13. Maintain appropriate dimensions and orientation for cage construction.

1. Provide clean water

• Water sources = pipe water

• Poly round water tank

  • enough water supply

  • to prevent the growth of algae, bacteria, or any contaminants

• Nipple Drinker

  • minimize water wastage

  • minimize water contamination

  • minimize wet floor

2. Mixture of vitamin premix

• Adding to Feed

  • 5g per day

  • Mixing evenly ensures that each portion of the feed contains an appropriate amount of the premix.

  • Mixing roughly or vigorously might cause the powder to disperse into the air rather than blending properly with the feed.

1. Provide tire dip

   • reducing the risk of spreading diseases

2. Spillage of feed

   • attract rats and other pests to a farm

3. Does not provide foot dip

   • Without foot dips, there's a higher risk of spreading diseases from one area to another.

4. Brushing the floor without using water

   • Brushing alone might remove visible debris, but it may not effectively eliminate bacteria, parasites, or pathogens that can accumulate on the floor. Over time, this can lead to health issues for the sheep.

5. Improper waste management

   • Improperly managed waste can harbor pathogens, bacteria, and parasites, posing health risks to both animals and humans on the farm. This can lead to the spread of diseases and infections.

• No weigh scale used in farm; simply filled up the milk in 250mL bottle.

• No systematic sorting, grading and standardization practices.

• Improvement: use measuring cup; cheap and easy to use.

The profitability of dairy goat operation is largely reliant on successful reproduction programs for continuous milk production.

Breeding system that are being practiced in the farm : 

1. Breeding ratio

• The recommended buck-to-doe ratio is typically around 1 ♂ : 15 ♀ 

• The breeding ratio may be adjusted to farm management practices and business goals

2. Natural service

• Pen breeding system is used to facilitate natural mating

• The male and females are kept together for 40-45 days in 1 pen (2 estrous cycle period) 

Benefits: 

• Natural mating allows for behavioral selection, where the buck can detect receptive does (on heat does) without any intervention (human, heat detection tools)

• Cost-effective method for ensuring successful mating and conception, eliminate the need for AI

• Repeat breeder can be detected after 3 times of failed mating

  
  

  Challenges: 

• Pen breeding resulting in non uniform kidding cycles which may affect lactation yield and herd management

• Pen breeding may require individual pregnancy detection

  
  

  Improvement:

• Practice record keeping of breeding dates, heat cycles, and reproductive performance for specific goat

3. Maintaining continuous milk production by controlling reproduction

• Segregate the herd into groups based on reproductive status, such as lactating does to provide continuous milk supply and those targeted for breeding

  
  

  Improvements:

• Manage lactation cycles of the goat in the farm by planning mating schedule

• Plan breeding cycles to synchronize with the desired lactation period and rest period for optimal milk production

• Practice record keeping in the farm

1. No record keeping is properly practiced for any types of record (identification of goats, financial, milk production, health, farm input, feed and labor records) 

   
   

Reasons why do they might not prioritize record-keeping: 

• Consider record-keeping as time-consuming and too much work with limited labor

• Assuming capable of managing small scale farm without record-keeping

• Perceived record keeping as complicated and unnecessary

2. Small scale dairy goat farms still use manual record-keeping / hand written record books 

• only use to record big orders and important cash flow, not including small expenditure and cost

Why do they rely on manual record-keeping? 

• Small-scale farms may feel that the complexity of digital systems outweighs the benefits, as their operations might not require sophisticated record-keeping

• In pen

  • there are nails sticking out of the board

  • there is a sharp wire attached to the door

  • nipple drinker generally safe and efficient for goats

• Whole farm

  • there are dangerous items under the pen

  • there is a kind of pond

  • does not affect because of the intensive system used

• Check history of chosen buck

  • performance

  • health

• visual and physical check for female

  • injury

  • BCS

• Not cull the female that not pregnant after end of cycle (3 time try)

• separated injury goat like can't stand, leg injury, disease.

Appropriate time for weaning = 6 - 8 weeks

• wean at 2 month years old

• For the last 2 weeks, kids will be separated from doe from evening (6:30 p.m.) until morning after milking.

  • It helps kids become less dependent on their mother's milk, encouraging them to consume other feeds or substitutes.

  • Increase milk production for doe

  • reduce stress and bawling

Identify prolific breed of livestock (scale 6 )

Identify breed in the farm is very important step because in ensure the quantity and quality of the milk production

In the farm visited, they prefer to have sannen goat and use a male line with sannen mixed. The farm is unable to acquire the pure blood sannen due to the cost and inability to function well in Malaysia. The goat farm have history of holding sannen goat but the sannen it cant handle the environment.

Moreover, a lot of goat received from the government are meat breed such as Jamnapari and Boer. The milk production of sannen is low but its milk quality are acceptable. Thus, the owner mixed the Boer and Jamnapari with sannen line producing a offspring with higher milk quality.

At first the owner plan to use Anglo-nubian but ended up not using it because the production efficient.

7.Maintain breeding environment at adequate temperature and relative humidity.(scale 1)

Goat are resilent among livestock and can life in various harsh environment.

In fact, the male goat is the only one move from pen to pen. From my observation, there no different in the environment. The only change they did is diet which is giving more mineral to the goat.

The goat are expose to the outside environment with good ventilation. I don't see any equipment use to control temperature and humidity.

Sell product at farm gate.

• On the day of the visit, there were buyers buying milk in front of the farm gate.

• Accept buyers to buy goat milk at the farm gate

Designated markets or to invited wholesalers or retailers.

• For now, the farmer puts his products on 3 retailers at Ikhwan Mart Putrajaya, Darul Shifa Bangi and Usrah Walmart Shah Alam.

• In the future, farmer wants to increase the number of retailers to increase sales of milk products.

• Put the product in a place/retail, where there are many people.

• The quantity of products delivered to the retailer depends on the location, usually only 20 bottles will be placed for 3 weeks.

• Dairy goat ( 40 kg to 60 kg )

• Meat goat ( 30 kg to 50 kg )

• Female virgin goat - “ maiden doe “ – sold when the age reaches 7 months and above.

• Male goat - “ buck “ – sold when the age reaches 4 months and above.

  What will happen if selling a goat does not have an attractive weight?

  -  Selling goats below desired weights can impact overall financial success.

  -  Unattractive weights can negatively affect breeding program goals.

  -  Buyers may reject goats that don't meet desired weight standards.

-There are three buildings ( worker's house, milk storage house, pen )

-Get help from JPV and self-made

-For pen, the floor is made of wood and the walls are made of iron

-Why using steel instead of wood?

-durability

-resistance to elements such as moisture, insects and rot

• Road

  • provided by municipal

  • a little narrow but it's quite good

  • little problems like the irrigation system

• Electric

  • available

• Water

  • available

  • SYABAS and rainwater

• Internet

  • available

Risk

• To get customers is quite difficult in the beginning

• Competition in the market

Advertise

• Make a poster and stick it on the car mirror

• Sell products from one house to another

• On social media, Facebook is the place for advertising the sale of milk products. The name of the page on Facebook is 'Susu Kambing Segar Delivery'

Fix Price

• Goat milk is not included in the price of controlled goods in Malaysia, it is not like chicken or meat

• The price is not fixed because it depends on the area or place as well

• Breeders will sell products to retailers and buyers directly.

• The sales method is like bill pay.

• The breeder will earn the first profit in the second round of sales.

1. Cash

• Purchase and sales receipts will be kept by both parties to be used as proof of purchase.

• If the amount purchased is large, the money will be collected by transfer.

2. QR code

• Every purchase record will be automatically saved through a bank receipt.

None of the above were given

• Limited resources

• Concerns about potential digestive issues

• Stick to traditional feeding practices

1. All goats are fed with premix diet:

   Pellet + mineral diets + salt

   
   

2. Feeding time:

   Morning 830: pelleted feed

   Afternoon 1530: pelleted feed + napier

   
   

2. Kids usually being kept with mom till age 2 month.

3. Does with kids usually will be kept in isolate paddock.

4. Only for or five mothers are being kept in one paddack.

2. Expose to disease transmit from visitors.

3. Paddock build higher than ground.

4. Prevent wild animal like wild boar and wild dog.

a) long hooves (24 goats)

Untimmed hooves can cause a lot of health issue such as lameness. Long hooves can alter the goat's gait and cause lameness. This can affect their ability to move, graze, and engage in normal activities. Also cause joint and Muscle Pain, improperly trimmed hooves can result in discomfort, leading to joint and muscle pain. This may affect the overall well-being of the goat, and hoof Rot which is overgrown hooves are more susceptible to moisture and bacterial infections, increasing the risk of hoof rot. This condition can be painful and, if left untreated, may lead to more severe issues.

b) Goitre (3 goats)

A severe deficiency of iodine causes a lack of essential thyroid hormone production and the thyroid gland enlarges. The enlarged thyroid gland is called goitre.

c) Swollen udder (5 goats)

This is an inflammation of the mammary gland, often caused by bacterial infection. It can lead to swelling, heat, and pain in the udder. Mastitis requires prompt veterinary attention. Also can cause by injury or trauma to the udder, such as kicks from other goats or injuries during kidding, can result in swelling.

d) Dehorn wound (2 goats)

When a goat is dehorned, the process involves removing the horn, which includes the outer horn sheath and the underlying tissue called the corium. The corium contains blood vessels and other structures. Sometimes, during dehorning, there can be some bleeding or exposure of the corium.

e) sneezing in most kid

Viral or Bacterial Infections cause respiratory infections caused by viruses or bacteria can lead to sneezing. Common respiratory illnesses in goats include pneumonia. Allergies to pollen or mold, which may cause sneezing.Nasal Irritation: Irritation of the nasal passages, possibly from drafts or strong odors, can lead to sneezing.

• started this dairy goat farming business in 2004.

• started with own money.

• not make any loans from any bank.

• bank loans can only be made after 2 years of running the business.

• at first, he only had two dairy goats and one beef goat borrowed from his brother.

What happens if the capital or money is insufficient to start a business?

• May limit the ability to set up proper infrastructure, such as barns, milking parlours, and equipment. This could impact the effieciency of daily operations.

• Might restrict the ability to invest invest in high-quality breeding stock, affecting the overall productivity and quality of the dairy products.