• Linguistic Competence

• refers to a person's grammatical competence when producing written communication. From the earlier example, Paula did not have linguistic competence because her text message to Johnny was basically illegible. However, if she had said that same sentence to him in person, he likely would have understood, and she might have demonstrated other aspects of the communication competence model.

• Sociolinguistic Competence

• refers to the rules that control appropriate language. This includes using terms of politeness and formality when required and understanding that one does not speak the same in all situations. For example, a teacher might speak differently to her students during the day than she does to her husband at the end of the night.

• is our knowledge of what patterns of organization and cohesive devices we can use to connect sentences. We organize words, phrases, and sentences and produce and comprehend conversations, articles, messages, and literature. We can speak, write, read, and listen to information of various types.

Strategic Competence

• suggests that we can also overcome language gaps and modify messages with regard to audience and purpose; it shows we are fluent and effective. We know how to repair and sustain communication in case of communication breakdowns and how to keep the communication channel open. We can paraphrase, use gestures, or explain unfamiliar words; we can ask for clarification, repetition, and slower speech.

• Linguistic Competence (grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation):

• Ana correctly uses subject-verb agreement, proper sentence structure, and appropriate vocabulary.

Example: “Filipinos are known for their hospitality and strong family values.”

• Sociolinguistic Competence (using the right language in the right context):

• Ana speaks politely and formally because she’s addressing her teacher and classmates.

Example: “Good morning, everyone. I’m honored to share something about our culture today.”

• Discourse Competence (connecting ideas smoothly):

• Ana’s speech has a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Her ideas are organized and easy to follow.

Example: She starts by defining Filipino culture, gives examples (like fiestas and respect for elders), then ends by summarizing her points.

• Strategic Competence (fixing communication problems or finding ways to express oneself when stuck):

• When Ana forgets the word “tradition,” she says:

“There are many... um... practices that Filipinos have followed for generations.”

This shows she can manage communication breakdowns.