exporter of slave-grown crops.

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 15:59:50 UTC

Great Britain had outlawed slavery but former American colonies still continued.

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 16:00:29 UTC

It became a regional issue:
Mason-Dixon Line

US divided into North and South

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 16:01:59 UTC

Each region had totally different idiosyncrasy in economic and social aspects of life.
Those differences would result in a civil war later.

Unionists (North with blue uniform): they wanted the abolition of slavery and the unity of the US.
Confederates (South with grey uniform). against the abolition of slavery since it was the base of their economic system.

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 16:45:27 UTC

The most important historical event of the country.

620,000 soldiers died in the war
Most of the wars were fought in the South--> many southern states were destroyed.
Transformation of the old decentralized republic
- increased the powers of federal courts
- created a national currency and a national banking system
- New amendments on the Constitution that increased the power of the national government over the states.

16th President of the United States who abolished slavery and fought for the Union during the Civil War. He was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865).

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-25 16:50:28 UTC

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 17:00:00 UTC

INDUSTRIAL NORTH

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-25 17:02:39 UTC

AGRICULTURAL SOUTH

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maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 17:24:04 UTC

Statue of R.E Lee in Virginia

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 17:26:36 UTC

These amendments accomplished the most radical and rapid social and political change in American history:

13th amendment: Abolition of slavery
14th amendment: Granting of equal citizenship to all people born in the US
15th amendment: The right to vote for all African American men.

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 17:28:07 UTC

Before the war 2 socioeconomic models: Agricultural society based on slavery(South) and an entrepreneurial capitalist society based on free labor.
The victory of the North helped forge the framework of modern America, based on the institutions and ideology of free-labor entrepreneurial capitalism.

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 17:37:49 UTC

The 13th amendment

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, Painting by Thure de Thulstrup

aitormorientes13 — 2020-10-25 17:42:28 UTC

Battle of the Wilderness by Kurz and Allison

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arrateupv — 2020-10-25 17:53:14 UTC

CONSEQUENCES OF SLAVERY AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

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Plymouth Church

FREE AFRICAN-AMERICANS?

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In the Deep South, some slaves earned their freedom by manumission.

What is manumission?

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 18:57:27 UTC

Depending on the case, after outliving their usefulness and productivity in plantations (due to their age or health condition), the slaveholder decides to free the slave.

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 19:00:44 UTC

These "free" African-Americans did not have the same rights as white people.

Most of them lived in the South, amid slavery

arrateupv — 2020-10-25 19:01:44 UTC

Bibliography

maimuli99 — 2020-10-25 19:07:11 UTC

Digitalhistory.uh.edu. n.d. UH - Digital History. [online] Available at:

McPherson, J., 2010. Out Of War, A New Nation. [online] National Archives. Available at: .

Museo de Arte Americano de la Institución Smithsonian, 2012. Episode 1 - Podcast: The Civil War And American Art. [video] Available at:

Smithsonian American Art Museum. u.d. The Civil War And American Art. [online] Available at:

Urofsky, M., 2019. Compromise Of 1850 | Summary, Map, Facts, & Significance. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at:

Ushistory.org. n.d. US History. [online] Available at: