Early Childhood (2 - 6 y.o.) by Dubia Zaragoza

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Child-Rearing styles

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In Fine Motor Development, under Drawing- A Major Milestone in drawing occurs when children use lines to represent the boundaries of objects (this enables 3 and 4 year-olds to draw their first picture of a person)

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Advances in mental representation is a stage of when children learn how to play through make believe play, for instances a tea party or make believe super hero's. this helps their language and imagination grow.

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Fine Motor Development - Drawing

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The hippocampus, which plays major role in learning and memory, is rapidly developing throughout preschool and elementary school years.

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Average children add 2-3 inches in height and about 5lbs in weight a year. They start loosing baby fat. Gain motor skills due to improved balance and posture. To lose teeth is also a process during this stage.

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Gains in body size taper off in early cildhood as children become longer and leaner. Also, new ephiphyses emerge in the skeleton, and by the end of the preschool years, children start to lose their primary teeth.
The left cerebral hemisphere is especiallly active, supporting preschoolers' expanding language skills. Then, children master the motor skills of early childhood through informal play experiences

Another Milestone, under Early Printing would be when children between the ages 4 and 6 learn to name alphabet letters and link them with language sounds, which helps them make the connection that writing stands for language

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Fine Motor Development - Early Printing

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From birth to preschool years, the cerebellum is growing (aids in balance and motor skills). Children with damage to the cerebellum display motor and cognitive deficits, including problems with memory, planning, and language.

Parenting Styles.

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Authoritative: Is warm, responsive, attentive, and sensitive to child's needs.
Engages in adaptive behavioral control: Makes reasonable demands for mature behavior and consistently enforces and explains them.
Permits the child to make decisions in accord with readiness

Encourages the child to express thoughts, feelings, and desires

When parent and child disagree, engages in joint decision making when possible
Most successful approach.

Authoritarian:
Is cold and rejecting and frequently degrades the child.
Engages in coercive behavioral control: Makes excessive demands for mature behavior, uses force and punishment

Often uses psychological control, withdrawing love and intruding on the child’s individuality and attachment to parents.
Makes decisions for the child

Rarely listens to the child’s point of view.
Low success rate.

Permissive:
Is warm but overindulgent or inattentive.
Is lax in behavioral control, Makes few or no demands for mature behavior.
Permits the child to make many decisions before the child is ready.
Low success.

Uninvolved:
Is emotionally detached and withdrawn.
Is lax in behavioral control: Makes few or no demands for mature behavior.
Is indifferent to the child’s decision making and point of view.
Low Success.

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Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent.

Preoperational children often fail to imagine perspectives of others. Because this egocentrism prevent children from reflecting on their own thinking and accommodating. These difficulties cause preschoolers to fail conservation and classification tasks.

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Parental Influences

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Children at a young age highly depend on their parents to acquire cognitive skills. This is why it is important for parents to use positive play groups where children practice their social skills, or start to gain them. The relationship between children and parents is also important. Having "secure attachments" to parents gives the child more possibilites to create numerous supportive friendships during the first years.

Cognitive Capacities

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Cognitive capacities grow increasingly during this stage, they localize in distinct neural systems that become interconnected, resulting in networks of coordinated neural functioning that support children's advancing abilities.

Factors

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Gender: Male vs female boys are ahead in skills focused on force/power while girls edge on fine motor skills/gross that require good balance and foot movement such as hopping and skipping

Physical traits: tall vs short tall kids tend to move more quickly than short stocky youngsters

Parent/School interaction: Access to play, physical activities

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Peer Sociability

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Peer sociability is a way in which children start communicating with others. It is a three step sequence that begins with nonsocial activity which is when children are still playing solitary. Then shifts to parallel play which a child plays near other
children but does not try to influence their behavior. The highest level has two forms which are associative play and cooperative play. Associative play is when a child engages in separate activities but starts to exchange toys with other children. Cooperative play is when children start playing together as one common game.

Body Growth during early childhood

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During prechool years, children grow more slowly than in infancy and toddlerhood. Boys continue to be slighthly taller, heavier, and more muscular than girls. But generally, the two sexes are similar in body proportions and physical capacities.

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it is common in childs to start learning communicating skills because that is how they learned how to threat with childs of their age and those kids that are engage in playing by their self are most common to suffer in some fututre.

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bmr24 — 2021-11-02 19:26:25 UTC

after the rapid growth stage tapers out the child begins to grow at a slower pace. The skeletal growth continues becoming stronger. The energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex peaks at age 4-5 then diminishes around 8-10 to near adult levels. Apatite levels start to decline due to slower growth and the child needs meals on the nutritious levels of that of an adult.

Motor Development

bmr24 — 2021-11-02 19:37:56 UTC

Gross motor development and fine motor development begin to take place. The child develops a better sense of gravity allowing them to execute daily movements and play smoother and with ease. The child also begins to obtain better use of their hands, leading to interests in puzzles and games and writing, drawing, dressing, and self feeding.

Cognitive Development

bmr24 — 2021-11-02 19:46:02 UTC

At this stage children begin to figure out how to play more in depth and the concept of make believe. They will do things to mimic adults such as talking on the phone. Language also continues to develop at this point in growth.

Friendships and Parental Influence

bmr24 — 2021-11-02 19:57:11 UTC

Children now require time with others their age. They need this time to play with their peers because they are going through the same sociable milestones, this interaction can not be replicated with adults. This leads to learning to communicate, cooperate, and set goals with in play. A form of positive parental influence is when the parent consoles the child and shows empathy the child gains the skills to express the same emotion during interaction with peers.

Child Rearing Styles

bmr24 — 2021-11-02 20:04:43 UTC

Out of all the styles of parenting the authoritative style is the most effective. While giving plenty of emotional support the parent also has to stay firm and explain certain rules. Becoming cold towards your child, loving but lacking discipline, and being detached and unresponsive all together is the least successful route to the proper overall development of the child.

Early social friendships

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Children who have consistent interaction with other children begin to seek them out in the group. They begin to associate the other child as someone who likes them. Through, parental influence, play dates, birthday parties, and visits to the park children grow to have larger social groups as adults. Through these early friendships children also begin to develop on their imagination, types of play and problem solving skills. When a child has someone else to play with they are able to add other elements to the play, for example, Tommy can have a fire truck and Michael can have a police car and they push them around. But eventually Tommy can BE the firefighter and Michael can BE the police officer to save the day. Parents can help by allowing the children to explore their imagination and encourage it.

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Family getting along influences positive friendships and relationships

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Growth and development includes both the brain and the body. The brain and the body are what help us have full access to control and coordinate our muscle movement.

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There are many motor milestones to read about. One of them is crawling. Crawling occurs at about 8 months. Another motor milestone includes being able to stand on your own without any assistance, which usually occurs when 11 months old. Walking as well, is considered another motor milestone which is likely to happen at 12 months.

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Advances in mental representation and limitations of thinking during the preoperational stage includes the topic make believe. Make believe is the action of imagination and pretending. Children demonstrate this action through the way that they play. A big and common example is when they pretend they are talking to someone on the phone or pretending like their cooking.

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When it comes to peer sociability, friendship and social problem solving in early childhood, along with cultural and parental influences on early peer relations, it’s important we recognize the difference in between associative and cooperative play. Associative play begins throughout 24-30 months old. It involves the action of children playing with each other without influencing their behavior onto another. Cooperative play is children working with each other attempting to work together. In conclusion, it’s the parents that influence their children’s relations which directs us back to the secure attachment topic.

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From what Inhave read online, I have learned that authoritative parenting contains the most positive results. It carries a positive influence in your children’s behavior and their future relationship with you.