Global Governance: Environmental by Sakunthala Wijesinghe https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch Key International Summits Monday 22nd February en-us 2021-02-04 14:23:49 UTC 2021-02-25 15:48:05 UTC hello@padlet.com Key Decisions (Feroz) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294279 - Reduce carbon emissions
- Protect endangered species
- Preserving rainforests ]]> 2021-02-21 22:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294279 Strengths (Jessica) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294585 - Countries came together as they realised the negative impact they had on the environment and sort to work together to solve this issue 
-These summits led to the creation of the UN conventions on biological diversity, climate change and desertification.
- There was a major decrease in deforestation in Brazil ]]> 2021-02-21 22:51:57 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294585 Weaknesses (Rida) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294693 - little achievement in tackling climate change
-
-]]> 2021-02-21 22:52:03 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224294693 Description swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224297333 - Also known as the Earth Summit
- 3-14 June 1992
- Largest ever conference on the environment held up until this point 
- 172 countries represented
- 2400 representatives from NGOs also attended.]]> 2021-02-21 22:54:17 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224297333 Description e.g. key dates, how many countries, any other interesting features (Amaal) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224306918
-- It was international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases
- The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005. 
-  192 nations were committed to reducing their emissions by an average of 5.2% by 2012, which would represent about 29% of the world’s total emissions. 
-if a country emitted more than its assigned limit, then it would receive a lower emissions limit in the following period.
]]> 2021-02-21 23:02:13 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224306918 Key Decisions (George) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224307996 -
-
-]]> 2021-02-21 23:03:16 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224307996 Strengths (Jason) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224308078 -Industrialised states committed to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases by 5% over the next decade.
-Principle of collective action was reinforced so states were reassured that they weren’t acting alone increasing participation.
-International trading system was set up due to the treaty. The Kyoto Protocol emphasizes trading of emission reduction responsibilities. A country can earn emission reduction credits for exceeding its obligations to control emissions under the treaty. Any excess reduction credits a country amasses are available for trade.

]]> 2021-02-21 23:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224308078 Weaknesses (Joe) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224308236 -Did not come into force until 2005, half way through the lifetime of the treaty.
-During deliberations, emissions increased by as much as 40-50% between 1990 and 2009.
-Brazil, China, India and South Africa were exempt. As a result, USA rejected the treaty, causing Canada to revoke its consent too. It was not equal and fair universally, for example, Russia never ratified the treaty, therefore, were not bound by its targets.]]> 2021-02-21 23:03:26 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224308236 Description - key dates, how many countries, any other interesting features (Sarah) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224323198 - The Conference raised climate change policy to the highest political level, with over 115 world leaders attending, which made it one of the largest gatherings of world leaders ever, and even on the 13th of December Queen Margerethe II of Denmark arrived.
- It produced the Copenhagen accord, Advanced negotiations on the infrastructure needed such as Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto protocol.
- Developed Countries promise to provide US$30 billion for 201-2012, and US$100 billion by 2020.
- The establishment of four new bodies: 
- Mechanism on REDD-plus 
- High level panel under COP
- The Copenhagen green climate fund
- A technology mechanism. 

]]> 2021-02-21 23:16:25 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224323198 Key Decisions (Hana) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224323448 - an agreement that there was a need to limit global temperature rises to less than 2'C.
- the promise of new resources for developing states, with an annual total of $100 billion provided by 2020.
- the introduction of the Green Climate Fund, to help with climate change related projects in developing states.]]> 2021-02-21 23:16:40 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224323448 Strengths (Yunus) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224324800 -It significantly advanced the negotiations on the infrastructure needed for effective global climate change cooperation, including improvements to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.
-Significant progress was made in narrowing down options and clarifying choices needed to be made on key issues later on in the negotiations
-It produced the Copenhagen Accord, which expressed clear a political intent to constrain carbon and respond to climate change, in both the short and long term]]> 2021-02-21 23:17:37 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224324800 Weaknesses (Ikhlaas) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224324919 - there is very little detail and specifications on any of the policies it does mention.
- not enough pressure to overcome the concerns over sovereignty that many countries have over  international law. Many countries only want to be answerable to themselves. They will co-operate, but not under the threat of legal sanction.
-targets are yet to be announced and they may be at the low end of what was promised. for example, there is no quantified target for emissions reduction
-There is no verification of the actions undertaken in the developing world unless they are paid for by the developed world.]]> 2021-02-21 23:17:44 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224324919 Weaknesses (Amar) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224331881 - Very hard to enforce, and can easily be withdrawn from if a certain leader does not agree with it, shown in 2017 when Trump withdrew shortly after being elected
- Some of the countries involved have different rules which apply to them, leads to other states being frustrated as they may have bigger targets
- Still might not be enough to prevent irreversible climate change, and therefore it may be useless
- Also impacts on some people's jobs, for example those who work in the energy sector and for companies such as Shell and BP]]> 2021-02-21 23:24:51 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224331881 Description and Key decisions (Shaylah) swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224332186 Descriptions and key decisions 

- the summit agreed on an deal to attempt to limit the rise in global temperatures to less than 2C 
- The pact is the first to commit all countries to cut carbon emissions. 
- KEY POINTS 
They agreed to: 
1. peak greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and achieve a balance between sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century
2.    review progress every five years 
3.    $100 billion a year in climate finance for developing countries by 2020, with a commitment to further finance in the future.

]]> 2021-02-21 23:25:08 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224332186 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224335061 2021-02-21 23:27:58 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224335061 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224343500 2021-02-21 23:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1224343500 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225975351 2021-02-22 11:50:28 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225975351 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225977044 2021-02-22 11:51:09 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225977044 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225981682 2021-02-22 11:52:56 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225981682 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225989606 2021-02-22 11:55:55 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225989606 swhistory14 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225990542 2021-02-22 11:56:15 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1225990542 Strengths - Said Sibabi saidsibabi2 https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1241471434 There is money for poor countries to adapt, there is a strong review mechanism to increase ambition over time. This is key if the deal is to achieve the aim of keeping warming well below 2C]]> 2021-02-25 15:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1241471434 Key Decisions https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1241630490 the protocol called for reducing the emission of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels during the “commitment period” 2008–12. ]]> 2021-02-25 15:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/swhistory14/3jo9vwlskfxh5tch/wish/1241630490