BIOH111-eWorkbook by https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik eWorkbook Assessment en-us 2021-05-16 07:00:42 UTC 2024-09-12 00:34:24 UTC hello@padlet.com 1. Describe the process of calcification yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528010165 Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue, it normally occurs when calcium builds up in blood vessels, body tissue, or organs. The process in which calcium builds up can harden and disrupt body’s normal processes. In addition, calcium is transported through the bloodstream. It is also found in every cell. As a result, calcification can occur in almost any part of the body (Healthline, 2018)

]]> 2021-05-16 07:29:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528010165 2. Choose one (1) principal effect of ageing on Francine’s bone tissue which may have contributed to her fracture. Describe the effect and identify a possible consequence /disease that may occur as a result yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528012867 Low calcium in bone tissue is one of the significant effects to cause Francine’s femur fracture. Because it contributes to decrease bone density, and increase risk of fractures. Moreover, a lack of calcium plays a role in development of osteoporosis. As a result, the possible disease that may occur is osteoporosis (Mecialnewstoday, 2021). 

]]> 2021-05-16 07:32:04 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528012867 3. Healing a fracture can sometimes take months. Provide a detailed rationale as to why this occurs yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528014842 After a fracture, a hematoma forms that provides building blocks for healing. Thus, reabsorption occurs of the 1 to 2 mm of bone at the fracture edges that have lost their blood supply (Uptodate, 2021). Once the bone fragments receive an adequate supply of blood and nutrients, the new tissue merges the fragments together into a single bone. A fracture in which the bone does produce new tissue but does so very slowly—over months.


]]> 2021-05-16 07:33:44 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528014842 4. Francine underwent a bone mineral density [BMD] test. She was diagnosed with osteoporosis. Outline three(3) factors that may contribute to porous bones. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528015184 Dietary factors, steroids and other medications and lifestyle choices contribute to porous bones. Firstly, osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have low calcium intake, eating disorders, gastrointestinal surgery. Secondly, steroids and other medications, long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medications, interfers with the bone-rebuilding process. Thirdly, people’s lifestyle choices, some bad habits can increase your risk of osteoporosis such as excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco use (Mayo Clinic, 2021).

]]> 2021-05-16 07:34:03 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528015184 5. Diet plays an important role in the ongoing management of Francine’s condition. Choose three (3) nutrientsthat impact the skeletal system and describe how they contribute to bone metabolism and repair. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528015459 Three nutrients are protein, calcium and vitamin D. Firstly, protein makes up roughly 50% of the volume of bone, and the bone protein matrix go through continuous turnover and remodelling. In bone, secondly, calcium offers skeletal strength to maintain constant blood calcium levels. Thus, calcium is required for skeletal growth, development and maintenance. Thirdly, Vitamin D improves your body's ability to absorb calcium and improves bone health in other ways (Cells&materials, 2021).

]]> 2021-05-16 07:34:16 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528015459 Chat Room yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528018508 2021-05-16 07:36:53 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528018508 1. Name the collective structure where Botox exerts its action and identity specific components (minimum of four) within the structure. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528029207 Botox acts at the neuromuscular junction to make muscle paralysis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic motor neurons (NCBI, 2021). Four specific components are muscle fibre contracts in regard to muscle action potential, synaptic cleft to separate the neuron and the muscle cell, axon terminal and ACh receptor.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:45:18 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528029207 2. Outline the role that calcium plays in the initiation of a muscle action potential. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528030350 Ca ions plays a crucial role in both muscle cell contraction and relaxation. It binds to the troponin complex, causing tropomyosin bound along the actin strands to shift position and expose the myosin binding sites on the thin filament. When calcium binds to troponin, the troponin changes shape, removing tropomyosin from the binding sites. The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions, which it releases when a muscle cell is stimulated, the calcium ions then enable the cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528030350 3. How does Botulinum Neurotoxin A prevent the initiation of a muscle action potential at the structure identified in Q. 1? yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528031057 Botox provides chemodenervation and temporary muscle paralysis by inhibiting the presynaptic release of ACh. ACh attaches to receptors on the muscle cells and causes the cells to contract. Botox injections prevent the release of ACh, which stops the muscle cells from contracting. In this way, the toxin helps the muscles to become less stiff. 

]]> 2021-05-16 07:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528031057 4. Outline the role that sodium plays in the production of a muscle action potential. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528031742 ACh binds to postsynaptic receptors on the sarcolemma. This binding causes ion channels to open and allows sodium and other cations to flow across the membrane into the muscle cell. The flow of sodium ions across the membrane into and potassium ions out of the muscle cell generates an action potential, which travels to the myofibril and results in muscle contraction ]]> 2021-05-16 07:47:19 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528031742 5. Botulinum Neurotoxin A can also be used for dystonic conditions. Define muscle tone and outline the mechanism by which muscles maintain it. Identify which tonic disorder can be treated by Botox. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528032157 Muscle TONE is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest (Breakthrough ,2017). It is the muscle’s response to an outside force, such as a stretch or change in direction (Breakthrough ,2017). Appropriate muscle tone enables our bodies to quickly respond to a stretch (Breakthrough, 2017). For example, if someone took your arm and quickly straightened your elbow, your biceps muscle would automatically respond and contract in response to protect you from injury (Breakthrough ,2017).

]]> 2021-05-16 07:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528032157 1. Name the specific neuronal component that is affected in the disease and describe its associated structure (including the neuroglia involved). yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528034471 CNS includes brain and spinal cord. And neuroglia makes up half volume of CNS, the main function of neuroglia is support and protect neurons and axon. And neuroglia includes four types of cells, which are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia. If neuroglia damaged, it will reduce the level of protection of CNS, the disease will happen (Healthline, 2021).

]]> 2021-05-16 07:49:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528034471 2. Outline how damage to the above component affects the functioning of the neuron and why axons in the CNS display minimal regeneration after injury. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528034905 The four types of neuroglia are, 1st, astrocytes attach to blood vessels, star-shaped cells, provide nourishment and support; 2nd, oligodendrocytes form myelin in brain and spinal cord; 3rd, Microglia-if bacteria comes in brain it will clean them out and help fight; last one is ependymal. Inhibitors exists in the environment, it affects the generation of axon.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:49:57 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528034905 3. Compare and contrast continuous and saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse. Answer must include at least one similarity. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528035317 Saltatory and continuous conduction are two types of transmission of action potentials along the nerves. The main difference between saltatory and continuous conduction is that saltatory conduction is the propagation of action potential along myelinated axons while continuous conduction is the propagation of action potential along unmyelinated axons (Difference between, 2019). Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node. Therefore, the action potential is only generated at the neurofibrils in myelinated axons. Hence, it carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation. On the other hand, continuous conduction is slow because there is always voltage-gated Na+ channels opening, and more and more Na+ is rushing into the cell.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:50:14 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528035317 4. Many individuals with MS experience impairment of proprioception and vibrational sensation. Name and describe the function of each of the components of the somatosensory pathways. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528035797 Proprioception sensation is the sense that lets us perceive the position of the body and its parts (Science direct, 2018). For examples, if proprioception sensation damaged, when people close their eyes, they cannot even find their nose. 

Vibratory sensation is the sense of vibration, and may refer to: Vibration as a modality of cutaneous receptors (on the skin), referred to as pallesthesia. Hearing, which is sensation of air vibrations (Science direct, 2018). For instance, people got vibration sensation damaged, won’t be able to feel the vibrations. 

]]> 2021-05-16 07:50:36 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528035797 5. Which specific somatosensory pathway is affected when an individual with MS experiences the loss of the sensations identified in Q. 4? Name two (2) specific areas in the cerebral cortex that may be affected when experiencing loss of vibrational sensation and proprioception and provide rationale for answer. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528036371 Somatosensory Cortex Primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is located in the post central gyrus (Brodmann's areas 1,2,3) (Lumen,2021). This contains a somatotopic map, as does the thalamus, and in both structures the map of the body surface is distorted, depending on the density of sensory innervation in each part of the body (Lumen,2021). The hands, feet, genitalia and lips are the most sensitive areas (with the most dense innervation relative to the other areas) and these areas of the body surface have a relatively huge representation on the cortex. Therefore, the sensory homunculus is grossly distorted with large areas of cortex given over to handling information arising in the most sensitive areas of the body. Damage to the sensory cortex results in decreased sensory thresholds, an inability to discriminate the properties of tactile stimuli or to identify objects by touch (Lumen, 2021)

]]> 2021-05-16 07:50:57 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528036371 1. Name the two (2) thyroid hormones affected by the above disease and identify the cells that produce them. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528039359 Two thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and follicular cells are the derivates of endoderm and secrete thyroid hormone and produce (T3) and (T4). 

]]> 2021-05-16 07:53:05 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528039359 2. Describe the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones from release into the blood stream through to the response of the target cell. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528039801 1.Lodide trapping is the first step in the metabolism of iodine and, found in the basolateral membrane of the follicular cells

2.Synthesis of thyroglobulin (TGB) then release into lumen

3. Oxidation of iodide to iodine (I2)

4. Iodination of tyrosine in colloid (tyrosine + 1I2=T1) (tyrosine + 2I2=T2)

5. Coupling of T1 & T2 to form T3 & T4 

6. Pinocytosis & digestion of colloid into follicular cell; merges with lysosome; T3&T4 cleaved from TGB

7. Secretion of T3 & T4 into blood 

8. Thyroid hormone cannot exist in blood by itself, it needs to combine with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and transported into blood.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:53:23 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528039801 3. The synthetic thyroid hormone replaces the deficient production of the endogenous thyroid hormone. Discuss two (2) actions of thyroid hormone within the body. yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528040237 The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. It acts to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines by permissiveness. And also, thyroid hormone stimulates Na-K-APTASE activity in responsive tissues and differentially regulates Na-K-ATPase isoforms.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:53:41 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528040237 4. Hormonal axes are pathways that direct neuroendocrine function. Identify the relevant axis, in this case, and describe the associated control and regulation of thyroid hormones. Include the relevant organs, hormones and cells from which they are released/produced yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528040796 To reach a particular threshold, the homeostasis of circulating thyroid hormone levels is maintained by negative feedback loops repressing thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) and TSH production and release by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, respectively. In addition, T4 and T3 can then exert negative feedback on TSH levels (high levels of T3/T4 decrease TSH release from the anterior pituitary, while low levels of T3/T4 increase TSH release). Firstly, Low blood levels of T3 & T4, stimulates release of TRH from hypothalamus. Then next, TRH, carried by hypophyseal portal veins to anterior pituitary, stimulates release of TSH by thyrotroph. Thirdly, TSH released into blood stimulates thyroid follicular cells. Then, T3 and T4 released into blood by follicular cells. And the last step is elevated T3 inhibits release of TRH and TSH.

]]> 2021-05-16 07:54:05 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528040796 Nutrients and Dietary Patterns yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528180649 2021-05-16 09:43:52 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528180649 Nutrients and Dietary Patterns Related to Osteoporosis yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528181404 2021-05-16 09:44:29 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528181404 Natural Health Treatment Method yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528201998 2021-05-16 10:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528201998 Imagined and Actual Acupuncture Effects on Chronic Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528207664 2021-05-16 10:07:40 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528207664 Rituximab yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528222156 2021-05-16 10:20:16 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528222156 Rituximab is an acceptable alternative to ocrelizumab for treating multiple sclerosis – Yes yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528222375 2021-05-16 10:20:28 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528222375 Relevant normal pathophysiology yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528237959 2021-05-16 10:34:22 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528237959 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and primary thyroid lymphoma yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528239215 2021-05-16 10:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528239215 REFERENCE LIST yangxicd https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528255358 2021-05-16 10:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/yangxicd/3or7afgay3v9gaik/wish/1528255358