Determinants of Health by Nick James https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS In relation to HIV en-us 2017-08-09 08:10:56 UTC 2025-12-06 09:27:16 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Shakinghands.png Economic xXswagboiii42069Xx https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533079 -In 2000, the cost of a year’s supply of first-line HIV treatment was about US $10 000 per person; today, it is less than $100 per person.  (Africa)
-The pandemic has already reduced average national economic growth rates by 2-4% a year across Africa
-The HIV/AIDS pandemic has an impact on labour supply, through increased mortality and morbidity.
-Lower domestic productivity reduces exports, while imports of expensive healthcare goods may increase.   
-In New Zealand, the average cost of an annual supply of HIV medication is approximately $11,000. If you are a permanent resident or citizen, this cost is subsidised by PHARMAC and you will only need to pay the prescription fees.
-When it comes to insurance, e.g., health, property or car, some insurance companies may refuse to insure you if you choose not to disclose your HIV status or are living with HIV.
-AIDS seriously weakens the taxable population, reducing the resources available for public expenditures such as education and health services not related to AIDS resulting in increasing pressure for the state's finances and slower growth of the economy
-AIDS results in both the loss of income and increased spending on healthcare by the household.


]]> 2017-08-09 21:42:59 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533079 Cultural https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533096 - stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS
   - 80s 'gay disease'
   - associated with death
- cultural beliefs and practices that inhibit adequate health care
- inaccurate information about how it is transmitted which creates irrational behaviour and misconceptions of personal risk
- beliefs surrounding sex could either increase or decrease the prevalence of HIV/AIDS eg abstinence
- religious communities may judge against those with HIV/AIDS, making it harder for people with it to speak out and get treatment due to fear of being judged in their community

]]> 2017-08-09 21:43:14 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533096 Environmental st14193 https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533122 Swaziland has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates with a total of 27.73% of the population living with HIV/AIDS. Most of the infections in Swaziland are transmitted through low condom use, transactional sex, and sexual violence. Women are most affected by the epidemic with more than 31% reporting an HIV-positive status, compared to 20% in men. 
Botswana has the world’s second largest prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS with 25.16% of the population living with the disease. 
23.39% of the population of Lesotho is infected with HIV/AIDS, making it the third highest rate in the world. 
South Africa has the fourth highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate with 18.92% of the population living with HIV/AIDS.

]]> 2017-08-09 21:43:37 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533122 Personal https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533260 In infected people, the virus is present mainly in the blood, and in the seminal fluids of man and vaginal secretions and breast milk of women. To transmit it from one person to another requires either the blood of an infected person enter into the body of another, or through sex, or from mother to child. The highest risk from sex is from anal sex, followed by vaginal sex, and a much smaller risk from oral sex. http://cnls.lanl.gov/~rajan/AIDS-india/MYWORK/qHIV.html 

Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, approximately 15,000 children in the United States have been infected with HIV and 3,000 children have died. About 90 percent of those were infected with the virus during pregnancy or birth. HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, labor, delivery or breastfeeding is called perinatal transmission. Perinatal HIV transmission is the most common way children are infected with HIV.
http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/hiv-aids-during-pregnancy/ 

Seeing HIV is present mainly in the blood of individuals and can be within breast milk of pregnant woman would mean that it can be passed on to the child as they would be inheriting it through through breast feeding, although it is not a hereditary disease.


In 2013, people aged 55 and older accounted for more than one-quarter (26%, or 319,900) of the estimated 1.2 million people living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV infection in the United States.

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/olderamericans/index.html










]]> 2017-08-09 21:45:19 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533260 Social https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533265 ~HIV primarily affects young adults, cutting a broad path through society's most productive layer and destroying a generation of parents, whose death leaves behind orphans, desocialized youth and child-headed households.

~AIDS has a significant impact on the more educated and skilled segments of society because HIV primarily infects productive young adults rather than children or the elderly.

~HIV also increases social and economic vulnerability among women.

~The social stigma attached to HIV and AIDS adds to the impediments encountered in mounting a response to AIDS, in addition to the discrimination already faced by infected individuals.

~The premature death of large numbers of young adults has an inevitable impact on those societies most affected by AIDS.

~According to studies of rural families in Thailand and urban families in Côte d'Ivoire, farm output and income fell between 52 and 67 per cent in families affected by AIDS. Families are also subject to discrimination if they have members who are HIV-positive, often facing reduced access to publicly available social and economic benefits.



]]> 2017-08-09 21:45:27 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533265 Political https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533277 Many states and some cities have partner-notification laws—meaning that, if you test positive for HIV, you (or your healthcare provider) may be legally obligated to tell your sex or needle-sharing partner(s). In some states, if you are HIV-positive and don't tell your partner(s), you can be charged with a crime

In New Zealand it is illegal to discriminate against HIV+ people.

Sect 21(h)(vii) Prohibited grounds of discrimination “The presence in the body of organisms capable of causing illness.”

You cannot be sacked from employment or thrown out of accommodation. You cannot be refused medical, hospital or dental treatment. Shops, business, restaurants and service providers cannot refuse to serve you.

The New Zealand Court of Appeal has ruled that otherwise consensual unprotected sex without disclosure of known HIV-positive vitiates consent, meaning that potential HIV exposure (non-disclosure without transmission) could well be upgraded from criminal nuisance to sexual assault in future criminal cases.



]]> 2017-08-09 21:45:37 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533277 Political https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533394 HIV-Specific Criminal Laws. ... In 24 states, laws require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission

In New Zealand, everyone has a legal duty not to endanger the life, health or safety of others. In law this means that people living with HIV must take ‘reasonable precautions’ to avoid transmitting HIV to sexual partners. 

Reasonable precautions’ would mean taking care to avoid sexual transmission of HIV and participating in sexual activities that involve a very low risk or no risk of transmission, for example, masturbation and kissing, and using condoms for anal and vaginal sex. 


  • In New Zealand there have been several court proceedings and convictions against HIV+ people who have NOT used condoms and NOT declared their HIV+ status before having sex.
  • This is for Africa, The law also makes provision for compulsory HIV testing for accused rapists and for the settling of marital disputes; empowers healthcare workers to disclose a patient's HIV status to their spouse or sexual partner; and requires people with HIV to tell their partners as soon as possible or within six weeks of learning their diagnosis
]]> 2017-08-09 21:46:59 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533394 Lifestyle https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533499 -inability to continue working ]]> 2017-08-09 21:48:21 UTC https://padlet.com/njam259/DOHHIVAIDS/wish/180533499