6.3 Lê Vy
    When the British seized power in 1778, they devised a strategy to invade the southern colonies. Georgia and South Carolina are the starting points. The British won with the support of the Loyalists and Indian allies in the South. Following their conquest of Georgia, the British moved on to South Carolina. South Carolina was divided between the backcountry, so it fell to Great Britain. However, because Britain received so much assistance, its forces were isolated. That's when General Greene noticed the British army's flaw. He didn't need to win a single battle, but he did need to build his troops to wage war. And his strategy worked. Despite their triumph on the battlefield, the British incurred heavy losses. Cornwallis' army was dispatched to Yorktown, but he was defeated when America and France joined forces. They made it impossible for Lord Cornwallis to escape to the sea. The situation was reversed when Lord Cornwallis surrendered on October 19. And in April 1782, the Americans began peace negotiations.
6.4 ( Ngọc Linh)

 

LOYALISTS

According to historians, about 20-30% of the colonists were Loyalists, and they were often royalty, merchants, and others. Others just despised local business and political rivals who backed the revolution, seeing the insurgents as hypocrites and schemers who hoped to profit from the break with the Empire. To weed out Loyalists, revolutionary governments enacted legislation forcing male citizens to swear allegiance to the new states. Those who rejected were either imprisoned or forced to labor for the new revolutionary order in their area. Instead of staying in the new United States after the Revolution, over 100,000 colonists fled to England and Canada.

 

SLAVES AND INDIANS

While some slaves who fought for the Patriot cause were freed, Washington, who owned over 200 slaves during the Revolution, refused to allow slaves to fight in the army, but he did allow free blacks to do so. Many enslaved persons who fought for the Patriot cause were freed, whereas the British refused to release these allies. Although the majority of the approach to the method of carrying is tied to skin color, white revolutionaries were largely unified in their hatred of both blacks and Indians. Some of these African Loyalists went to Sierra Leone on Africa's west coast after the Revolution. Others relocated to Canada and the United Kingdom.

 

PATRIOTS

 

The war for independence brought a large cross-section of society together, driven by a single cause. American revolutionaries came from many varied backgrounds but shared a common cause.

 

WOMEN

 

Women in colonial America took care of their families, nurtured their children, and also manufactured war goods (clothes to food). When husbands and sons go to battle, this is a difficult duty. To fight British revenue-raising plans in the mid-1760s, he worked ceaselessly to promote the war effort. A few women also fought in battle, demonstrating their equality with men by inflicting brutality on the dreaded British.

 - In colonial America, women shouldered enormous domestic and child-rearing responsibilities. The war for independence only increased their workload and, in some ways, solidified their roles. The Revolution opened some new doors for women, however, as they took on public roles usually reserved for men.

6.2 Quang Anh
In 1776, British forced to Nova to regroup and planned to end the rebellion by cutting New England off from the rest of the colonies. General William Howe amassed thirty-two thousand troops on Staten island and landed his forces on Long island in August 1776. Then, Washington’s forces held up against the British at the battle of Harlem Heights. In 1977, the British burned Danbury Connecticut. The British held American prisoners aboard ships in the waters around New York City. Meanwhile, New York city served as haven of Loyalists who disagreed with the effort to break away from the Empire. In December 26, Washington moved on Trenton- the place that Hessians were camped. He defeated them surprisingly by attacking at Christmastime. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the war. That victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation. It changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington’s aide-de-camp. Otherwise,the Dutch Republic also began to support the American revolutionaries and signed a treaty of commerce with the United States in 1782. In june 1778, the British force in philadelphia evacuated to New York City in order to defend that city.

-          decade from 1763 to 1774 was a difficult one for the British Empire. Although Great Britain had
 defeated the French in the French and Indian War, the debt from that conflict remained a stubborn and
 seemingly unsolvable problem for both Great Britain and the colonies. Great Britain tried various methods
 of raising revenue, instituting a tax
 on tea and other goods sold to the colonies by British companies, but many subjects resisted these taxes. In
 the colonies, Patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty led boycotts of British goods and took violent measures
 that stymied British officials. Boston proved to be the epicenter of protest , protested the Tea Act
 passed that year—which, among other provisions, gave the East India Company a monopoly on tea—by
 boarding British tea ships docked in Boston Harbor and dumping tea worth over $1 million. When the Massachusetts Assembly refused to pay for the tea, Parliament enacted
 a series of laws called the Coercive Acts, Parliament
 designed these laws, which closed the port of Boston, limited the meetings of the colonial assembly, and
 disbanded all town meetings, to punish Massachusetts and bring the colony into line

-          Throughout late 1774 and into 1775, tensions in New England continued to mount. Minutemen met the
 British troops and skirmished with them, first at Lexington and then at Concord. The British
 retreated to Boston, enduring ambushes from several other militias along the way. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, New England fully mobilized for war. Thousands of militias
 from towns throughout New England marched to Boston, and soon the city was besieged by a sea of rebel
 forces . In June, General Gage resolved to take Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. despite his victory, General Gage
 was unable to break the colonial forces’ siege of the city. In August, King George III declared the colonies
 to be in a state of rebellion.

-          With the events of 1775 time had come to secede from the Empire and declare independence. Over the past ten years, these
 colonists had argued that they deserved the same rights as Englishmen enjoyed in Great Britain, only to
 find themselves relegated to an intolerable subservient status in the Empire. The groundswell of support
 for their cause of independence in 1776 also owed much to the appearance of an anonymous pamphlet,
 first published in January 1776, entitled Common Sense.

-          t
 of an island (England) to rule over America. In this way, Paine helped to channel colonial discontent
 toward the king himself and not, as had been the case, toward the British Parliament—a bold move
 that signaled the desire to create a new political order disavowing monarchy entirely. He argued for the
 creation of an American republic, a state without a king, and extolled the blessings of republicanism,
a political philosophy that held that elected representatives, not a hereditary monarch, should govern
states. The vision of an American republic put forward by Paine included the idea of popular sovereignty:
citizens in the republic would determine who would represent them, and decide other issues, on the basis
of majority rule. Republicanism also served as a social philosophy guiding the conduct of the Patriots in
their struggle against the British Empire. It demanded adherence to a code of virtue, placing the public
good and community above narrow self-interest

-          In the summer of 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to sever ties with Great
 Britain. The Declaration,
 written primarily by Jefferson, included a long list of grievances against King George III and laid out
 the foundation of American government as a republic in which the consent of the governed would be of
 paramount importance. The preamble to the Declaration began with a statement of Enlightenment principles about universal
 human rights and values: “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that
 they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and
 the pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
 their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes
 destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it.”

6.2 Minh Anh, Bao Anh
After the British quit Boston, they implemented to isolate New England, believing that would end the conflict. They began with capturing New York City in 1776 and took over the American capital of Philadelphia in 1777. The major campaigns over the next several years took place in the middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, whose populations were sharply divided between Loyalists and Patriots. After evacuating Boston in March 1776, British forces sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup. They devised a strategy, successfully implemented in 1776, to take New York City. Three British armies were to move simultaneously from New York City, Montreal, and Fort Oswego to converge along the Hudson River; British control of that natural boundary would isolate New England. Command of New York City and the Hudson River was their goal. august 1776, General Howe landed his forces on Long Island and easily routed the American Continental Army there in the Battle of Long Island. The Americans were outnumbered and lacked both military experience and discipline.
On September 16, 1776, George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of Harlem Heights. A few weeks later, on October 28, General Howe’s forces defeated Washington at the Battle of White Plains and New York City fell to the British. In 1777, the British burned Danbury, Connecticut, and in July 1779, they set fire to homes in Fairfield and Norwalk. They held American prisoners aboard ships in the waters around New York City; the death toll was shocking, with thousands perishing in the holds. On January 3, 1777, Washington and his continental army achieved another much-needed victory at the Battle of Princeton. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation, which changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington’s aide-de-camp. The Dutch Republic also began to support the American revolutionaries and signed a treaty of commerce with the United States in 1782

6.3 Tri Khang
By 1778, the American War of Independence had turned into a stalemate. The British turned their attention to the southern colonies, where Loyalists could expect more support. The southern strategy brought the British success at first, but thanks to the leadership of George Washington, the Continental Army defeated the British at Yorktown.

Georgia and South Carolina

In December 1778, the British launched their southern campaign by taking Savannah, Georgia's capital. They got backing in Georgia from hundreds of slaves who fled to the British side to escape their enslavement. Following their conquest of Georgia, the British moved on to South Carolina. Camden was one of the most disastrous battles of the Revolutionary War for American troops. General Greene knew that he didn't need to win a single battle to defeat Cornwallis. He could continue to eliminate isolated British forces as long as he stayed in the field. 

Yorktown

Lord Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia, expecting the Royal Navy to transport him to New York. A combined French and American force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781. After a siege that lasted eight days, Cornwallis capitulated on October 19.

Treaty of Paris

The British defeat at Yorktown almost ensured the war's result. The British Parliament opted to stop military operations against the insurgents. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 by representatives from the United Kingdom and the United States.

6.4 Dic Munh
About 20-30% of colonists were Loyalists as claimed by historians. Many Loyalists were royal officials and merchants with extensive business ties to Great Britain. Others resented local business and political rivals who supported the Revolution. All states passed confiscation acts which resulted in the new revolutionary governments seize Loyalists land and property legally. After the Revolution, more than 100,000 colonists left to England and Canada instead of staying in the new US. 

Many enslaved people who fought for the Patriot cause received their freedom whereas the British didn’t grant these allies their freedom. In the new United States, the Revolution largely reinforced a racial identity based on skin color. Whiteness, now a national identity, denoted freedom and stood as the key to power. Blackness, more than ever before, denoted sevile status

Between ten and twenty thousand enslaved people gained their freedom because of the Revolution. At Yorktown, thousands of Black troops fought with Lord Cornwallis. While the British offered freedom, most American revolutionaries clung to notions of Black inferiority. After the Revolution, some of these African Loyalists emigrated to Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa.

 

The American revolutionaries came from many different backgrounds and included merchants, shoemakers, farmers, and sailors. During the war, the revolutionaries faced great difficulties, including massive supply problems. The struggle for independence brought a vast cross-section of society together, animated by a common cause.

The Daughters of Liberty worked tirelessly to support the war effort. Women were also expected to provide food and lodging for armies and to nurse wounded soldiers. Esther DeBerdt Reed of Philadelphia raised almost $300,000 in Continental money for the war. She led a fundraising drive to provide sorely needed supplies to the Continental Army.

British forces sailed to Nova Scotia to regroup after abandoning Boston in March 1776. The following year, they planned to end the rebellion by cutting New England off from the rest of the colonies and starving it into submission.

General Howe landed his men on Long Island in August 1776, and in the Battle of Long Island, he quickly crushed the American Continental Army. General and Admiral Howe arranged a peace conference in September 1776, where Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and South Carolinian John Rutledge represented the Continental Congress. The Americans demanded recognition of their independence, which the Howes were not authorized to grant, and the conference disbanded. 

George Washington’s forces held up against the British at the Battle of Harlem Heights. General Howe’s forces defeated Washington’s at the Battle of White Plains and New York City fell to the British. New York City served as a haven for Loyalists who disagreed with the effort to break away from the Empire and establish an American republic.
The members of the Second Continental Congress approved the formation of a professional Continental Army with Washington as commander-in-chief when they assembled in Philadelphia in May 1775. Back then, militias still made up the majority of the Patriotes' armed forces, and these troops returned home after the summer fighting season. This changed later when Washington deviated from traditional 18th-century military tactics, which required fighting exclusively during the summer. After the British captured New York City, he launched surprise strikes against British forces in their winter quarters. Washington achieved another crucial victory at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777.

6.1 mai anh
Great Britain pursued a policy of law and order when dealing with the crises in the colonies in the late 1760s and 1770s, however, relations between the British and Americans Patriots worsened over the decades then finally the American Revolution. Taxes were instituted on goods and tea in order to settle debt from the conflict but many subjects resisted these taxes as violent measures were used. Parliament enacted a series of laws to punish Massachusetts and bring the colony into line. British American and other colonies were troubled and angered, a congress was held in Philadelphia to establish the Continental Association to control and shape resistance to Great Britain. The conflict turned people’s attention to supplies of weapons and gunpowder, rebel militias were formed. The conflicts with the General Gage army caused Britain to fail and take a high damage. In 1776, the colonies reached the conclusion that the time had come to secede from the Empire and declare independent. The groundswell of support for their cause of independence in 1776 also owed much to the appearance of a pamphlet of Thomas Paine helped convince many to reject the monarchy and the British Empire in favor of independence and a republican form of government. In the summer of 1776 the continental Congress met in Philadelphia, agreed to sever ties with Great Britain, the declaration of independence laid out the foundation of American government as a republic and promoted fairness and equality however it only existed only among white men.