BZT402_Biology of Vertebrate Pest Animals_Birds by Nurul Ain https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c Semester 1 2017/18 en-us 2017-09-26 01:03:07 UTC 2025-11-12 05:43:42 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Terminator.png Acridotheres tristis https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191080954 • Local Name : Common myna / Indian mynah

• Origin : Originates from Central, South, Southeast Asia

• Habit :
* produces various songs that consist of whistling, squeaking and gurgling sounds. Captive birds are able to mimic humans' speech

* Fruit-eating habits make them a pest of fruit trees, especially figs. Birds are also responsible for picking off seedlings in market gardens.

* build nest in the cavities of trees, buildings or cliffs where both parents collect twigs, leaves and grasses for the construction of cup-shaped nest.

• Diet :
* Omnivore (it eats plants and meat). Its diet is based on the snails, eggs, immature birds, frogs, insects, fruit and seed.
* follows the ploughs due to insects that can be collected from the furrowed soil. It occasionally eliminates ticks from the back of cattle

• Behaviour :
* often feeds in the groups and produces great damage in the orchards

* Common myna are very aggresive during breeding seasons.

• Reproduction :
* Mating season takes place from April to July and India. Common mynas are monogamous birds (they mate for a lifetime)
* Female lays 4 to 5 eggs that hatch after 13 to 18 days. Male provides food for the female during the incubation.

• Reason of the introduced species :
* The common myna was first introduced to Australia in Victoria into Melbourne's market gardens to control insects. The bird was later introduced to Queensland as a predator of grasshoppers and cane bettles

• Problems they bring in the new habitat :
* damage fruit crops, including grapes, apricots, apples, pears, strawberries, figs and gooseberries

* they are higly vocal throughout the year making them a public nuisance

* Their dropping are a nuisance

* They are a residential nuisance as they build nests in spouting and drainpipes

* They are are fearlessly steal food off plate which maybe a hygiene or general nuisance for restaurants and other shops and scavenge food from people's houses and garden

* Pose a human health risk as they carry bird mites such as Ornithonyssus bursa and Dermanyssus gallinae that may infect humans.

* They can also cause dermatitis, asthma, severe irritation and rashes.

* Their droppings can spread Psittacosis, Ornithosis, Salmonellosis and arboviruses (Pers. comm. Bill Handke)

*They may also carry owl flies, biting lice, Oxyspirrura thread worm and round worm (Stoner 1923)

• Organization that control birds pest in Malaysia :
* Rentokil Initial (M) Sdn. Bhd.
http://www.rentokil.com.my/birds/deterrents/ 

Group Members :
• Atikah Binti Ali (123823)
• Esther Anne Anak Randi (123825)
• Nur Eaina Tassya Binti Narudin (123836)
• Nur Amalina Binti Bujang (123835)]]> 2017-09-26 02:44:22 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191080954 Columba livia https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081065 Local name: Rock Dove (Pigeon)
Origin: Europe, North Africa and South Western Asia

Habit

• Walking or running on the ground and pecking for food
• Feed in the early morning, and in the midafternoon on the open ground. 
• They suck water through their beak like straw
• They have to take sip of water and lift their beak to the sky to allow the water to fall into their throat. 
• Make daily roundtrips flights in access of 50 km from roosting and nesting site to feeding areas

Diet

• Granivorous (corns, barleys, oats, bread)
• Female dove eats food higher in protein and calcium to have nutritional resources to lay eggs. 

Behavior

• Able to navigate using the Earth magnetic field
• Able to find their way across large distances even when blindfolded. 
• Often gather in flocks
• Makes lots of soft coo- ing noise while in flocks

Reproduction

• Mating system: Monogamous
• Sexual maturity: 1 year for both male and female 
• Breeds at any time of the year, but peak times are spring and summer. 
• Internal fertilization
• Both responsible in incubating eggs
• Incubation period: 18 days 
• Nest sites are selected by males and can be found either in isolation or in colony
• Nesting sites are along coastal cliff faces as well as the artificial cliff faces created by apartment buildings with accessible ledges or roof spaces.

Reason of the introduction

• Live food trade (introduced as a food source)
• Transportation of domesticated animals
• Use as a game bird

Problems

• Their waste of droppings can corrode footpath, buildings, structures and block rainwater gutters
• The tendency to forage in flocks can cause nuisances
• Their body and nest are infested with ectoparasite which can cause health problems to human
• They can transmit pigeonornithosis, encephalitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease, Salmonella food poisoning and several other diseases
• Spread diseases to other birds
• Increase the cost of maintenance 
• Large amounts of dropping may kill vegetation and produce an unpleasant smell
• Potential of birds- craft collisions become a threat to human safety

Organization
INNOPEST 
https://innopest.my/bird-control/ 

Group members:
Sharifah Shakinah Syed Aziz 127007
Isyriati Ishak 125884
Khairun Aina Kamarudin 122886
Nur Ezziati Amira Taufet Rosdi 127004
Ku Noor Khalidah Ku Halim 127165]]> 2017-09-26 02:45:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081065 Acridotheres tristis https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081212 Ain Dania Qistina Bt Hashim 125865
Alicia Prasana Santhosam 125869
Catherine Chieng Ying Ying 126119
Foo Kai Xin 125879
Ler Wei Rong 125893

Acridotheres tristis
ii) Information
- Local name: Common Myna
- Origin: Asia
- Habit: highly vocal, build nests in spouting and drainpipes, steal food off plates, and scavenge food from people's houses and gardens. 
- Diet: Omnivorous scavenger that feeds on insects, small mammals, small reptiles, eggs and chicks of other birds, seeds, fruit and human waste food.  

- Behaviour:  Common mynas are social, with juveniles forming small flocks after they leave their parents. Adults forage in loose flocks of 5 or 6, composed of single birds, pairs, and family groups. Outside of the breeding season they roost in large groups that can vary from tens to thousands. Communal roosting is helpful for defense against predators and also for food distribution. When foraging, these mynas hop sideways and saunter along the ground and on branches. Common mynas have also been observed participating in anting with fire ants. 

- Reproduction:  
During the breeding season, common mynas can be aggressive and violent while competing with other pairs over nesting sites. Common mynas are described as tame, gregarious, and bold, and engage in allopreening within mated pairs. 

- Reason of the introduced species: Many introductions were deliberate, often with the intention of providing biological control of insect pests. Accidental introductions most likely resulted from escapes from the cage bird trade

- The problems that the species bring to their new habitat: They damages the fruit crops, highly vocal cause public nuisance, droppings cause nuisance and public health concerns. Residential nuisance because they build nests in spouting and drainpipes. They steal food off plates and scavenges food from people's houses and gardens. They may also carry owl flies, biting lice, parasitic worms and Avian Malaria.

iii) Organization that provides service for controlling bird pest in Malaysia:
Rentokil Initial plc (M) Sdn Bhd
http://www.rentokil.com.my/birds/
Thank you. :)  
]]> 2017-09-26 02:46:25 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081212 Columba livia https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081245 Teo Teo Shi Huey 126202
Low Tek Joo 125897
Low Li Huie 126128
Zou  Bei 123082
Woo Pei Ling 125956

Local name:
Rock Pigeons

Origin:
Europe, West Asia, North Africa

Habitat:
-Rock pigeons prefer human habitations and are commonly found around farm yards, grain elevators, feed mills, parks, city buildings, bridges, and other structures.
-In some settings, rock pigeons will roost and nest in natural areas.

Diet
-primarily granivorous, but will consume insects and other food items
-In rural areas, rock pigeons forage primarily in fields for grains
-When available, high protein food items, such as peas, are preferred by rock pigeons.
-They mostly rely on free-standing water

Behaviour 
-Head shaking is shown on a physical level in response to mechanical
irritation of the head, but also as a response to stimuli that are (evidently)
psychologically displeasing.
- Nodding is derived from nest-building movements. It is shown when the
bird intends to "hold its ground" and may be either hostile or appeasing in
context.
- Displacement-preening occurs when the impulse to bill or copulate is
frustrated but no tendency to attack or to flee is present. It serves to indicate
sexual and peaceable intentions and perhaps also as an auto-erotic stimulus.
-Caressing occurs only between mates or young birds that have a social
bond between them. It appears to be due to sublimated aggressive impulses.
On a physical level it serves to remove foreign bodies from the plumage of the
head and the facial skin.
-Driving occurs as a response to the presence near the female (when she is
sexually receptive) of potential sexual rivals. Her mate tries to drive her away
from them. It does not occur if other males are not present. It functions to
prevent insemination of the female by males other than her own mate. Inter-
ference with copulating pairs is part of the same behaviour-complex as driving
and has a like causation and function.

Reproduction
-monogamous. The male provides nesting material and guards the female and the nest.
-The young are fed -pigeon milk, a liquid solid substance secreted in the crop of the adult (both male and female) that is regurgitated.
-Breeding may occur at all seasons, but peak reproduction occurs in the spring and fall.
-A population of rock pigeons usually consists of equal numbers of males and females

Reason
-as a food source
-for games

 Problem
-pigeon droppings deface and accelerate the deterioration of buildings
-consume and contaminate large qualities of food destined for human or livestock consumption
-may carry and spread diseases to people and livestock through their droppings
-potential bird-aircraft collisions

iii. Rentokil- http://www.rentokil.com.my/birds/

]]> 2017-09-26 02:46:42 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081245 Sturnus vulgaris https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081362 Choong Wee Chin 126127
Lee Wen Jie 126143
Tan Jou Heng 126201
Lim Pei Yee 126145
Kee Kai Shing 126135

Local Name: 
Common Starling

Origin: 
Native of Eurasia and North America

Habit:  
  • The concentration of droppings from a large roosting flock provides a good medium for pathogenic fungi, some of which can be harmful or even fatal to humans. 
  • It is an agricultural pest of standing crops, but will also flock into cities in large numbers. 

Diet:  
- Largely insectivorous and feeds on both pest and other arthropods. 

Behaviour:
 - Highly gregarious species, especially in autumn and winter.
-   Flocks form a tight sphere-like formation in flight, frequently expanding and contracting and changing shape, seemingly without any sort of leader. 
-  Very large roosts, exceptionally up to 1.5 million birds, can form in city centres, woodlands or reedbeds, causing problems with their droppings. 

Reproduction:  
  • Starlings can rear up to two broods a year. Each clutch usually consists of 4–6 eggs, the young staying in the nest for about 3 weeks. 
  • The breeding period can extend if conditions are favourable. 

Reason of introduction of species:
- Introduced in former Soviet Union to control grass grub  Costelytra zelandica in New Zealand.
- The original Australian introduction was facilitated by the provision of nest boxes to help this mainly insectivorous bird to breed successfully,

Kind of problem that the species bring to their new habitats:
- Agriculture pest
- Nuisance species
- Travel in flocks will cause hazard to air travel
- Transmit infectious diseases to humans.
-  Starlings' droppings can contain the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, the cause of histoplasmosis in humans.

Organization: Rentokil Pest Control Malaysia
http://www.rentokil.com.my/birds/species/

]]> 2017-09-26 02:47:36 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081362 Acridotheres tristis https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081367 Group members:
Nur Lyana bt Muhamad Ridzuan 125923
Fatin Nurul Haziera bt Abdul Hamid 125877
Qurratul Syuhada bt Ahmad Zabri 125937
Putri Zulaiha bt Khairul Bahri 125935
 
Local name:
Common Myna
(Burung Tiong Gembala Kerbau)

Origin:
Range from Iran, Afghanistan, and east through the Indian subcontinent to south China, Indochina and the mainland Southeast Asia.

Habit:
-Highly vocal throughout the year
-Residential nuisance as they built nest in spouting and drainpipes
-Fearlessly steal food off plate 

Diet:
Fruits, young vegetable crops, figs 

Behavior:
-Compete aggressively with native wildlife for nesting hollows 
-The calls includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing
-The common myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when it is about to take off flying
-Popular as cage birds for their singing and "speaking" abilities 

Reproduction:
-They breed through much of the year depending on the location, building their nest in a hole in a tree or wall
-Nesting material used by mynas include twigs, roots, tow and rubbish

Reason of the introduced species:
-Common myna was first introduced to Australia in Victoria between 1863 and 1872 into Melbourne’s market gardens to control insects.
-Introduced to Queensland as a predator of grasshoppers and cane beetles 

The problem that the species bring to their new habitat:
-Threat to crops and pasture
-Poses a serious threat to the ecosystems of Australia since they have the potential to become a serious economic pest species.
-Reduce the breeding success of several hole nesting species particularly parrots
-Spread mites and have the potential to spread diseases to people and domestic animals.
-At South Africa  kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young due to the myna's strong territorial instinc the species  kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young due to the myna's strong territorial instinct.
-In Hawaii it is out competing a lot of the native birds for food and nesting area.
-Their aggressive behavior contributes to its success as an invasive species 

Organization:
Rentokil Initial plc (M) Sdn Bhd
http://www.rentokil.com.my/birds/


]]> 2017-09-26 02:47:38 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081367 Sturnus Vulgaris https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081534 Siti Aishah binti mohd ali (125941)
Zarith Soffy binti muhamed (125959)
Murni Binti Abdul Wahid (125906)
Zulaikha Ilani Binti Roslan (125960)
Muhamad Syahrulnizam Bin Asmee (125905)

*Local name : European starlings.
*Origin :  Native range in temperate Europe and western Asia.
*Habit :
Nesting - Very aggressive at claiming nesting site.
Mating - Male choose nesting site and female choose male.
Feeding - Open their beak while probing to ground and aggressive at feeders.
*Diet :   Eat nearly anything but they focus on insects and other invertebrates 
*Behavior : Boisterous, loud, travel in large groups or they sit high on wires or trees making a constant stream of rattles, whirs, and whistles.
*Reproduction :  Mating system is monogamous. The birds may lay more than one clutch in the same breeding season, particularly if the eggs or babies from the first clutch did not survive.

*What reason of introduction of species?
- At america, the bird were intentionally released by a group who wanted america to have all the birds that Shakespeare ever mention.

*What kind of problem that the species bring to their new species?
-  Starlings may be sucked into aircraft jet engines
-  Can cause of histoplasmosis in humans.

*Organization
- Ikari (M) Sdn. Bhd. http://www.ikari.com.my/services/bird-control/ 

48, Jalan 1, Taman Industri Pandan Indah Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur 

Tel          : +603 4295-5566 
Fax         : +603 4294-5698 
Email     : info@ikari.com.my 

- Bird Control Specialists Sdn Bhd. http://www.birdcontrol.com.my/aboutus0.php 

Head Office 
No. 12A, Jalan Industri USJ 1/8, 
Taman Perindustrian USJ 1, 
47600 Subang Jaya, 
Selangor Darul Ehsan. 

Tel: 603 - 8023 1888 
Fax: 603 - 8023 3779 
Email: Enquiry@birdcontrol.com.my 

]]> 2017-09-26 02:49:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081534 Columba livia https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081558 ii)
Local name: Rock Dove
Origin - Europe, North Africa and southwestern Asia
Habitat:
- Wild rock doves nest in crevices along rocky seaside cliffs, close to agriculture or open shrub vegetation
Behaviour:
-  Walk or run while bobbing their heads forward and backward.
-  Fly with a steady and direct path.
_  Flock while roosting, sunning, and feeding
Diet:
-  Mainly seeds
-  Female needs a diet higher in protein and calcium (lay eggs)
Reproduction:
-monogamous mating system
-year-round breeding
-both male and female incubate the eggs
- each bird works cooperatively on most aspects of reproduction and young-rearing
-dioecious
-oviparous female laid eggs shortly after the nest is finished by the male


Reason of introduction of this species
• Homing and racing competition (Robbins 1995)
• In Japan (Eguchi & Amano 2004) and the Galápagos Islands (Phillips et al. 2003) they are kept as a food source
• source of pleasure for many people who enjoy watching and feeding them
• Transportation of domesticated animals: Europeans moving to new locations were a source of early introduced populations (Robbins 1995)

What kind of problem this species bring to new habitat
 • transmit pigeon ornithosis, encephalitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonella food poisoning, and several other diseases (Weber 1979, Long 1981)
• Rock pigeons and their nests are infested with ectoparasites, such as ticks, fleas, and mites, which can cause health problems for humans (Dautel et al. 1991, Haag & Spiewak 2004)
 • Accelerate the deterioration of buildings and increase cost of maintenance (Haag 1995)
 • Large amounts of droppings may kill vegetation and produce an objectionable odour
 • Around grain handling facilities, pigeons consume and contaminate large quantities of food destined for human or livestock consumption
 • Potential bird-craft collisions (Seamans et al. 2007)

iii) Organisation:
INNOPEST - https://innopest.my/bird-control/

References:
Dautel, H., Kahl, O. and Knülle, W. 1991. The soft tick, Argas reflexus (F.) (Acari, Argasidae) in urban environments and its medical significance in Berlin (West). J. Appl. Entomol. 111: 380–390

Eguchi, K. and Amano, H.E. 2004. Spread of exotic birds in Japan. In Ornithological Science 3:3- 11. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/osj/3/1/3/_pdf

Haag-Wackernagel, D. 1995. Regulation of the street pigeon in Basel. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23: 256–260.

Long, J.L. 1981. Introduced birds of the world: The worldwide history, distribution, and influence of birds introduced to new environments. New York: Universe Books.

Phillips, R. B., Snell, H. L., and Vargas, H. 2003. Feral rock doves in the Galapagos Islands: biological and economic threats. Noticias de Galapagos 62:6-11.

Robbins, C. S. 1995. Non-native birds. Pages 437-440 in LaRoe, E. T., Farris, G. S., Puckett, C. E., Doran, P. D., and Mac, M. J. ed. Our Living Resources. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. xi, 530 pp.

Weber, W.J. 1979. Health hazards from pigeons, starlings and English sparrows: Diseases and parasites associated with pigeons, starlings, and English sparrows which affect domestic animals.  Fresno, CA: Thomson Publications.

Group members:
Chong Yong Fatt 123824
Tang Chu Nie 123849
Soo Aie Ling 123848
Muhamnad Nuruddin 125904
Manmit Singh 126151]]> 2017-09-26 02:49:33 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081558 Sturnus Vulgaris https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081702
Local Name : Common Starling
Origin: Europe, Southwest Asia, Northen Africa.

Habit :
"secondary cavity nester"
(a bird that requires natural or man made cavities in which to put its nest)

Behaviour:
- very gregarious birds, flocking at all times with other straling
- breed in bunches, feed in flocks and migrate in masses.
- Males use a wing waving technique (where the wings flaps halfway) to attract their females.
- Males impress female by singing in their nest. When female is fertile, her male mate closely surveys his competitors. the male follows the female in every activity she takes part in.

Diet:
- primary diet : omnivore
- Animal Food: Carrion, insects terrestrial, non-insects arthropods, terrestrial worms.
- Plant food: seeds, grains and nuts fruits

Reproduction:
- sexual and oviparous
- the breeding season generally persists from lake spring through mid summer (Northen hemisphere - from late March to early July)(Southern hemisphere-from September through December)
- Clutch sizes average 4-6 eggs and female produce up to 3 clutches over the course of a breeding season.
- Polygynous (males breed with multiple female)


What is the reason the introduction of the species?
- controll invertebrate pests.
-biological control
-ornamental purposes
- act as natural dispersal
-transportation of domesticated animals (as pets)

What kind of problem that the species bring to their new habitat?
-become pest as they feed on fruits and sprouting crops. (damage to agricultural crops)
-cause nuisance due to the noise produced and mess from their large urban roosts
-roof linings and negatively affect aesthetic
-due to their large flocks, if they roosts near airport, there is potential for bird-aircraft collisions and caused jet engine damage and loss of human life
-carry many infectious organisms and have been implicated in the transmission of numerous human and animal disease


The organization that provide service for controlling bird pest in Malaysia?
- INNOPEST SOLUTION
https://innopest.my/


GROUP MEMBER:
1) NUR AFIEQAH BT MOHAMMAD (125915)
2) NUR ASNIDA BT A RAZAK (125919)
3) NUR AFIFAH BT SHARUDIN (127196)
4) TUAN AINUL ASYIKIN BT TUAN AZLAN(125954)

]]> 2017-09-26 02:51:04 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081702 Columba livia https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081824
  • Local Name : Rock Pigeon

    • Origin : Western and Southern Europe, North Africa, South Asia

    • Habit : Roost together in building or on walls or statues

    • Behaviour :  Preening behaviour 

    • Diet :  Seeds (corn, oat, barly), Insectivorous 

    • Reproduction :  
      Peak times at spring and summer 

    • Reason of introduction of species :  Domesticated and raised for food and trained for homing 

    • Problem brought to habitat :  transmit pigeon ornithosis, encephalitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease,            cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonella food poisoning,  Health problem for human from ectoparasite such as ticks, fleas and mites, rock pigeon droppings can accelerate the deterioration of buildings and   increase cost of maintenance. 
     
    • Organization that provides pest control : IKARI Pest Management Professional 

       

      website link          : http://www.ikari.com.my/services/bird-control/ 


    Mohd Nazim Bin Mohmad Sah (117894)
    Mohd Iftar Johwan bin johny@hasbulah (126154)
    Ahmad Hadri bin Jumaat (126114)
    Muhammad Hazim Asyraf bin Mohd Kamal (126160)

    Reference
    http://icwdm.org/handbook/birds/EuropeanStarlings.asp
    http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sturnus_vulgaris/
    https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/European_Starling/id
    http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/51979
    ]]>     2017-09-26 02:52:14 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191081824     Columba livia https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191083866  
    ii)Local name: Rock dove, common pigeon
    Origin : Europe, North Africa&western Asia
    Habit : gather in flocks
    Diet : grains and some invertebrates
    Behaviour: walk or run while bobbing their head forward and backward, fly with steady and direct path, often seen during daylight, seeking cover at night and in during the heat of the day, according to the climate
    Reproduction: breeding season varies between region, oviparous, eggs hatch approximately 19days after being laid. 
    -Reason of the introduction of the species is as a food source or for game. 
    -The problem that this bird bring to their new habitat is they cause considerable damage to buildings and monuments because of their corossive droppings ,they also pose a health hazard since they are capable of transmitting a variety of diseases to human and to domestic poultry and wildlife.
    iii) www.rentokil.com.my
    iv) group members:
    Hanani binti munir 123828
    Zaizatulasyikin binti razali 123855
    Teh Suhaila binti Zuhairi 123850
    Fatin Suhaila binti Shukor 123826

    ]]>     2017-09-26 03:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191083866     Thumbs Up! elias_nurulain https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191162859 Congratulations to everyone! 
    I hope, all of you are able to understand the basic ecology and background of several bird species that categorized as pest. 
    Knowing the historical information of the species will help us to identify the best approach to control them.  

    Happy studying !
    -Dr `Ain]]>     2017-09-26 10:19:22 UTC https://padlet.com/elias_nurulain/3rzc7367n67c/wish/191162859