Al-Haytham (945-1040 CE) was one of the world's first theoretical physicists.

He contributed in optics, astronomy, and mathematics.

Al-Haytham described ways of performing experiments, and also helped to develop scientific methods.

Al-Khwarizmi (780-850 CE) was a noted mathematician of the middle ages.

His nickname was "Father of Algebra".

Al-Kindi (801-873 CE) was an Arab philosopher who studied Aristotle, the Greek scientist and philosopher.

He is often called the "Father of Arab Philosophy", and wrote many of his own works.

Al-Razi (854-925 CE) was an influential doctor from the Middle Ages.

He recorded his medical observations in several of his own books. These books were later used as textbooks in western medicine schools.

His discoveries were how to distinguish different diseases like small pox and measles from each other.

Islam is a monotheistic religion that was found in the early seventh century by the Prophet Muhammad.

The God of Islam is called Allah.

The official religious book of Islam is called the Quran.

A person who follows the religion of Islam is called a Muslim.

Muhammad is the Holy Prophet of Islam and is the last prophet to be sent from Allah to mankind.

Muslims believe the words of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel.

There are five basic acts called the Five Pillars of Islam. They are the Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Fasting, and Hajj.

The Hadith of Islam are additional texts that describe the actions and sayings of Muhammad that aren't directly from the Quran.

Mosques are places of worship for the followers of Islam.

Prayers are often led by the leader of the mosque that are called an "imam".

Islamic art has a distinct design with a variety of intricate designs and patterns.

The practice of the design is influenced by Islam to avoid idolatry instead of Allah.

A common pattern is called the arabesque. It has intricate patterns of leaves and flowers.

The arabesque pattern are common in wooden carvings, stone reliefs on buildings, textiles, and in decorated books.

Islamic artists also used geometric patterns called the "tesselation" and calligraohy.

A majoy form of Islamic art was ceramics. Some were influenced by Chinese porcelain.

Some Islamic artists also created their own unique ways of glazing pottery.

Islamic artists also created art using ceramic tiles.

The tiles would be used to cover walls or the entire outside of religious buldings with bright patterns and design.

In Islamic Golden Age weapons that were used in battle were sometimes decorated with patterns and calligraphy.

Some large cities became centers for trade and government.

Some cities hold religious importance.

Mecca (Saudi Arabia) is the most important city in Islam religion.

This is because Mecca is rhe city the Prophet Muhammad was born.

Mecca is still the most important city in Islam today, which is why Muslims pray towards it.

Medina is another important city because Muhammad traveled to Medina.

Another reason for Medina's importance is that it served as the capital of the Islamic Empire,

Medina is now considered the second holiest Muslim city.

Medina is the holder and home of Muhammad's tomb.

Damascus (Syria) was the first major city of the Byzantine Empire to fall to the Arabs.