With industrialization in Manchester came other side effects such as air pollution.

The Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain, established fossil fuels as a main energy source to power factories, mills, mines, and other industrialized practices.

At the time, climate change was unheard of and the world did not know about the consequences of their actions.

• One of these consequences was air pollution; as Manchester factories in the 1800s began to burn coal and release smoke through the large smokestacks.

By the 1840s, 500 chimneys were releasing smoke in Manchester, polluting the air and making it difficult to breathe in the city.

• Higher death rates due to respiratory problems were a result of factories such as these, not only in Manchester, but all through various industrial areas.

As fossil fuel-powered machinery grew more production-efficient, they grew less and less energy-efficient, releasing pollutants at a faster pace.

Activists at the time began to realize their impact on the environment, but lack of organization and recognition of true underlying problems unfortunately led their causes going nowhere.

• Many believed that the air pollution was simply a part of growing economy, a fair price to pay for the industrialization and rapid growth of Manchester.

Pollution finally died down when the 1956 Clean Air Act created smokeless zones within Manchester.

The air pollution caused by industrialization throughout parts of the world such as Manchester taught us a valuable lesson about what climate change really can do and the conditions that are fostered when such issues are repeatedly ignored.

1801 - The Law of Partial Pressure: states the pressure of a mixed gas is the sum of the pressures that each of its components would exert if occupying the same space.

Henry Roscoe - Chemist - The constituents of a gaseous mixture remain homogeneously mixed instead of separating into layers according to their density

1803 - Dalton created the first table of atomic weights, and wrote a well received paper.

Dalton's theory was based on the concept that each element consists of its own unique brand of indivisible atom

Atoms of one elements are the same, but differ from the atoms of other elements.

Dalton assigned atomic weights to the atoms of the 20 elements known at the time

This later contributed to the creation of the periodic table, which unified and enabled the chemical revolution.

Manchester was called Cottonopolis and had about 99 cotton-spinning mills. 

Manchester had warm precipitation = good for separating and spinning cotton. 

Industrialization in Manchester had lots of effects but heavily polluted the city which led to health problems to the people living there. This was a massive problem during the time, as its estimated that even in present day 7 millionn people die because of polluted air, and everyone is impacted by it.

The main reason for this air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels to power factory’s. Coal was the main source of energy for 19th-century Manchester, and during the time, nobody understood the long term effects of burning all this coal. Soon enough, people started coughing and had stinging eyes due to the pollution, and it was just the start.

During the peak of Manchesters cotton industry and coal powered steam engines, it also became the peak for the amount of pollution during the time, darkening the skies. This had been known as “the smoke nuisance” which had terrible consequences.

By the mid-1840’s, there were 500 smoking industrial chimneys on in Manchester and this number would only go up. This smoke has been associated with thriving economy’s at the time, and for the average families it was known as their source of jobs.

The main problem that Manchester faced was the overuse of burning coal, which release carbon dioxide, ash, and water vapor. This release, even in small amounts, when inhaled poses an immediate risk to health of the people. In 1820, engine powered cotton mills were introduced to try and limit the amount of smoke released.

Dedicated campaigners fought to reduce Manchesters smoke problem from the formation of Manchesters association of the prevention of smoke n 1842. These campaigners fought to try and clean up the air, and after the 1956 Clean Air Act, it was the first time in 100 years the city’s citizens could breathe the air without worry.

The long term consequences still existed. This amount of smoke contributed to the greenhouse effect and an increase in global temperature causing climate change. Manchester was the first industrial city, and was the first to experience this air pollution as the brith place of the Industrial Revolution. With time, the negative impacts of this time period have been softened but still can be seen today.

The Singer Sewing Machine was invented by Issac Singer in 1851 the revolutionized the garment factory but offering a faster and more efficient way to sew fabrics compared to hand sewing methods.

It allowed for mass production of clothing significantly reducing the time needed to make garment and improved the speed and scale of textile factory’s making it textile goods more cheaper =

One of Singers key innovations was the introduction of the foot pedal or treadle which allowed workers to operate the machine hands free increasing productivity

The singer machine became widely adopted in factories leading to standardization in sewing methods and sizes which was important for the mass production of clothing.

It was marketed internationally and by the late 19th century it was used in factories around the world helping clothes to be produced faster

The industrial sewing machine boosted worker productivity allowing factories to produce much more clothing in a shorter amount which contributed heavily to the growth of the ready made garment industry.

These machines tried making these machines affordable which brought it to a greater worker. Singer used a buy know pay later system to cause smaller manufactures to be able to afford this.

Rapid population growth in Manchester led to the deterioration of environmental conditions.

Manchester was known as one of the most filthy, unhygienic, and overcrowded places in Britain, causing death rates to soar and life expectancies to plummet (diseases like typhoid, dysentery, and cholera spread).

The central environmental issue was its inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, as majority of the people shared water supply or drew water from polluted wells or streams.

Human waste seeped into watercourses and overflowed into streets, and the plumbed toilets that did exist disposed in the town’s rivers.

Manchester’s manufacturing industries dumped gallons of contaminated water, tones of solid waste, and some of the worst dyes were dumped into the rivers.

Some manufacturers argued that there was no alternative to getting rid of their waste production and resisted against pollution control because they believed it would cause economic damage.

The buildup of waste in rivers increased the city’s vulnerability to flooding as pollution was at a rising rate (about three inches per year).

There was a rapid increase in the population of Manchester

This caused the city to become cramped and filthy

Only 20% of households had access to tap water, the others had to use shared taps and wells which were usually extremely polluted

Chemical waste from the factories and human waste was dumped right into the rivers that people used

Most water was not safe drink and caused deaths

All these reasons caused a huge buildup of unsanitary environments which caused many people to die from diseases and illnesses

Life expectancy was very low in Manchester

The city of Manchester in England was built on cotton as it was once the international center of the world’s cotton industry

The city was given the name “Cottonopolis” in 1854 as that’s when the Lancashire cotton industry was at its peak (referred to Manchester and its satellite towns, each of which specialized in an aspect of the cotton industry)

In 1860, 80% of the cotton that was processed in the mills around and within Manchester were grown by enslaved Africans on plantations in the Southern US states

Cotton was bought and used as they desired because of the system of human exploitation explained above

The Richard Arkwright Water Frame made the mass production of cotton yarn possible for the first time

The cotton gin helped speed up the process of cleaning the seeds from raw cotton fiber and reducing the cost of it as well

Some natural factors also played a role in the cotton industry such as Manchester’s damp climate which suited the raw cotton fiber, helping keep it smooth throughout spinning and weaving also the rivers (ex River Irk) helped power water mills that provided all the water needed for bleaching and dying

John Dalton was born in 1766 in Cumberland and later moved to Manchester, where he worked as a tutor in natural philosophy and science at the Manchester Academy. He eventually became a private tutor, including to future scientist James Prescott Joule.

Dalton joined the Literary & Philosophical Society in Manchester, where he gained access to research facilities and became an influential member, eventually serving as its President.

Dalton's atomic theory proposed that each element consists of unique indivisible atoms, and he developed the Law of Partial Pressures to explain the behavior of gases in mixtures, laying the foundation for modern chemistry.

He created a table of atomic weights for the known elements in 1803, pioneering the concept of atomic weights and later using ball-and-stick models to illustrate molecular structure.

Dalton, who suffered from colour blindness, developed a theory about the cause of the condition. Although his hypothesis was proven incorrect, his work led to the condition being referred to as "Daltonism."

He kept a detailed weather diary for 57 years and became fascinated by phenomena like the aurora borealis, documenting these occurrences and contributing to the study of meteorology.

John Dalton was highly respected in his lifetime, receiving numerous honors, including honorary degrees and a life-size statue in Manchester. His contributions to science, particularly atomic theory, remain foundational to modern chemistry.

In Manchester, for 227 years, beer was brewed by a famous brewery called Boddington’s beer

The brewery was believed to be founded in 1778

It was built just outside the boundaries of Manchester

The brewery was created on the eve of the Industrial Revolution, when growth in population surged, creating one of the most famous local brewed beer

Henry Boddington arrived in 1832, he was only 34 years old when he became the sole proprietor of the company

The brewery was a site for all sorts of inventions like the telephone link

Innovation and progress from the Industrial Revolution fueled the company’s popularity and taste, as it grew tremendously, giving one more reason to remember Manchester

It was typically brewed within households, and it came to be known as ‘Table Beer’

By this point their output had grown from 10,000 to 100,000 barrels a year – making it the biggest brewery in the city

Through hard work and new fermentation methods, Boddington’s beer came to be known as “The cream of Manchester”

Outside Source

https://www.manchestersfinest.com/long-reads/the-rise-fall-of-boddingtons-the-cream-of-manchester/

12 million Africans were involved in the transatlantic slave trade and were forced to work on plantations to produce sugar, tobacco, and cotton.

European nations gained a lot of money from the slave trade and the products being produced but the Africans who were involved faced atrocities with no wages.

Slave traders were given cotton textiles for human labor and they were transported back to Europe.

The huge demand for cotton and the cotton gin boosted the textile industry and the slave trade became larger as more labor was needed.

Slaves who bought their freedom became abolitionists to eradicate the practice of slavery.

Many revolutions on transport ships and slow damage to plantations by the slaves occurred.

About 2,000 Manchester people were in support and signed and petition for a bill that would end the slave trade in Britain, known as the Foreign Slave Trade Abolition Bill.

In the world today, many people are still struggling with access to clean drinking water and unsafe sanitation. These issues are very high on the global agenda for sustainable development which is continuously being worked on.

By 1842, Manchester’s population exploded from 60,000 to 142,000. The population increase caused environmental conditions to go unchecked.

Along with this, Manchester began to be known as one of the filthiest, overcrowded, and unhealthy places in Britain. In 1837, the death rate even plummeted all the way down to 17 years old for the labouring population. Diseases like typhoid, dysentery, and even cholera began to hit the towns.

The heart of the problem was unsafe water supply. To start, of only 47,000 houses in the town, only 11,000 had a piped water supply. 12,000 got water from a shared tap or standpipe in the street, and everybody else got water from polluted wells and streams.

For human waste, up to 30 families shared a privy midden which was a wooden seat built over a pit, there version of a bathroom. The waste was rarely emptied and eventually seeped into water sources and flowed into the streets. Some plumbed toilets did exist but they connected to drains which flowed directly into the towns rivers.

Eventually, privy maddens were upgraded a bit by turning them into pail closets so a removable bucket could be emptied every night by a cart that would take it and turn it into manure.

The early sewer system was dangerous and inadequate because even though the clay pipes did allow the waste to flow better, it still emptied out directly into Manchester’s rivers. Keep in mind that these rivers are were many people are actually getting water from.

Ties two industries together textile and computing

It was invented by Joeseph-Marie Jacquard, who was a French weaver and merchant

Revlotionized how pattern cloth could be woven

Improved on the design of Jacques de Vaucanson 

made it possible for detailed and complex to be manufactured by workers with no skill set

The workers could make the cloth in a shorter amount of time than a master weaver

caused fashionable cloth prices to plummet, because it could be mass-produced

works in many different parts

a weft is passed over and under a set of threads at right angles

To save time on this the machine used interchangeable cards punched with small holes

Meaning that designs could be replicated over and over again

It caused a revolution in machines by using a very basic version of a binary code

Inspired by the design of early computers

By Javin Antony

Boddington's Breweries in Manchester operated from around 1778 to 2005, making the company 227 years old

It was created by Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray on the outskirts of Manchester to avoid paying extra taxes

A reason that greatly contributed to their massive success is that because of the large populations entering the city during the start of the revolution, the company had a greater audience

An employee named Henry Boddington eventually became the owner at 34 years old in 1832, when he started as a family business

During the 1870's and 1880's, the brewery became the largest and widely known across Manchester

The business was reported to be the first to install telephones between the locations

Even though they experienced some hardships towards the end of the Industrial Revolution and during WW1 and the Great Depression, they managed until their shop was air raided in 1940

https://beerandbrewing.com/dictionary/o8Co3FDnTi/

It was reported that since their opening in 1788 to 1985, they produced 560,000 barrels of beer

The company reached to this point using only three small brewers

Although they closed officially in 2005, they are considered as the world's largest brewer

The burning of fossil fuels (such as coal) during the Industrial Revolution is the main reason that Manchester suffers pollution. Coal was established as a dominant source of energy at the time, and became a key component of the revolution. It’s importance is why the air of Manchester is so polluted.

When coal is burned, smoke and soot is produced. Smoke, dirt, smells, dirty homes, and small particles in the air were a result of this.

Not only was coal being burned, there was a LOT of coal being burned! By the mid-1840’s, Manchester was home to approximately 500 chimneys that burned coal and released harmful smoke constantly. By the end of the 19th century this number became 2000

Impacts on health: the small particles inhaled by people and other factors caused coughing, stinging eyes, respiratory diseases (problems with breathing/lungs), overall increase in deaths

1842 - Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke was founded by activists who were against the idea of air pollution (by coal) and attempted to find ways to end this “smoke nuisance”

Ted Wadsworth - an anti-air pollution man that used the boiler stoker in 1922. It kept the amount of smoke produced during coal burning to a minimum by keeping the fire burning briskly. This couldn’t get rid of the conflict but certainly curbed the amount of smoke in Manchester.

20th century - Manchester’s air pollution steadily improved, thanks to the Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke. Manchester‘s condition was still the worst of the worst until the 1956 Clean Air Act, in which “smokeless zones” were established.

In Manchester mills, many people worked long, and dangerous days, keeping the machines churning out cloth.

These Manchester mills were also very reliant on the transatlantic slave trade.

From the 15th century, about 12 million African people were transported by force from Africa to the Americas. under very cruel conditions

Millions of them were forced to work on plantations and European countries made great profits on them.

Cotton goods were in high demand during the 18th century and they and the slave trade were crucial to the early growth of Manchester's economy.

When Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807, merchants and manufacturers from Manchester still supplied goods to other slave traders until the mid-19th century.

Slaves were treated horribly, they had no freedom, weren't paid and if they didn't reach a certain quota, they would get punished. The first resistance that was observed was seen in 1770, and slavery was abolished in 1807.

During the 17th century, Manchester was a small town. However, this would soon change, as colored fabrics would skyrocket in demand.

During the 18th century, Manchester established a body of weavers and drapers to be ready to capitalize on the increasing demand for cotton. Later in the century, the fist slave trades for manchester occurred.

Manchester grew from a population of 9,000 in 1717 to a population of 25,000 in 1773.

Prior to 1800s, laborers had the manually raise and lower the threads on the loom so different patterns could be made. It was a tedious and difficult.

1804-> Joseph-Marie Jacquard made this loom which allowed for complex patterns to be woven easily. It made textiles go from an industry ran by families of skilled workers to industrial and produced in masses.

Weaving a fabric on loom requires pieces of thread being placed over and under a set of threads to form a pattern. This loom was revolutionary because it took a card with hole punches that gave instructions for placing the threads over/under

The designer would draw the pattern onto grid paper and then based on what squares were not filled, a hole would be punched. This would make the hooks go pick up the thread, so that the pattern-making thread could pass underneath therefore not showing up in the pattern.

1820s-> These looms spread to Manchester and to all the regional textile mills. It allowed for even the middle class to get clothes in whichever pattern they liked, because it now only cost a fraction of the price to produce the same cloth.

Workers skilled in crafting and machinery replaced the weavers. Their lives improved majorly which had further affects on the Industrial Revolution.

But many skilled weavers lost their jobs. They felt threatened by the machines which was taking their means to live. This anger sparked the Luddite movement in which they'd destroy mills and looms.

The punching of holes to carry out one task or the other is very similar to binary, the basis of all computing.

Charles Babbage's idea for the Analytical Engine was to use hole punched cards to give the machine numbers and what operations to carry out with those numbers

Ada Lovelace noticed how this system could be used for all types of data and gave the idea for computer programming. 100 years later, it finally came true.

William Henry Perkin, on the 26 of August 1856 patented the world’s first synthetic dye. To start out, he was a research chemist and a curious experimenter or from an early age.

His collection changed the industry from doing things traditionally to it leading to an entirely new industry being developed.

When he was 18 years old he was working for August Wilhelm von Hoffman as a research assistant, and Hoffman was working on trying to making a synthetic form of a treatment of malaria(quinine). He thought it was a good challenge to create a chemical synthesis of natural compounds. Given, it was difficult to extract (in its natural form).

Perkin’s job was to do experiments using aniline(a colourless aromatic oil derived from coal tar). He worked on these experiments at his house in a very basic lab. These experiments were him oxidizing aniline using potassium dichromate. When it was oxidized it created a black precipitate, that when the color was removed, dyed silk purple. This color was named mauve by Perkin and he also named the synthetic dye: mauveine.

The discovery changed the dying industry but also, it made him a fortune. Also it helped for establishing the modern chemical industry. Because he was using coal tar for the synthetic dye, it stopped being a waste product only good for water proofing fabric.

Other derivatives of coal tar were used in saccharine production, the pharmaceutical industry, and the development of perfumes. Perkin retired at 36 and he spent the rest of his life carrying out research in other areas of chemistry.

He took out a patent on his discovery on August 26 of 1856. This patent holds his method for making aniline purple dye.

Established in 19 century Manchester, coal became the main source of energy

Although people weren’t aware before, it quickly became clear that coal was the main source of pollution as well

The urban air pollution in Manchester had led to an increased death rate, respitory disease, dirty chimes and clothing along with the difficult living conditions in the cities

This became known as “The smoke nuisance”

However, many technological advances were made due to coal, including more factories and mills, leading to an increase in profit

In 1842, Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke was founded, combatting against the usage of coal for machines

Although their mission was not fully successful, in 1956, the Clear Air Act was passed, which helped clear the air for the citizens

The long term affect of this was the greenhouse affect, which increased temperatures, causing global warming and climate change

Many women, children, and men often wore such clogs during their workdays, however they never owned these shoes themselves

• These shows were lent to them by Charter Street Ragged School in Angel Meadow to children whose families could not afford to buy shoes

• The clogs were often stamped with a CSRS loaned, not to be pawned” in order to label their clogs to be their own

Although the workers in these textile mills earned good wages, they never had any guaranteed work meaning that they often had cotton shortages or low demandes for cloth

• These reasons caused the workers to have to go without wages often meaning that they were not making enough money to support their family

Some places called ‘ragged’ schools such as the Charter Street in Angel Meadow provided food, clothing, and basic education to some of Manchester’s poorest residents

Such cotton industries transformed Manchester into a very innovative city since it had started to be populated by ingenious makers and determined profit seekers

The cotton industry reshaped the lives of people in Manchester since they increased the visitor enjoyment and caused the population to skyrocket

By the 16th century Manchester was a flourishing market borough important in the wool trade, exporting cloth to Europe via London

From the 1760s onward, growth quickened with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The first canal, bringing cheap coal from Worsley, reached the town in 1762; later extended, it linked Manchester with the Mersey and Liverpool by 1776 and so served the import-export needs of the cotton industry

Manchester’s first cotton mill was built in the early 1780s. By 1800 Manchester was said to be “steam mill mad,” and by 1830 there were 99 cotton-spinning mills. The world’s first modern railway, the Liverpool and Manchester, was opened in 1830, and by the 1850s the greater part of the present railway system of the city was complete

Manchester’s economic history during the second half of the 19th century was one of growth and diversification. The city became less important as a cotton-manufacturing centre than as the commercial and financial nucleus of the trade; on the floor of Royal Exchange, the yarn and cloth of the entire industry was bought and sold

This was one of the biggest industries that drove the Industrial Revolution

Many textile manufacturers made a bunch of money from cotton spinning such as McConnell and Kennedy

Most raw cotton was produced by enslaved people who were forced to work in southern plantation and was then processed in the mills

The US cotton system which was based on enslaved labour and the Manchester textiles industry were interconnected

Many women were hired to work in the textile factories as they provided cheap labor

Prior to the Industrial Revolution all textile work was done by hand so it took a long time, but once the machines were introduced it was much more efficient

The increase in population throughout Europe increased the demand for cotton based products, forcing Britain to become more efficient

Manchester's population experienced extreme exponential growth growing from a small town of 60,000 in 1800 to 142,000 in 1842. The extreme population boom caused the environmental conditions to rapidly decline.